Data Flow Diagrams
During the early stages of a project the systems analysis and design process gathers a great deal of unstructured data and references to processing requirements. It is important that all this should be summarised. The summary should serve to Simplify communication with the end-user/customer Support the future development of the system. A picture is worth a thousand words
A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software, data structure, or file organisation: there are no physical implications in a data flow diagram. It serves as an excellent communication tool that even non-technical users can understand. it is a good starting point for system design. A data flow diagram uses four basic symbols to form a picture of a logical system. Symbols
A Process
Calculate Square of Given Number 1
A process is an automated action or manual activity which takes some input and produces some output.
A Data Store
1 File Of Integers
A Data Flow
Given Number
Permanent or semipermanent store for data/information a file of something or a variable A data item which flows from a source or to a destination or from/to a process
Source Identifier
Source or Destination
Destination Identifier
A notation to indicate that a particular destination or a particular source appears more than once on a dataflow diagram.
Destination Identifier Source Identifier
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The System Sources supply items to the system and destinations receive items from the system. The sources and destinations are outside the system. Context Diagram This diagram treats the system as a black box. It focuses on the inputs and outputs to the system and the sources and destinations of these. Making Vegetable Soup
Gas Supplier Water Supplier
Water Gas
Soup
Diners
THE SYSTEM
Waste Water Peelings Waste Disposal Company Packaging Goods
Supermarket
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Level One DFD
Gas Water 3
Gas Supplier
Cooking Pot
Cook Soup
Water Supplier
Water
Add Required Amount of Water 4
Place in Cooking Pot 3 4
Soup
Prepared Ingredients
Prepare Ingredients 2 Serve Soup 6 Soup
Diners
Peelings Dirty water Packaging Waste Disposal Company Obtain Ingredients 1 Goods
Supermarket
1 Water
Ingredients
THE SYSTEM Water Supplier
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Sources
Supermarket Water Supplier/Company Gas Supplier/Company
Source Identifier
Supermarket supplies goods Water Company supplies water Gas Company supplies gas Destinations
Destination Identifier
Waste Disposal Company
Waste Disposal Company collects the waste products from the cooking process: Dirty water Vegetable peelings Packaging
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Do Not Draw a Data Flow Diagram
Which does this
Source Identifier
1 Data Store
Which does this
Data Store
Destination Identifier
Which does this
Data Store 1
Data Store 2
Permissible but Ask Yourself The Question: Is there a data store that I could place between the two processes
Find the Largest Number 1
Largest Number
Display the Largest Number 2
Destination Identifier
File of Integers
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Example A system is required which allows a user to input an unordered list of integer numbers into a computer. The system will store these numbers in the main store of the computer where they are to be sorted by the system into ascending numeric order and re-stored. Finally the system is to print out the list for the user. (a) (b) Draw a context diagram for this problem. Draw a level 1 data flow diagram for this problem.
(a) Context Diagram
Unordered List of Numbers
User
System
Printed Ordered List of Numbers
User
(b) Level 1
Unordered List of Integer Numbers
User
Get List of Numbers 1
Print List of Numbers 3
Printed Ordered List of Numbers
User
Unordered List of Numbers
Ordered List of Numbers
Sort Numbers into Ascending Order 2
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Structure Chart
Produce Printed List of Ordered Numbers
Unordered List of Numbers Ordered List of Numbers
Unordered List of Numbers
Ordered List of Numbers
Get List of Numbers
Sort List of Numbers
Print List of Numbers
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Exercises Draw a dataflow diagram and structure chart for the following: 1. A computer system is required to test if a character entered into the system by a user is in the range A..Z. The system is to report the result of the test to the user. 2. A computer system is required which reads a file of real numbers from a user. The system is to find the largest of the real numbers which are entered and it is to display the largest for the user to view once all the numbers have been entered.
[Hint: In both cases the user is both the source and the destination]
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Applications & Effects o Study of one Major Information Processing Application of Computing
The chart in Figure 1 describes the hardware, software and communication components for an Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS) checkout desk at a store of an international supermarket chain. The system uses Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). The supermarket chain operates a nationwide loyalty card scheme for its customers. A customer is registered as a member of the scheme on the chains customer database after supplying name, address and telephone number. Each registered customer is issued with a card that is scanned each time the customer purchases goods from one of the chains stores. Each checkout EFT/EPOS desk is connected via communications links to the Banking system and to the supermarket chains centrally located customer database. Each store maintains its own product and stock files. Sales information Receipt, Transaction records
Customer Display
Sales information
Printer
Operator Display
Product
FileDatab ase
Magnetic Disk(ii)
(i) Barcode Reader Checkout EFT/EPOS
Customer Database System
(iiv) Keyboard Banking System (iiii) Magnetic Stripe Reader Product Weight Weighing Machine
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Stock FileData base
Magnetic Disk(ii)
Figure 1. Checkout EFT/EPOS
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For some components in Figure 1, the full descriptions have been replaced by the Roman numerals from (i) to (iii). Part (a) refers to these missing items. (a)
(i)
What item of data is collected by the scanning action of the barcode reader? (1 mark)
(ii)
Give one reason why a keyboard is required in this application. (1 mark)
(iii)
State one item of data read by the magnetic stripe reader in this application. (1 mark) (b) (i) State two different items of data that are transmitted over the communications link between checkout and the banking system during a successful transaction. (2 marks) (ii) State two different items of data that are transmitted over the communications link between the checkout and the customer database during a successful transaction. (2 marks) (iii) State with a reason whether the data transmitted in (i) should be sent in real time or stored locally in a batch for sending later. (2 marks) (c) Describe three advantages to the supermarket of this EFT/EPOS system. (3 marks) (d) Some regular customers have declined to obtain a loyalty card because they wish to protect their privacy. State three different ways in which the use of a loyalty card can represent an invasion of an individuals privacy. (3 marks)
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