MONICA BEDI

Ph.D Chemistry
12+ Years of Teaching Experience
Trained Million+ students
Author - Top Ranker’s Series (TRS)
 Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

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 Make an observation !!!

Uncertainty in Measurement
Scientific Notation
2g of hydrogen gas has 602,200,000, 000,000,000,000,000
molecules of hydrogen gas.
The mass of each H atom is also found to be as small as
0.00000000000000000000000166 g.
 Scientific Notation: a must

Scientific Notation.
In scientific notation the number is written in the standard exponential form as
N × 10n.
Scientific Notation: a must

Scientific Notation.
In scientific notation the number is written in the standard exponential form as
N × 10n.
N = a number with a single non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point.
n = some integer.

(i) Number : 136.325

Scientific notation :

(ii) Number : 0.00025

Scientific notation :
 Lets bat !!

Ex. 1. Express the following in the scientific notation.

(i) 1,86,000

(ii) 4007

(iii) 0.0068

(iv) 700.0

(v) 7.0042
 One step up !
Multiplication and Division
Exponents are added during multiplication and subtracted during division.

1) (5.5 × 105) × (2 × 108)

2) (4.25 × 10–2) × (4 × 10–6)

3) ( 2.7 × 10–3 ) / ( 9.0 × 104)

 One step up !

Addition and Subtraction

First the numbers are written in such a way that they have same exponent.

1) 6.65 × 104 + 8.95 × 103,

(6.65 + 0.895) × 104 = 7.545 × 104

2) 2.50 × 10–2 – 4.8 × 10–3.

One step up !

Precision and Accuracy

Precision means how closely the individual measurements agree with one
another.
Accuracy, on the other hand, means the closeness to the experimental
measurements and the true value.
 Significant Figures

The number of significant figures in a measurement is the number of

figures that are known with certainty plus one that is uncertain, beginning
with the first non-zero digit.
Significant Figures
 Significant Figures

1. All non-zero digits are significant.

165 cm has three significant figures; 0.165 has also three significant
figures. Similarly, 2006 has four significant figures, 9.05 has three
significant figures. etc.

2. Zero to the left of the first non-zero digit in the number are not
significant.
For example, 0.005 g has only one significant figure, 0.026 g has two
significant figures.

3. Zero between non-zero digits are significant.

For example, 2.05 g has three significant figure.
 Significant Figures

4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant.

For example, 5.00 g , 0.050 g, 0.5000 g have three, two and four
significant figure.

5. If a number ends in zeros that are not to the right of a decimal, the
zeros may or may not be significant.
The ambiguity in the last point can be removed by expressing the
number in scientific notation.

For example, a mass of 1500 g can be expressed in scientific notation.

1.5 × 103 g (Two significant figures)
3
1.50 × 10 g (Three significant figures)
1.500 × 103 g (Four significant figures)
Your turn !!!
State the number of significant figures in each of the following numbers :
(i) 207.35 (ii) 0.00368
(iii) 653 (iv) 3.653 x 104
(v) 0.378
Your turn !!!

How many significant figures are present in 0.10100 × 103 ?

(a) 7 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 10
Precision and Accuracy
Precision means how closely the individual measurements agree with one
another.
Accuracy, on the other hand, means the closeness to the experimental
measurements and the true value.
Accuracy Vs Precision
 Check your Understanding

Match the Column

A. B.
 Low Accuracy High Precision

 High Accuracy Low Precision

 Low Accuracy Low Precision

 High Accuracy High Precision

C. D.
Accuracy Vs Precision
 Your turn !!!

1. The accepted value is 1.43. Which correctly describes this students

experimental data?
1. Trial 1: Measurement 1.29
2. Trial 2: Measurement 1.93
3. Trial 3: Measurement 0.88

(a) accurate but not precise

(b) precise but not accurate
(c) both accurate and precise
(d) neither accurate nor precise
Rounding off

1. If the digit following the last digit to be retained is less than five,
the last digit is left unchanged.

2. If the digit following the last digit to be retained is more than five,
the last digit retained is increased by one.

3. If the digit following the last digit to be retained is equal to five,

the last digit is left unchanged if it is even and is increased by
one if it is odd.
 You turn !!!

1. Express the following number to four significant figures.

(i) 5.607892

(ii) 32.392800

(iii) 1.78986 × 103

(iv) 0.007837

(v) 5.607592
Few Rules to know

Calculation Involving Addition and Subtraction :

In addition and subtraction, the final result should be reported to the same
number of decimal places as the number with minimum number of decimal
places.
35.52
+ 10.3
45.82 Rounded off to 45.8
 Few Rules to know

Calculation Involving Multiplication and Division:

In multiplication and division, the final result should be reported as having the
same number of significant digits as the number with least number of significant
digit.

6.26 × 5.8 = 36.308 Rounded off to 3.6 × 101

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