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Course Notes ANGLES AND DIRECTION B

This document provides an overview of measuring directions and angles in surveying. It discusses bearings, azimuths, forward azimuths, and back azimuths. Bearings are directions measured clockwise from north, while azimuths can be measured clockwise from north or south. The forward azimuth is the direction of a line, while the back azimuth is the opposite direction. The document provides rules for converting between bearings and azimuths and calculating back azimuths. It includes example problems and reference materials for determining angles, directions, and plotting lines on a map.

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215 views2 pages

Course Notes ANGLES AND DIRECTION B

This document provides an overview of measuring directions and angles in surveying. It discusses bearings, azimuths, forward azimuths, and back azimuths. Bearings are directions measured clockwise from north, while azimuths can be measured clockwise from north or south. The forward azimuth is the direction of a line, while the back azimuth is the opposite direction. The document provides rules for converting between bearings and azimuths and calculating back azimuths. It includes example problems and reference materials for determining angles, directions, and plotting lines on a map.

Uploaded by

blackleunamme1427
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course Notes/Materials in CE 201

Fundamentals of Surveying

Lesson Title: Measurement of Directions and Angles


Introduction
Angles and directions are a fundamental part of surveying information. It is a must to
learn the various systems for measuring directions (horizontal angles, azimuths, bearings, and so
forth) as well as the field procedures for making such measurements.

Topic: Bearings, Azimuth, Forward Azimuth and Back Azimuth


Any line established on earth’s surface has two azimuths – a forward and a back
azimuth. Depending on which end of the line is considered, these directions differ by 1800 from
each other. The back azimuth is the exact reverse of the forward azimuth of the forward
azimuth.
Rule to determine the back azimuth when the forward azimuth is known:
Rule 1: If the forward azimuth of the line is greater than 1800, SUBTRACT 1800 to obtain
the back azimuth.
Rule 2: When the forward azimuth of the line is less than 1800, ADD 1800 to obtain the
back azimuth.

Note: To visualize the needed computations, the most important thing to do is just to make a
good sketch which will show the related quantities. Use your knowledge in geometry and
trigonometry.

Problem Set 5A – Determining angles from bearings or azimuth


1. Compute the angle between the two lines whose bearings are given.
Measure of angle as
Name of angle Lines Bearings
computed
OA N 390 25’ E
1.1 AOB
OB N 750 50’ E
OC N 340 14’ E
1.2. COD
OD N 530 22’ W
OE S 150 04’ E
1.3. EOF
OF S 360 00’ E
1.4. GOH OG N 700 15’ W
OH S 520 05’ W

2. Compute the angle between the two lines whose azimuths are given.

Measure of angle as
Name of angle Lines Bearings
computed
PA AZIN 390 48’
2.1. APB
PB AZIN 1150 29’
PC AZIS 3200 22’
2.2. CPD
PD AZIS 620 16’
PE AZIN 2190 02’
2.3. EPF
PF AZIS 1540 16’
NOTE: AZIN – Azimuth measured from the NORTH clockwise
AZIS – Azimuth measured from the SOUTH clockwise
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3. Change the following bearings to azimuths


Azimuth from North Azimuth from South
Line Bearing
AZIN AZIS
3.1 AB N 250 25’ W

3.2 BC Due East

3.3 CD S 500 10’ E

3.4 DE S 450 50’ W

3.5 EF N 660 30’ W

4. Convert the following azimuths (see subscript for reference) to bearings


Line Azimuth Bearing
4.1 AB AZIS 2300 30’

4.2 BC AZIN 1120 46’

4.3 CD AZIS 2700 00’

4.4 DE AZIN 2280 15’

4.5 EF AZIS 1350 00’

5. Determine the back and forward azimuths from the given data
Distance Observed azimuth from south Calculated azimuth from north
Lines
(in meters) Forward Back Forward Back
5.1 AB 100 230 00’
0

5.2 BC 200 3140 00’


5.3 CD 125 2550 00’
5.4 DE 150 1650 00’

6. Plot or sketch the lines successively using the observed azimuth from the south. Use a
convenient scale for the distance and a protractor for the azimuth.

Reference: Elementary Surveying by Las Putt; Surveying by Saika, Das & Das.
Internet Sources: 1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]

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