ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE
On-Farm Productive and Reproductive Performance of Oromo Goat in
Bambassi District, Assosa Zone, Western Ethiopia
Research proposal
BEFIKADU ZEWDIE (PhD in Animal Genetics and Breeding)
NIGUSSU FEKADE (PhD in Tropical Animal Production)
DECEMBER 2020
ASSOSA UNIVERSITY, ASSOSA
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS III
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1. Role of Goat Production in Ethiopia 3
2.1. Indigenous Goat type in Ethiopia 4
2.2. Indigenous Goat Production Systems 5
2.3. Production and Reproduction Performance of Indigenous Goats 5
2.3. 1. Growth performance 6
2.3.2. Reproductive performance 6
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8
3.1. Description of the Study Area 8
3.2. Sample Selection Procedure 8
3.3. Experimental Procedures and Methods of Data Collection 9
3.4. Data Management and Analysis 10
4. EXPECTED OUTPUT 12
5. BENEFICIARIES 13
6. DURATION OF THE STUDY 13
7. TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION STRATEGY 13
8. WORK PLAN 14
9. LOGISTICS 15
10. REFERENCES 17
ii
Abbreviations
6-MW Six month weight
12-MW Twelve month weight
AFK Age at First Kidding
ALR Annual Kidding Rate
BGRS BenishangulGumuz Regional State
BRSDI Benishangul Regional Statistic Data Information
BW Birth Weight
CSA Central Statistics Authority (Ethiopia)
EBVs Estimated Breeding Values
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
GLM General Linear Model
HH House Hold
IBC Institute of Biodiversity and Conservation
ILCA International Livestock Center for Africa
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
KI Kidding Interval
LS Litter Size
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
NKB Number of Kid Born
PA Peasant Association
SAS Statistical Analysis System
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
WW Weaning Weight
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1. Introduction
Indigenous goat breeds constitute over 95% of the small ruminant population of Africa and that
of Ethiopia is 99.77% that are indigenous breeds CSA (2012). Ethiopia is home, excluding some
pastoral areas of Afar and Somali regions, to approximately 30.1 million goats CSA (2017).
Though the population density of goats in mid and low-altitude areas is high, they are produced
across the country from the arid lowlands to the coolest highland areas. Goats are amongst the
commonest farm animal species which sustain the livelihoods of smallholder farmers,
pastoralists and agro pastoralists alike. They fulfill various functions such as generating cash
income, serving as household security, accumulating capital, and fulfilling cultural obligations
Workneh (2000), Grum (2010), Dhaba et al. (2012) and Feki (2013).The recent data from CSA
(2012) indicated that country’s goat population growth rate is 1.1% with off-take rate of 35%. In
Ethiopia goat production accounts for 16.8% of total meat supply Ameha (2008) and 16.7% of
milk consumed in the country Tsedeke (2007).
Compared to other ruminants, goats possess unique abilities to adapt to harsh tropical
environments and are closely associated with resource-poor households often found in marginal
and harsh environments. As such, investments in improving goat productivity can contribute to
livelihood systems and the food security of producers in equitable ways (poor rural households
also benefit). It is believed that these goats have evolved through a process of natural selection
that resulted in goats selected for adaptation and survival rather than production present Peacock
(1996) and Gizawet al. (2008). Thus, the majority of the goat population is found in large flocks
in the arid and semi-arid lowlands where pastoralists in the south, east, and west keep them for
milk production, for slaughter and for sale. The identification and proper use of these adapted
breeds will contribute to improved food security, help to reduce external inputs feeding and
health care of the animals and hence could increase the benefit margin of small holder farmers
and pastoralists. Improving the use of indigenous genetic resources will also reduce the pressure
on the environment, which could assist in the natural resource management.
Despite the large size of the country’s goat population, the productivity per unit of animal and
the contribution of this sector to the national economy is relatively low. This may be due to
different factors such as poor nutrition, prevalence of diseases, lack of appropriate breed and
breeding strategies and poor understanding of the production system as a whole. However, the
indigenous goat breeds have relative advantage in their natural habitat due to small ruminant
breeds enables them to survive under stressful environmental conditions, including high disease
incidence, poor nutrition, and high temperature. Environmental pressure also maintains a wide
range of genotypes, each adapted to a specific set of circumstances.
A large number of goat genetic diversities were reported in Ethiopia. Studies estimated that
based on the analysis of morphological data Workneh (1992), Alemayehu (1993) and Nigatu
(1994) along with geographic distribution, fourteen distinct goat populations were identified in
Ethiopia. Additional phenotypic characterization has been done for goats found in Benishangul
Gumuz regional state, which identified five morphologically different goat types, namely: Felata,
Oromo, Gumuz, Oromo and Agew goats predominate in semi-arid zones Getinet et al. (2005).
The Oromo goat is one of the five types of Western lowland goat existing in South Western parts
of Ethiopia IBC (2004) and Getinet et al. (2005). Its geographical distribution is dominant goat
types found in semi-arid part of Assosa Zone in the Benishangul Gumuz Regional State.
However, information on Oromo goat evaluation breed performance levels under standardized
on-farm and on-station evaluation studies is not well documented.
Unfortunately, the available information so far has been based on phenotypic characterization
studies of the owner of the animals. Without relevant data on the breed status of Oromo goat; it
may not be wise to suggest identified goats as potential and priority commodity for improvement
of this goat and verification may be required to determine their present status and whether this to
suggest breed improvement strategies. Therefore, more detailed and accurate information on
growth, reproductive, and productive performance of the breed in their habitat and under
smallholder farmer’s condition would enable us to understand the potential of the breed for
sustainable improving, utilization, and conservation. Therefore, this study will be initiated with
the following objective.
Objective of the study:-
To evaluation of the productive and reproductive performance of Oromo goat in Bambassi
district
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2. Literature Review
2.1. Role of Goat Production in Ethiopia
More than 95% of the world’s goat population is found in poorly endowed areas such as the dry
zones and the mountainous areas in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Of all the
livestock species, goats are increasing in number. Goats significantly contribute to the live
animal and meat export trade (Tatek, 2016), due to the increased, a result of strong domestic and
export market demand for goat meat (Legese and Fadiga, 2014). Small-scale farmers, especially
those in remote areas, and the landless are gradually recognizing the potential of goats as a low-
cost solution to their poor resource endowments. Therefore, goats deserve greater attention at
both the macro and micro levels Peacock et al. (2005). Ethiopia has the largest livestock
population among all the countries in Africa. In Ethiopia, goats are distributed in all agro-
ecological zones of the country. Goats are important for diversifying production, an integral part
of tropical agricultural systems, creating employment, increasing income, building capital,
contributing to human nutrition and reducing risk, in addition to their quantifiable outputs of
several products Banerjee et al. (2000). It also significantly contributes to the live animal and
meat export trade.
The growing demand for meat from small ruminants, improving infrastructure (transport and
information technology), and improvement in small ruminant husbandry techniques among
producers provide opportunities to enhance the contribution of goats (and sheep), to smallholder
farmers’ livelihoods (Getahun, 2008). With goats, meat production is the primary function in the
developing countries, followed by milk. This is reflected in the demand for their meats, which in
all countries is income elastic (Devendra, 2015). Within the available animal genetic resources,
the multi-functional values of goats provide a very important social and Devendra, 2012;
Devendra and Liang, 2012).
Goats are often the only animal protein source, goat meat and milk help ensure infant
development and sustain human health. Human population growth, increased urban income in
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several African countries, and new opportunities for export, has encouraged the marketing of
goats from rural households and pastoral communities. Goat production thus helps meet local
meat demands, keeps hard currency from being spent on importing meat, and increases hard
currency reserves through exports of goat meat and skins. The current contribution of goats to
the Ethiopia’s economy and producer’s livelihoods is still below the total potential production
capacity (Girma et al., 2000). This is because of feed shortage, disease prevalence, inferior
genotype, poor marketing system and infrastructure (Solomon et al., 2010; Solomon, 2014).
Given the large population size with diverse breeds and their wide distribution across various
agro-ecological zones and production systems, there is a huge potential to utilize goats to raise
the socio-economic status of producers by improving goat productivity.
2.1. Indigenous Goat type in Ethiopia
The majority of Ethiopian goat population is found in large flocks in the arid and semi-arid
lowlands where pastoralists in the South, East, and West keep them for milk and meat production
and for sale. Goats in the highlands are widely distributed in the crop-livestock production
systems with very small flock sizes as a means of cash earnings and meat. Despite the huge
resource potential, production and export opportunities, goat production in Ethiopia is relatively
undeveloped. Although there are severe environmental constraints to increase goat productivity,
there is considerable potential for goat production in the country, where goat milk, meat, and
skin are valued commodities.
Information compiled on therefore, indigenous Ethiopian goat genetic resources have been
classified phenotypically into 11 types. These are Abergalle, Arsi-Bale, Afar, Central Highland,
Gumez, Hararghe Highland, Keffa, Long-eared Somali, North-West Highland, Short-eared
Somali, and Woyto-Guji. However, DNA characterization indicated that all the Ethiopian goat
populations are very closely related to each other and the 11 Ethiopian populations have been
grouped as 8 distinct genetic entities: Arsi-Bale, Gumez, Keffa, Woyto-Guji, Abergalle, Afar,
Highland goats (previously separated as Central and North West Highland) and the goats from
the previously known Hararghe, Southeastern Bale and Southern Sidamo provinces (Hararghe
Highland, Short-eared Somali and Long-eared Somali goats) (Tesfaye, 2004). Moreover,
4
Begayit, Ille, Felata, Oromo, Gumuz, Agew and Oromo sub-types of the western lowlands have
been recently reported. To efficiently utilize these special features of local breeds and for
designing suitable breeding strategies for genetic improvement and conservation of the genetic
resource, conducting research to understand the current status is important.
2.2. Indigenous Goat Production Systems
Previous studies (Mahilet, 2012; Tesfaye et al., 2012; Alefe, 2014; Alemu, 2015) in Ethiopia
classified livestock/small-ruminant production systems using different criteria. The major factors
for the classification of livestock production systems include contribution of the livestock sector
to the total household revenue (income and food), type and level of crop agriculture practiced,
types of livestock species kept, and mobility and duration of movement (Solomon et al., 2010).
According to these three major and two less dominant livestock productions systems in Ethiopia
were identified. The three major livestock production systems include pastoral, agro-pastoral and
crop-livestock mixed production systems and the other minor systems include urban/peri-urban
dairying, fattening, and the large-scale commercial livestock production systems.
The study by Dereje et al. (2015) explained that almost all goats in Ethiopia are produced in the
mixed crop-livestock and pastoral and agro-pastoral systems. Similarly, earlier study (EARO
2000) described that goats are reared under two broad production systems and these are crop-
livestock farming systems and pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems. However, Getahun
(2008) suggested the fourth small ruminant production system categories in Ethiopia based on
the prevalent agricultural activity and these are small ruminant in annual crop-based systems,
small ruminant in perennial crop-based systems, small ruminant in cattle-based systems and
small ruminant dominated systems.
2.3. Production and Reproduction Performance of Indigenous Goats
Reproductive and growth performance of goats are important factors influencing flock
productivity including milk, meat and skin depend on these factors ILCA (1990). Reproductive
and growth parameters heavily influence genetic improvement through their impact on selection
5
intensity. The most important performance traits of livestock are broadly classified into two
categories: production and reproductive performance of traits.
2.3. 1. Growth performance
Growth performance traits are the most important traits for meat production. To increase
economic return from goat production requires improvements in market weight of kids and
mature goats. Growth performance may be separated in pre-weaning (birth weight, weaning
weight and pre weaning growth rate) and post weaning (six months weight, yearling weight and
mature weight). The growth performance of goats is affected by many genetic and non genetic
factors. The early stage of growth performance of kids is largely influenced by genotype and the
milk yield of the does. Parity, type of birth, sex, season and year of birth also influence the
growth performance of goats (Dadiet al., 2012; Bedhaneet al., 2013; Derbie and Taye, 2013).
According to Deribe and Taye (2013), under traditional management Abergelle the mean
Birth, , weaning, six months and yearling weight 1.91, 6.849.13 and 14.25 weight respectively.
Ethiopian goat breed such as Western Lowland2.28 Kg mean Birth and 12.00 mean weaning
weight Tsegaye (2009). Under on station management Arsi-Bale goat the birth, , weaning, six
months and yearling weight 1.91, 6.86, 9.00 and 14.32 weight respectively Bedhane et al (2013).
Under on traditional management Keffa goat the birth, and weaning, 2.75 and 9.00 a weight
respectively Shenkute, (2009). Somali goat under on station management practice the birth, and
weaning, 3.19, and 11.67, 14.32 weight respectively Bedhane et al. (2013). Poor dam
management, scarcity of feed and health conditions might be some of the factors that contribute
to the observed lower kid weight at earlier and later age. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate
the non-genetic factors affecting performance of local goats in order to design appropriate
improvement program.
2.3.2. Reproductive performance
Reproductive performance is an important criterion when evaluating the structure of the strength
and weakness of the breeds in particular production environments. It has high impact on overall
flock productivity. Mukasaet al. (2002) stated that reproduction failure is the first indicator of
6
decreased flock productivity. Litter size, age at first kidding and kidding interval are
economically important reproductive traits. A range of 1 to 1.7 litter size was reported from on
station, on farm monitoring and breed survey studies for different Ethiopian goat breeds. The
litter size is largely influenced by ovulation rate. The ovulation rate of the does is highly
influenced by the breed and improvement could be achieved by selection (Ibrahim, 1998). Age at
fist kidding is an indication of the overall flock productivity. The lifetime production can be
increased by decreasing first kidding age. A wide range of 375 to 854 day of age at first kidding
were reported in different management and breeds of Ethiopian goats which is influenced by
genotype, management, season and type of birth (Derbie, 2008; Kebede et al. 2012a). Kidding
interval is the interval between two kidding. A doe with long kidding interval has lower overall
production index (Ibrahim, 1998). Mean litter size, age at first kidding and kidding interval of
some of Ethiopian goat breeds such as Abergelle under traditional management practices the
mean litter size, age at first kidding and kidding interval1.04, 448 and 339 respectively Deribe
(2008). Under Traditional management Central high land goat the mean litter size and age at
first kidding 1.42 and 248 respectively Getachewet al. ( 2006 ) and as to the Central high land
the mean litter size, age at first kidding and kidding interval 1.16 kg, 408 days and 308 days
respectively Deribe (2008). Under on station management Aris Bale goat the mean litter size,
age at first kidding and age at first kidding 1.60Kg, 854 and 293 days respectively. Under
Traditional management Western land goat the mean age at first kidding 408 and age at first
kidding 1252 (Tsegay, 2009).
The reproductive performance of Ethiopian livestock species is influenced by factors related to
poor management, seasonal fluctuations in feed resources, genetic makeup and poor veterinary
services. Common measures of reproductive performance in goat include age at puberty, age at
first kidding, parturition interval, litter size and fertility (Girma, 2008). In general, LS and TR are
the most variable traits reported for indigenous goats in Ethiopia. This shows the presence of
huge opportunity to improve these traits through selection and improved management focusing
on breeds having better potential for the traits.
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3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of the Study Area
The study will be conducted in Bambassi District. It is located approximately 50 km North East
parts of Assosa Zone and 628 km west of the capital, Addis Ababa. The district has a longitude
and latitude of 9°45′N 34°44′E with an elevation of 1668 meters above sea level BGRS, (2008).
Figure 1 Map of the study area
3.2. Sample Selection Procedure
For this experiment, PAs will be selected purposely on the basis of their representativeness with
respect to their suitability for goat production, accessibility to market and road, flock size,
regular visiting and willingness of the farmers to participate in the program. Seventeen Oromo
goat will be selected purposely for monitoring study based on pregnant does. Farmers will be
briefly oriented about the importance and objectives of the study. Each selected experimental
animals will be identified by ear tag, site, color and information on previous production and
productivity performance and health condition history of the animals.
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3.3. Experimental Procedures and Methods of Data Collection
Data collection will be taken without influencing the existing farmers’ management. They will
be given notebook for data record. Each herd will have a separate record. The goat data will be
generated for one year.
The following information will be collected through field measurement and monitoring: -
The production performance evaluation of Oromo goat will be collected through growth traits
measurements such as weight at birth and at different ages such as three month, six month and
yearling weight (twelve month weight) will be measured using suspended spring balance having
50 kg capacity with 0.2 kg precision. The performance growth traits such as weight at birth,
weight at different age will be calculated using mixed animal model III. The average daily gain
of individual animals will be recorded using their ID number. Pre-weaning average daily gain
(ADG) will be calculated using the formula: ADG = (weaning weight - birth weight) ÷ weaning
age. Date of birth, birth weight, type of birth, sex of kid and doe parity will be recorded within
24 hours of the new born by the recruited enumerators in each respective study site. Mortality
rates (pre and post-weaning) and abortion cases will also be recorded.
The productivity performance evaluation of Oromo goat will be collected through reproductive
performance traits measurements such as age at first kidding, litter size and annual reproductive
rate will be included in the monitoring study (ILCA, 1990). Both recall interview of the owner of
the monitored animals and survey method of data collection will be employed to collect the rest
reproductive traits. In order to get adequate doe lifetime information concerning to an individual
female animal such as animal identification (date of birth, parental detail), birth type (single,
twin, triplet), abortion cases, offspring information (sex, birth weight); and a health section
(vaccinations, treatments) will be recorded. Breeding females those that gave birth at least once
will be selected. Kidding interval will be calculated as the difference (in day) between two
successive kidding for all does with more than one kidding record. Litter size will be computed
as number of kid born / doe/kidding. Annual reproductive rate (ARR) was calculated for each
9
doe using the formula described by Ibrahim (1998): ARR = S (1−M)/I; Where S is litter size, M
is the rate of kid pre-weaning mortality and KI is kidding interval in doe in years.
Milk production performance such as lactation performance for each doe will be visited monthly.
Milk production will be collected on test-days records.
3.4. Data Management and Analysis
Analysis of growth and reproductive performance will be estimated by least squares using the
General Linear Model procedure of SAS Institute Inc. (Statistical Analysis Systems institute inc.,
2011).
Data recorded on production and reproduction performances for the effects of factors on growth
and reproductive performance will be estimated by least squares using the General Linear Model
procedure of SAS Institute Inc. (Statistical Analysis Systems institute inc., 2011). Model I;
Model II and Model III will be used for data analysis collected on growth performance,
reproductive performance and milk production, respectively.
The following models will be used for performance measurement data:
Model 1: Growth performance traits
For analysis of the growth performance the following model will be used
Model I
Yijkl= µ + Si + Bj+ Pk+ Tl+ εijkl.
Where;
Yijkl = the response variable (observation of each traits (BW, WW and 6-MW and 12-MW);
µ = the overall mean;
Si= fixed effects of the ith sex of the kid (male, female);
Bj= fixed effects of the jth birth type(single, twin);
Pk= fixed effects of the Kth parity of doe;
Tl= fixed effects of the lth season of birth and
10
εijkl= random error term.
Model II: Reproductive performance traits
Yijk= µ + Bi + Pj+ Tk+ εijk.
Where;
Yijkl = the response variable (observation of each traits);
µ = the overall mean;
Bi = fixed effects of the ith birth type;
Pj= fixed effects of the jth parity of doe;
Tk= fixed effects of the kth season of birth and
εijkl= random error term.
Model III:milk production
Yijk= µ + Pi+ Tj+εijkl
Where;
Yijk= the response variable;
µ = the overall mean;
Pi =fixed effects of theithparity of doe;
Tj=fixed effects of the jth season of birth and
εijk = random error term.
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4. Expected Output
1. Information relates to non-genetic factors affecting the growth, reproductive and
production of Oromo goat performance will be identified;
2. Production and productivity performance traits of Oromo goat breed in their environment
will be characterized and documented; and
3. Data obtained from this study will be used in decision making regarding utilization of the
available genetic resources of Oromo goat breeds in the study area.
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5. Beneficiaries
The farming community through improving of productive and reproductive performance of
goats.
Scientific base line data information for further Researchers For developing appropriate
selection programs for further utilization of the available genetic resources ideas.
6. Duration of the study
Monitoring flock will be conducted for one year.
7. Technology Dissemination strategy
On station performance level evaluation of local indigenous goat genetic resources for better
generic improvement and utilization will be conducted at Assosa University. Model farmers will
be trained to facilitate the adoption rate of the technology. Finally, the effects of these selected
superior goat will be further investigated using community based breeding program in the next
work in Assosa University) and farm household level.
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8. WORK PLAN
The following temporary operating schedule is set out for completion of the various activities of
the proposed research.
No Activity Period (Year)
1 Characterization of production system survey
Discussions with BoA experts of the district, farmers’ January-February. 2019
representatives and identifying study sites
Identifying enumerators and households February. 2019
Training enumerators and farmers March-April,.2019
2 Monitoring evaluation implementation for data recording May-November 2020
3 Research proposal write up and submission December 2020
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9. LOGISTICS
6.1. Stationery and Materials
No. Item Unit Quantity To be provided by AS University
1 Note books Pcs 10
2 Writing pad No. 1
3 Clipboard No. 5
4 Ball pen Pk. 2
5 Weighing scales No 4
6 Ear tag No 60
6.2. Field Work Expenses
No. Payable to No Days/month for per diem/day Total
each
1 Respondent selection 2 1 day 150.00 300.00
2 Enumerators for survey 4 9 days 150.00 5400.00
3 On-farm monitoring data recorder 2 10months 1500/months 30,000.00
4 FGD 60 1 50 3000.00
Sub total 38,700.00
6.3. Transport
Serial Description Departure-destination Trip Unit Total (Birr)
No. frequency price/trip
(Birr)
1 Researcher Assosa to Bambassi woreda 80 60.00 9600.00
(2) by bus (2 days/week for 10
months)
Bambassi to kebeles by 80 300.00 24,000.00
Bajaj
Sub total 33,600.00
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6.4. Per-diem
No Payable to destination No. Days Daily per diem Total
.
1 Researchers Assosa -Bambassi 2 60 150.00 18,000.00
woreda (kebele)
2 Enumerators Study site 2 1 150.00 300.00
training
3 FGD 2 2 150 600.00
training
Sub total 18,900.00
6.5. Budget Summary
No. Description Total cost
1 Field work Personal Expenses 38,700.00
2 Transport 33,600.00
3 Per-diem expense 18,900.00
Grand Total 91,200.00
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