Sexual Reproduction
and Meiosis
🙢 By: Mr. Jayson I. Gula
Faculty, Hua Siong College of Iloilo, Inc.
Learning Objectives
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Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes.
🙢 Infer that chromosome variation is important in the different stages of the
human life cycle.
🙢 Differentiate mitosis and meiosis and their role in the different life cycle stages.
🙢 Describe the stages in meiosis
🙢 Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis
🙢 Relate crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
processes to genetic variation
🙢 Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number
🙢 Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell
during meiosis.
Sperm Sorting
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🙢 Is it possible to choose a gender for
your child prior to conception?
The Human Life Cycle and Sexual
Reproduction
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Long-term survival on Earth
requires some form of genetic
variation to increase survival
rate of organisms in unstable
environments.
🙢 Human life cycle starts with
the union of egg and sperm.
🙢 These type of cells (haploid)
are produced through
meiosis.
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The zygote undergoes numerous cell divisions called
mitosis until an embryo is formed.
🙢 Each mitotic cycle, a diploid cell produces two
identical diploid (2n) daughter cells.
🙢 The cell division by mitosis is a continuing process
for the rest of the life of an organism.
Why meiosis is very important in the
human life cycle?
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🙢 In human life cycle, the process of
meiosis is important to reduce the
number of chromosomes from
diploid to haploid.
Chromosomes and Sex Cells
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Somatic Cells Germ Cells
Heart Ovum
Skin Sperm
Liver
🙢 DNA in sex cells are used
to transmit traits to future
generations.
🙢 Each species has a distinct
number of chromosomes
inside their body cells.
🙢 Fruit Flies – 8
chromosomes
🙢 Fern – 1260 chromosomes
🙢 Human – 46 chromosomes
🙢 Each diploid cell in humans
contains 23 pairs of
homologous chromosomes.
🙢
🙢 Having the same structure.
🙢 Having same length and
appearance.
🙢 Also contain copies of the
same gene coding for a trait
but not completely identical
as they come from two
sources.
🙢 Karyotyping – process of
viewing the arranged
chromosomes based on
their size, shape, banding
patterns, centromere
location and gene content.
🙢 Chromosomes 1-22 are
designated as autosomes.
🙢 23rd pair of chromosomes
– sex chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes
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XX XY
Female Male
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The X chromosomes are larger containing more
genes and other unrelated ones to sexual
characteristics.
🙢 The Y chromosomes are the smallest chromosomes
containing few genes responsible for the direct
development of testis and other male characteristics.
Concept Check
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1. How does the karyotype of a human female differ from
that of a human male?
2. How does the alternation of meiosis and fertilization in
the life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms maintain
the normal chromosome count for each species?
3. Each sperm of a pea plant contains seven chromosomes.
What are the haploid and diploid numbers for peas?
Meoisis
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❖ A cellular division that occurs in a special
immature cells in the sex organs called germ cells
that mature at the right time in life.
❖ Produce in sexual organs (testes and ovaries).
❖ Divides the number of chromosomes into
halves when forming the reproductive or
gametic cells. (reduction division)
❖ Sex cells produced are genetically unique
haploid cells which will undergo further
maturation in the ovaries and testes.
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Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prophase I Prophase II
Metaphase I Metaphase II
Anaphase I Anaphase II
Telophase I Telophase II
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● Chromosomes become visible.
Prophase 1 ● The two chromosomes combine to
form tetrads - synapsis
● Tetrads contain a pair of
chromosomes (4 chromatids)
● Chromosomes cross over at points
called chiasmata.
○ Crossing over allows the
chromosomes to exchange
genetic material, allowing for
more different combinations of
genetic material.
●
Prophase 1: Synapsis and Crossing Over
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Metaphase 1 ● In metaphase I, the tetrads
are again arranged across
the center by the
movements of the
kinetochores (1 per chromosome
rather than 1 per chromatid).
● Chromosomes are aligned
with the two centromeres
opposite each other, but
this time sister chromatids
will not be pulled apart as
in mitosis.
● The two homologous
Anaphase 1 chromosomes of each tetrad
are pulled apart and
separated from each other
into separate poles
–disjunction.
● Since the chromosomes
from each parent can go into
either pole this is another
means to increase genetic
diversity.
● Chromosome number is
beginning to be cut in half
● In this phase, like in
Telophase 1 mitosis the
chromosomes are
moved into opposite
poles and the nuclear
envelope reforms and
the spindle is broken
down
● Chromosome number is
haploid but each
chromosome is
duplicated.
Meiosis 2
● The two cells produced by meiosis 1 now enter a
second meiotic division.
● Unlike meiosis 1, neither cell undergoes
interphase or DNA replication before undergoing
meiosis 2.
● After meiosis 2, the two haploid (n) cells
produced during meiosis 1 form four haploid (n)
daughter cells.
● Meiosis 2 is virtually identical to mitosis
Prophase 2 ● In meiosis the cell goes
directly from telophase I to
prophase II without the
interphase.
● The nuclear envelope is
again dissolved and the
spindle network is set up
again.
● Prophase II is identical to
prophase of mitosis except
that there is half the
amount of chromosomes.
Metaphase 2 ● Again (just like
mitosis) spindle fibers
attach to kinetochores
and move
chromosomes to
center of cell
● Now the chromatids
of each chromosome
will be pulled apart
during anaphase 2.
Anaphase 2 ● The kinetochores
and spindle fibers
pull the
chromosomes apart
towards the poles.
● The sister
chromatids are split
up and pulled
toward opposite
ends of the cell.
● Chromatids concentrate in
the poles, the nuclear
Telophase 2 envelope is reformed and the
spindle again is dissolved.
● The cells divide for the last
time, leaving a total of four
haploid cells, which have
half the chromosomes of the
diploid mother cell.
● Unlike the daughter cells
from mitosis, the daughter
cells produced here cannot
immediately cycle back to
interphase
Summary of Meiosis
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Property Mitosis Meiosis
DNA Replication 1 6
Number of Divisions 2 7
Synapsis of homologous 3 8
chromosomes
Number of daughter cells and genetic 4 9
composition
Role in the animal body 5 10
How are the chromosomes in a cell at metaphase of mitosis similar to and
different from the chromosomes in a cell at metaphase of meiosis II?
Differences between meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis Mitosis
Two cell divisions One cell division
Homologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomes
pair up along the equator. never pair up
Anaphase I: Sister chromatids Anaphase: sister chromatids
remain together separate
Results in haploid cells Results in diploid cells
Differences between meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis Mitosis
Two cell divisions One cell division
Homologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomes
pair up along the equator. never pair up
Anaphase I: Sister chromatids Anaphase: sister chromatids
remain together separate
Results in haploid cells Results in diploid cells
Gametogenesis
🙢 Gametogenesis: The production of four
haploid gametes from one diploid body cell in
the gonads.
🙢 Spermatogenesis: The production of 4 haploid
sperm from one diploid body cell in the testes.
🙢 Oogenesis: The production of 1 haploid egg
(and three haploid polar bodies) from one
diploid body cell in the ovaries.
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Spermatogenesis
🙢 Spermatogonium- Diploid body cell in testes (primordial
germ cell). Becomes primary spermatocyte during prophase
1.
🙢 Can undergo mitosis and divide indefinitely after puberty
🙢 Primary spermatocyte- Diploid cell formed during
prophase 1
🙢 Secondary spermatocyte- Haploid daughter cells produced
after telophase 1.
🙢 Spermatid-Daughter cells produced after telophase 2.
Sperm without tails yet.
🙢 Spermatozoa- Differentiated spermatids, have flagella for
swimming.
Meiosis begin during the fetal
stage but only completed it
until a female reaches puberty.
1 primary oocyte completes
meiosis 1 per month to
produce secondary oocyte and
polar body.
The secondary oocyte leaves
the ovary through ovulation.
1. Fertilization
2. No fertilization
Oogenesis
🙢 Oogonium: Diploid primordial germ cell in ovary.
Becomes primary oocyte during prophase 1
🙢 Primary oocyte: diploid cell produced during
prophase 1
🙢 Secondary oocyte: haploid daughter cell produced
after telophase 1
🙢 Polar bodies: non functional egg cells, degenerate
to provide nourishment to egg cell.
🙢 Ootid: Immature egg
🙢 Ovum: Mature egg
Importance of Meiosis
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🙢 Contributes to genetic variation
🙢 Independent assortment
🙢 Crossing-over
🙢 Random fertilization
Independent Assortment
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● 23 chromosomes that you receive from your
parents are in themselves a matter of chance.
● Independent assortment – random
distribution of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis.
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🙢 The number of possible combinations
when chromosomes sort independently
during meiosis is 2n, where n is the
haploid number of the organism.
If human gamete has 23
chromosomes.
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🙢2 = 8,388,608
23
possible
combinations
Crossing over and
Random Fertilization
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● The random nature of
fertilization adds to the genetic
variation arising from meiosis.
● The fusion of a male gamete
with a female gamete during
fertilization will produce a
zygote with any of about 64
trillion (223 x 223) diploid
combinations.
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8,388,608 x 8,388,608 =
70,368,744,000,000
Possible outcomes of random fertilization
Genetic Disorders Associated
with Meiosis
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Factors that contributes to the chromosomal errors
that resulted to abnormalities.
🙢 Errors in mitosis
🙢 Errors in meiosis
🙢 Environment
🙢 Age of the mother
🙢
Turner Syndrome
🙢🙢 Small and
underdeveloped ovaries,
uterus and oviducts.
🙢 They do not experience
puberty at normal age.
🙢 Short, broad chest,
webbed neck and swelling
of hands and feet.
🙢 Normal intelligence.
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Down Syndrome
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🙢 Trisomy 21
🙢 Most abnormalities occur in egg.
🙢 Short stature, Round head, Flat face,
Slanting eyes, Stubby fingers, Wide gap
between the first and second toes, Short
neck, Short arms and Short legs
🙢 Defective heart, intestine and breathing
🙢 Delayed mental development and
behavioral problems
🙢 Gradual decline in mental abilities at
around 50
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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🙢 Chromosomal abnormality that
affects physical and cognitive
development of males.
🙢 Underdeveloped prostate gland and
testes.
🙢 Lack of facial and body hair, breast
enlargement and unusual small
penis.
🙢 Big hands and feet, long arms and
legs.
🙢 Delayed speech and language
development and also learning
disabilities.
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Trisomy X (XXX)
🙢🙢 Delays in language-based
learning and disabilities.
Other types of genetic
disorders
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🙢 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome - deletion of the distal short arm of
chromosome 4.
🙢 Jacobsen Syndrome – loss of genetic material in chromosome 11.
🙢 Angelman syndrome – loss of genetic material in chromosome 15
🙢 Williams Syndrome - loss of genetic material in chromosome 7
🙢 Cri du Chat Syndrome - missing a piece of chromosome 5
🙢 Trisomy 13/Patau syndrome – extra chromosome in 13
🙢 Trisomy 18/Edwards syndrome – extra chromosome in 18
-end-
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