LEARNING -Variable-interval: at random after the behavior occurs for an -Learning style: Aural learner.

dom after the behavior occurs for an -Learning style: Aural learner. I find it difficult for me to clearly
Classical conditioning: includes placing a neutral signal before a unpredictable period of time. E.g: transfers, unexpects understand something just by looking at the letters or the graphs.
bonus, promotion, recognition. Instead of that, asking for experience or having a discussion
reflex, an automatic conditioned response, is paired with a specific
frequently can bring out a more effective solution.
stimulus. This focus on involuntory, creates a behavior. -Law of effect: say that if some random actions all allowed by
+Visual :graphs, charts, diagrams, symbols
E.g: Whenever a child fails an exam →get punished by their parents. pleasurable consequences or rewards, such actions are strengthed +Read/Write(R): PowerPoint, lists, diaries, dictionaries, thesauri,
→ create anxiety → When the child takes an exam again → they and will likely occur in the future. quotations, and words.
will automatically become nervous. Cognitive Learning: involves mental processes, like attention +Kinesthetic(K): personal experiences, simulation, activities,
Reacting to similar odors is generalization.-Not reacting to a and memory, occur through observation or imitation, may not game and practice
new odor is discrimination.-Not reacting to a previously powerful involve external rewards or require to perform any observable INTELLIGENCE
stimulus is extinction. behaviors. -Multiple intelligence theory (Gardner): at least 9 different kinds: verbal
E.g: Albert Bandura found that children who had watched a film intelligence, musical intelligence, l ogical- mathematical intelligence
Having a reaction come back is spontaneous recovery.
(quantifying, making hypotheses & irving them), spatial intelligence
Operant conditioning: Thưởng/ phạt để tăng/ giảm behavior of an adult modeling agressive behavior played more (virsualizing the world in 3D), body movement intelligence,
đó trong tương lai. aggressively than children who had not seen the film (learned intelligence to understand oneself or myself, intelligence to
Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner): Learning through observation and imitation). understand others, naturalistic intelligence (understanding living things
that occurs when the participant must make a Process: & reading nature), and existential intelligence (tackling the questions of
response to produce a change in the environment -Attention(pay attention to the model)→ Memory(store or why we live and why we die).
Reinforcer: Event/stimulus that makes the behavior remember the information)→ Imitation(use the remembered -Two-factor theory (Charles Spearman): the intelligence has two
it follows more likely to occur again (Skinner, information and imitate the model’s factors:
behavior)→Motivation(have some reason or incentive to imitate General mental ability factor g (IQ): represents what different
1938)
cognitive tasks have in common,
-Positive Reinforcer: a superviser awards a the model’s behavior). +s: specific factors, include specific mental abilities
commission to a sales professional every time they E.g: you enroll in a PowerPoint course to improve your (mathematical, mechanical, verbal skills).
sell a product encourages them to work harder to presentation skills. -Triarchic theory (Robert Sternberg): divide intelligence into three
make more sales. -Adaptive value (khả năng đặc biệt của con người/động vật different kinds of reasoning processes:
-Negative Reinforcer: A negative reinforcement tăng khả năng survival, like finding food, acquiring mates, 1. uses analytical or logical thinking skills measured by traditional
occurs when an employer removes a negative avoiding pain,...). intelligence tests.
consequence to motivate a specific positive -Taste-aversion learning: associating a particular sensory cue 2. uses problem-solving skills that require creative thinking and the
(smell, tastes, sound or sight) with getting sick and thereafter ability to learn from experience. 3. uses practical thinking skills that
behavior. For example, car manufacturers use the
help a person adjust to, and cope with, his or her sociocultural
principles of negative reinforcement in their avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future.
environment.
E.g: toilet training and employee rewards system (target behavior, MEMORY E.g:+Multiple Intelligences Theory help in learning. It helps students with
preparation, reinforcers, shaping) Ability to retain infor overtime through 3 processes dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Not all students’ strengths are
-Encoding: refers to making mental representations of infor within traditionally valued types of intelligence like reading or math
so that in can be placed into memory. skills. By discovering the intellectual gifts a child already possesses, you
-Storing: process of placing encoded info into relatively can find ways to work with their existing strengths and help slow learners
permanent mental storage for later recall. in the classroom.
-Retrieving: process of getting or recalling info that has been +Interpersonal intelligence is important because it can improve how
you communicate with others → develop more genuine friendships
placed into short/long term storage.
or become someone that people can rely on for emotional support and
-3 types of memory:
stability.
Environmental infor → Sensory (not pay attention → Forgot) →
+Triarchic theory: used to explain exceptional intelligence (gifted and
Selective attention (repeating the info, creating a mental
retardation) in children and also to critique existing intelligence
association) → Shorterm (Not encoded → forgotten) →
tests.
Encoded/Reapeat for storage and recal for acquire → Long Term
1. Sensory: refers to an initial process that receives and holds
E.g: RP: Parents giving their child a piece of candy when they environmental info in raw form for brief period from an instant to
several seconds. → keep in your though it will become short-term
clean their room
memory.
PP: giving a student detention if they’re late to class too many E.g: +When you flip a light switch, the brief image in your memory that
times remains of what you saw before you turned off the lights.
RN: employees don’t get the salary deduction if they go to work +Your echoic memory records each note and helps your brain connect the
on time. tones, allowing you to recognize it as a song.
PN: Parents ending a playdate if children don’t stop misbehaving. 2. Short-Term (Working memory): a process that can hold only a
How often should rewards be? The timing and frequency of limited amount of info (average 7 items), from 2 to 30 secs.
reinforcement influenced how new behavior were learn and E.g where you parked your car this morning, what you had for lunch,
remember details from a book that you read a few days ago. EMOTION
how old behavior were modified.
3. Long-Term: process storing almost unlimited amounts of information 5 components of EQ (emotional intelligence)
-Continuous schedule (rewards all the time behavior occurs) Someone over long periods of time. Example: CEO of PepsiCo (Indra Nooyi 2006)
getting paid hourly, regardless at the amount of their work. Most E.g: +Important days in the distant past (early birthday, graduation, -Self-awareness: ability to recognize & understand your own emotions,
effective when trying to teach new behavior. wedding, etc), and work skills you learned in your first job out of the foundational building block emotion or intelligence. Emotional
E.g: You are trying to teach your dog shake your hand, during school. awareness recognizing emotions and effects, accurate self-assessment,
initial stages of learning, you look and establish the behaviors. If +Get and train customers to remember your brand: At first, make them pay renewing strength and limits).
you stop providing reinforce the desire behavior will cross attention, transfer from sensory to short term → create emotion to E.g: she know her strength and weknesses willing to listen to every one,
quickly. remember the info longer. even her subordinates to improve it.
-Self-regulation: not only be able to recognize emotion but also able to
-Partial schedule (reward sometimes/on-off): sometimes -Techniques to improve memory
Sensory: +Iconic memory (image=icon): automatically holds visual info express, regulate and manage them.
reward, sometimes not, plan to strength certain behaviours E.g: she may sing and laugh at the office, but keep in mind, she takes a
for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift attention, the
sometimes, learned behaviours are acquired more slowly with info disappears. hard-nosed approach to biz.
partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to +Echoic memory: form of sensory memory that holds auditory info -Motivation: (e.g: she give employees a clear, explicit purpose/ let
extinction. Reduce risk of saturation once a behavior has been for 1 to 2 secs. → funtions: prevent foeing overwhelmed, give they have more automomy and influence without the company/ make
established. decision time, provides stability, playback recognition. sure they can bring their whole sales to work with benefits and
E.g: you are trying to teach a dog t o sit sth like prase or attention may Short-term: +Inferference: result when new information enters short time opportunities.)
more effective in reinforcing an already establish behavior. memory & overwrites or pushes out info that’s already there. -Empathy: understand other’s feeling (e.g: she is well liked and respected
+Chunking: combine seperate items of info into a larger unit, or chunk b/c she listens to thoé around her, even they disagree. When she was
-Schedule of reinforcement:
selected to the top position of PepsiCo, she made sure that the rival for
-Continuous: every time behavior occurs, reinforcer follow every and then remembering these chunks rather than individual items. (e.g:
reaactivity series K Na Ca Mg Al..) the position got a pay raise and gave influence in company so she didn’t
response. E.g: praise after every new sales or order. → funtions: selecting attend to relevant info disregard everything lose three ex CEOs before.
-Fixed-ratio: after behavior occurs a certain number of times. else, allows to hold info for a short period time until decide what to go with -Social skills: influence, communication (e.g: wrote letters to her
E.g: piece rate, commission on unit sold. it, helps store or encode info in long-term. employee’s parents each year, she greeted with her executive
-Fixed-interval: after the behavior occurs for a certain period Long-term: +Putting info into long-term memory (storing) employee’s parents: “Thank you for the gift of your child to our
of time. E.g: weekly, monthly paycheck. +Encoding: transfering info from short to long by paying attention, company”.
-Variable-ratio: at random after the behavior occurs an repeating or forming new associations. -Peripheral theories of emotions: emphasize how physiological
unpredictable number of times. E.g: random checks for quality Others: images, sketch up, drawing instead of writing notes, use video, changes in the body give rise to emotional feelings.
pomodoro (e.g: prepare exam: Use flow charts and diagrams to summary, -Cognitive appraisal theory of emotions: emphasizes how interpretations
yield praise for doing work.
Practice on old exams, do/redo new/old exercises). or appraisals of situations result in emotional feelings.
-Affective neuroscience approach: studies the underlying neural bases of -Self-efficacy: refers to the confidence in your ability to organize and 2. When actions become associated with pleasant or
mood and emotion by focusing on the brain’s neural circuits that evaluate execute a given course of action to solve a problem or accomplish a task. aversive results.
stimuli and produce or contribute to experiencing and expressing -Trait theory: 3. When two pieces of information are linked.
different emotional states. -Big five personality: OCEAN Theories of learning?
-Your thoughts alone can give rise to emotions and illustrates the +Openness: Open to new experience >< Has narrow interest. Classical conditioning: A form of learning in which a
importance of cognitive factors. +Conscientiousness: Is responsible & dependable >< impulsive & previously neutral stimulus (NS/CS) is paired with an
-What goods are emotion: +Social signals (baby cries→ signal of she is careless. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned
hungry or get hurt). +Extraversion: Outgoing & decisive >< retiring & withdrawn. response (CR) that is identical to or very similar the
+Survival, Attention & Memory (smell or see disgusting things, increase +Agreeableness: Warm & good nature >< Unfriendly & cold. unconditioned response (UCR) (Lahey, 2002)
memory of important events,..). +Neuroticism: Stable & not a worrier >< nervous & emotionally -A dog, that is fed after a bell is rung, will react to the bell
+Arousal & motivation ( heart beats faster after drink coffee, feel unstable. even when no food is present. This also works on humans.
nervous in the exam room, seeing a shark: - heart pounding - adrenaline -We wear masks to prevent diseases according to Dr. Fauci.
pumping, that cause arousal→maximum arousal helped him swim faster NOTE: We will also wear masks when no disease is present if Dr.
and get to shore). PERSONALITY: Fauci tells us to.
E.g: +At workplace: Positive relationships and deeper connections What is personality?: The sum total of the typical ways of -Dr. Fauci is the conditioner and humans wear masks
between employees or who can help achieve goals; Flexibility, Higher acting, thinking, and feeling that makes each person unique because he says so even when no disease is present.
productivity, aware of their strengths, weaknesses and emotions→ Is personality consistent? Our response to thunder becomes associated with
manage their interactions with others. Put yourself in another person’s Personality describes the unique patterns of thoughts, lightning.
situation→developing an understanding feeling of other person handling feelings, and behaviors that distinguish a person from others. o Stimulus 1: See lightning
difficult situations, pressure, emotional experiences while refraining A product of both biology and environment, it remains fairly o Stimulus 2: Hear thunder
from having significant emotional outbursts and keeping emotions in consistent throughout life. o After Repetition: Stimulus= See lightning, Response=
check by channelizing experiences to have positive outcomes. Ex: Examples of personality can be found in how we describe Cover ears to avoid sound
Care and respect for others and can work in collaboration within teams. other people's traits. For instance, "She is generous, caring, Neutral stimulus (NS): a stimulus that elicits no response
+At study: helps students better analyse situations, interact with others better, and a bit of a perfectionist," or "They are loyal and protective before conditioning
tackle academic issues with greater panache, deal with negative emotions of their friends." Discrimination: the learned ability to distinguish between
that might disrupt learning. ( - Personality is the pattern of thoughts, feelings and a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an
behaviors unique to a person. People tend to think of unconditioned
MOTIVATION personality as fixed. But according to psychologists, that's not stimulus
-Brain: Reward/ Pleasure center(result in happy and pleasurable how it works. "Personality is a developmental phenomenon. Unconditioned response (UR): an unlearned, naturally
feeling). It's not just a static thing that you're stuck with and can't get occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned
-Incentive: (thứ thúc đẩy 1 cá nhân thực hiện hành động): you try hard over," said Brent Roberts, a psychologist at the University of stimulus (US)
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (such as food in the mouth)
studying to get the college degree.
Theories of personality Unconditioned stimulus (US): a stimulus that
-Cognitive factors: +Extrinsic motivation: reduce biological needs or
[Link] Perspective: Three levels of conscious unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a
help obtain incentives or external rewards( children do the cleaning for
awareness response (UR)
money from parents).
-Conscious mind: presently aware Conditioned response (CR): a learned response to a
+Intrinsic motivation: behaviors themselves are personally
-Preconscious mind: temporarily unaware (memories are not previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
rewarding or these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations (run
presently conscious but can be easily brought into conscious) Conditioned stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant
marathons, because this activity is personally challenging).
-Unconscious mind: +More permanently unaware (store basic stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned
-In addition, you can be motivated by emotional factors (anger, fear,
instinctual motives: memories and emotions: threatening to stimulus (US), comes to
happiness) or personality factors (outgoing, shy, uninhibited).
the conscious mind) +Being pushed into unconscious mind trigger a conditioned response (CR)
-Expectation theory of motivation is when you expect, you think you can
through the process of repression Drawbacks:
do it, you can do it.
Most of us do not steal, murder or rape not because we do not 1. This theory has been propounded by experiments on
-Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
want to or our egos could not find relatively safe ways to do animals and confirmed by experiments on children, so it
+Higher-order needs:
so but because our superegos hold these desires in check does not fully apply to the learning process of mature
1. Self-actualization: Creative & challenging work, participation humans
in decision making, job flexibility and autonomy. 2. Traits :summary terms that describe tendencies to respond
in particular ways that account for differences among people 2. In this theory, man is considered as a biological machine
2. Esteem needs: Responsibility for an important job, promotion to and his learning process is considered as a mechanical
3. The Social-cognitive theory: personality is simply
higher status job, raise and recognition from boss. process, so it does not explain the process of thinking and
something that is learned/- Being Influenced from
+Lower-order needs: reasoning learning of man
surroundings
3. Social needs (love and belonging needs): friendly coworker, 3. Learning through contracted response is not permanent
(reinforcement) -Having learned from past events -Expected
interaction with customers. 4. The process of conditioning takes place only under
from others => desired outcomes
4. Safety needs: safe working and living conditions, job security, base certain circumstances, whereas the process of learning
Person X Situation interactionism
compensation and benefits. naturally goes on always
4. The humanistic perspective: Human beings possess an
5. Psychology needs: rest and refreshment break, physical comfort 5. This theory does not correctly explain the human learning
innate tendency to improve and to determine their lives
about the job, upgrade facilities and funitures in workplace, process
through the decisions they make +Concentrate on the present
reasonable work and learn hours. and the healthy personality +Focus on individual’s Why is Classical Conditioning So Important?
-Why a person succeeds. We have a high need for achievements that perceptions of events Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all
are not fair and also psychological factors such as self-esteem, your “what is real for you may not be real for me” organisms learn to adapt to their environment. Classical
personality supported by your family. Apply the trait perspective in HRM conditioning
PESONALITY 1 -One of the applications of the trait approach is that by also provided an example to the young field of psychology
-Freud’s theory of personality: emphasizes the importance of early participating in various tests, candidates can benchmark and of how complex processes could be studied with objective
childhood experiences. assess how strong or weak they are in terms of leadership laboratory procedures. In addition, classical conditioning
-Conscious Thought: wishes, desires, or thoughts that we’re aware of, or skills. In doing so, this can provide direction for future action has proven to have many helpful applications to human
can recall, at any given moment plans. Based on this theory, tools and instruments have been health and well-being.
-Unconscious forces: because of their disturbing or threatening content, developed that enable individuals to appraise their potential Applications of Classical Conditioning to BA
we automatically repress and can’t voluntarily access. to better their performance. Some organisations use Classical conditioning in business refers to generating
If a person has a good childhood experience, then may fully develop personality tests to find the ‘right’ people with the ‘right’ responses favorable to the product even though there might
personality. Otherwise, if experience a dramatic event or child abuse, traits, using tools such as the Myers Briggs test and not be a direct relationship between the product and the
you may have poor childhood experience and then negatively affect Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ). desired response. For example, a customer might buy a
your personality. The Big Five Model describes the traits that have the most certain shampoo not because it works better but because the
-Humanistic theories: Emphasize our capacity for personal growth, research support and include the following: 1. bottle is pretty.
development of our potential, and freedom to choose our destiny Extroversion/Introversion where being high on extroversion Will the negative reinforcer make the behavior
PERSONALITY 2 is related to having more positive emotions than negative ones decrease?
-Social cognitive theory: 2. Agreeableness or Friendliness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Negative reinforcement can be an effective tool when used
+Cognitive factors: our beliefs, expectations, values, intentions, and Neuroticism/Emotionality 5. Openness to Experience and correctly. Using negative reinforcement may not always get
social roles. Culture/Intelligence – the trait best and consistently correlated the intended results, however. This type of behavior
+Personal factors: our emotional makeup and our biological and with measures of intelligence conditioning is simply meant to increase behavior. As a
genetic influences. LEARNING: Any relatively permanent change in behavior result, it can work both ways, reinforcing either favorable
+Behaviors: your actions affect your personality. brought about through experience or unfavorable behaviors.
+Environmental factors: our social, political, and cultural influences, as We learn from experience: Application?
well as our particular learning experiences. 1. When we learn to predict events we already like or don’t Automated medical diagnosis:
-Internal locus of control: depends primarily on your motivation and like by noticing other events or sensations that happen first. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) augments the
determination. - Make things happen→higher achievers, cope 2. When our actions have consequences. Reinforcement Learning framework, which learns a
better with chronic illness, and report less stress, anxiety, and depression 3. When we watch what other people do. sequence of actions that maximizes the expected reward,
then external. We learn from association: using deep neural networks' representative power.
-External locus of control: depends on external factors: lecturers, luck - 1. When two stimuli (events or sensations) tend to occur Reinforcement Learning has taken over medical report
Things that happen to you together or in sequence. generation, identification of nodules/tumors and blood
vessel blockage, analysis of these reports, etc. Refer to this goal. it is easy to debug.
paper for more insights into this problem space and the 3. Monitor how often you engage in your desired behaviour. 5. By using algorithm, the problem is broken down into
solutions offered by the Reinforcement Learning approach. 4. Reinforce the desired behaviour. smaller pieces or steps hence, it is easier for programmer to
Drawbacks of continuous reinforcement: it is difficult to 5. Reduce the rewards gradually convert it into an actual program.
maintain over a long period of time due to the effort of having Is punishment always an effective way in punishing the Disdvantages of Algorithms:
to reinforce a behavior each time it is performed. Also, this behavior? Why/why not? 1. Alogorithms is Time consuming.
type of reinforcement is quick to be extinguished. It has been clearly and repeatedly demonstrated that 2. Difficult to show Branching and Looping in Algorithms.
Drawbacks of partial reinforcement: is that learned punishment can very effectively be used to control 3. Big tasks are difficult to put in Algorithms.
behaviors take longer to be acquired [Link], why do behaviorists usually warn against using THINKING: When answering, we scan images stored in
Practical applications of schedules of reinforcement in it? Simply because we can almost always control behavior our memory to answer the questions
human resource management just as effectively by using reinforcement as by using Cognitive psychologist (Ulric Neisser, 1967) examines
1. Specify desired behaviour punishment, and without having to put up with the problems thinking by investigating on how people…..
Tell the employee what is expected of them. Do this in as clear and negative side effects of punishment. If we wish to stop a +Solving problems, +Making decisions, understand the
and objective terms as you can. behavior that is already occurring, we can usually do so by world, +Using language and communicate their thoughts to
Describe the good behaviour you want to see or the bad simply eliminating the reinforcement for the behavior — a others
behaviour you want to discourage, in a way that it can be process we call extinction. What advantages of using concepts in thinking? -
measured. It’s also How to administer punishment more effectively? Reducing load of memory, -Developing ability to
recommended to put a deadline in place so that the employee -Not use physical punishment communicate => easy communication with much
knows the timeframe they have in which to change. -Positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take place information, -Allowing to predict the world
2. Measure current desired behaviour -Not mix punishment and rewards for the same behavior What characteristics do we expect to observe in
The next step is to baseline how often the behaviour in -Not back down if you have once begun to punish (pleading, someone who is judged to be intelligent ?
question happens currently. Unless the starting point is begging) The cognitive abilities of an individual to learn from
measured, it will be Observational learning (modeling learning): experience, to reason well, and to cope with the demands of
difficult to objectively evaluate if a behaviour has changed or Learning/behavior that changes through observing/imitating daily living (Lahey, 2002)
improved others’ behaviors -Intelligence is how well a person is able to use cognition
3. Reinforce desired behaviour INTELLIGENT in coping with world
The manager needs to determine how and when they will Why are people with higher emotional intelligence likely Is intelligence general or specific abilities? -Sir Francis
reinforce the new behaviour. to have better social support? A high EQ helps you to build Galton (1822- 1911): Intelligence is a single general factor
First, the manager will need to choose one or more of the four relationships, reduce team stress, defuse conflict and improve which underlies each of our specific abilities -Howard
types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement, negative job satisfaction. Ultimately, a high EI means having the Gardner (1983) introduces seven independent types of
reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. potential to increase team productivity and staff retention. intelligence
Second, they will need to select one or more schedules of how That’s why when it comes to recruiting management roles, How are intelligence scores important in modern
they will reinforce the behaviour: continuous or intermittent. employers look to hire and promote candidates with a high society? -Many occupations are available only to persons
4. Evaluate change ‘EQ’ (emotional quotient) – rather than IQ (intelligence with college or graduate degrees, high IQ persons tend to
The final step is to measure if the new desired behaviour is quotient). qualify for advanced education => more likely to complete
increasing in frequency quickly enough. If it is, great. But if it What are differences between problem solving and advanced courses when admitted (Brody, 1997)
isn’t, then the decision making?PS: process of finding a solution to -Take less time to train person with higher IQ to a high level
managers may need to reassess their approach and work something that needs to change or a deviation from what we of job performance (Hunt, 1995)
through steps 1 to 4 again. expect to happen - People with higher IQ in nonprofessional jobs => more
For employers, the reinforcement theory is an effective tool to DM: process of choosing from among alternatives to move likely to be promoted into more complex ones (Wilk,
encourage higher productivity among employees. This theory the company up and forward, to change what we have been Desmarais & Sackett, 1995)
is also useful in making star performers and correcting the doing to support a strategy that promises innovation and Are people becoming more and more intelligent? Why
behaviours of poor performers. growth. or why not?-Nutrition and health improvements, -Levels
Shaping: a strategy of positively reinforcing behaviors that Do we often use algorithm or heuristics approaches in of education increase, -Decrease of the number of children
are successively more similar to the target response decision making? Why? per family, -Degree of environmental complexity
Shape some of your employees to complete their assigned An Algorithm is a clearly defined set of instructions to solve How to improve our level of intelligence? -Taking
tasks by the deadline?- Communicate a clear deadline. a problem, Heuristics involve utilising an approach of nutritious and healthy food, -Further our education, -
- Break down the project. learning and discovery to reach a solution. So, if you know Joining in environmental complexity
- Have a start and completion date for each step. how to solve a problem then use an algorithm. If you need to
- Block off time on your calendar. develop a solution then it's heuristics. This should be the
- Focus on action (vs. motion) accepted answer. While algorithms provide step-by-step
- Communicate progress with your team. procedures that can guarantee solutions, heuristics are faster
Is punishment always an effective way in punishing the and provide shortcuts for getting to solutions, though this has
behavior? Why/why not? In psychology, punishment is the potential to cause errors
always effective in changing behavior, even when children Problem solving methods
don't feel punished. Not only is it possible for children's + Using algorithms: A systematic procedure (specified set of
behavior to be punished without punishing children, it is steps) for solving a problem which may involve evaluating all
possible for their behavior to be punished while at the same possible solutions (Ashcraft, 2002; Medin et al., 2000)
time being nice to them. How can this be? + Using heuristics approach: educated guesses or rules of
When we free ourselves from the mistaken belief that children thumb for solving problems
must be punished for their misbehavior (a belief that has strong Advantages and Disadvantages of Heuristics approaches
traditions) we can usually find creative ways to insure that for problem solving?
misbehavior is punished effectively without having to punish It can provide some quick and relatively inexpensive
children. First, behavior is often punished by its natural feedback to [Link] can obtain feedback early in the
consequences; there is no need for adults to impose additional design process.
punishment. A second strategy is to impose logical (or Assigning the correct heuristic can help suggest the best
rational) consequences that are designed logically to punish a corrective measures to designers.
specific behaviors rather than children. A third strategy is to You can use it together with other usability testing
impose token consequences that are too mild to feel like methodologies.
punishment. There are other strategies. You can conduct usability testing to further examine potential
Dangers of punishment? issues
Wilson suggests that punishment may stop unwanted DIS: It requires knowledge and experience to apply the
behaviour in the short term, but it also creates fear and sneaky heuristics effectively.
behaviour. Punishment uses pain and unpleasantness, builds Trained usability experts are sometimes hard to find and can
resentment, encourages deception and can damage self be expensive.
esteem. You should use multiple experts and aggregate their results.
Corporal punishment triggers harmful psychological and The evaluation may identify more minor issues and fewer
physiological responses. Children not only experience pain, major issues.
sadness, fear, anger, shame and guilt, but feeling threatened Advantages and Disadvantages of Algorithms approaches
also leads to physiological stress and the activation of neural for problem solving?
pathways that support dealing with danger. Children who have Advantages:
been physically punished tend to exhibit high hormonal 1. It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given
reactivity to stress, overloaded biological systems, including problem, which makes it easy to understand.
the nervous, cardiovascular and nutritional systems, and 2. An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
changes in brain structure and function. 3. It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is
How to Change Your Own Behaviour easy to understand for anyone even without programming
1. State a realistic goal in measurable terms. knowledge.
2. Decide how, when, and where you will work toward your 4. Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so