jndividuals and groups to pursue mutual goals and aspirations. This chapte, focuses on society as a diverse and coherent set of groups and explains how itis organized, highlighting the particular groups composing it, As we analyze th: different aspects of social organization, you will be able to identify your role in the various social groups and networks within society. Also, you will appreciate the fact that despite being unique from other individuals, there are multiple things— ideas, opinions, beliefs, principles, and values—that you share with others. At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to: 1. understand and discuss the composition of society based on the variow groups that compose it; S ociety is an entity that allows individuality yet provides space for othe 2. identify and define the different types of groups in society; 3. explain the role that social groups play in the formation of identities, value attitudes, and beliefs; and 4. describe the organized nature of social life and the rules governing behavi in society.Fillin the blanks with information regarding your home province, your favorite things and interests, and desired profession. Find classmates that share the same characteristics and interests, Brepeoince pf origin: pce tatite pe on bes ears Favorite sports team: |. Favorite television show: ) Bavorite food! dad eons ot ayy an ss vale sadly ol Favorite music genre: .. Hobbies and interests: 7. Desired career track: Share your thoughts and impressions regarding your shared traits in class. Chapter 4». How Society is Organized os eeGroups within Society U ‘You share certain similarities with your mates, just Hike individual meron of society have commonalities with other members Fe ee Cath bn ‘be drawn together soba drove che evtablishment of deeper at tno, ‘These ‘meaningful relationships. the individual, groups are Societies can be as big as the members 0 the smaller unite that COMpORe s0Cheny fa particular religious organization, euch fs the Filipino Catholic Church or Muslim ‘community, or as arnall a8 @ Househo, Fagardless of size, however, membership in BroUuPS constitutes a fundamental aepery aeeer social existence and being. Groups have been ‘roaponsible for the developinen | Sha advancement of cultures, economies, polities, ind other aspects of hurnay civilization. “The ancient philosopher Plato believed that man is a social animal. This mean ‘human beings are naturally equipped with tools such as language and reason tha ‘enable them to engage others in meaningful interaction. This desire and ability tg fmerace is seen in various ways. People spend a great deal of thelr time with various groups. Young people meet their barkada in restaurants to catch up with one ‘another's lives; they play sports or engage in different hobbies with their classmates eee eee churches, and all sorts of community activities 3 neighborhood; and they use social media to communicate with their peers, ee ee ace ania : s '. eee eta have relati another necessary condition that exists within STE ne sie eet : social groups because it is what enables its educators, psychologists, eeeiatoela economists, and social e devoted alot of attention s These exper studying the dynamics wit experts eee and analyze social g Bua berere phasis on groups as units of intes, friends, and workmates. Primary groups include familly members, class Primary groups are the first groups where an individual experiences his or her initial encounter with social affinity and belonging, It is within these groups that an values, ideals, and aspirations. | individual establishes and defines his or her identity, The other members of the primary groups also serve as his or her first agents of socialization. The individual's basic ideas on the different facets. of his or her society are significantly shaped by the members of his or her primary groups. In the Philippines, the primary group affiliation of Filipinos is based on kinship ties, Itis through kinship that young Filipinos realize the great importance our culture assigns to the family and its extended nature. Filipinos are among several societies that ‘recognize bilineal kinship which traces lineage from both parents. People are aware of this every time they answer a question regarding their place of origin. A Filipino tends to put emphasis on the place of origin of both his‘or her father and mother. This is because it is customary in Filipino culture to nurture primary relationships on both sides of the family. This familial network is so strong that Filipinos sometimes build instant affinity with people they do not know but either share a family name or place of origin, Secondary groups, in contrast, are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups where members engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship fora limited time. Unlike primary groups, the level of interaction and interdependence within secondary groups is not deep and irre. Significant. Furthermore, while am © Unit l + The individual and Societymn between members of secondary etmiyameansto achieve his orher immediate their membership to these groups is less intrinsic and more instrumental, Fe example, employees treat their colleagues as a secondary group since they know ne need to cooperate with one another to achieve certain goals in the workplac benefit, rather than emotional affinity, becomes the primary driving force ‘that compel individuals to stay together in a secondary group. Another ea is the professional relationship between lawyers and clients, and a corporation that has hundreds of employees, stockholders, and shareholders. _ Throughout an __individual’s lifetime, he or she will have different sets of primary and secondary groups. consensus among social scientists is that much of people’s time will be spent with secondary groups given the ‘urbanization and expansion Emile Durkheim argued the shift from traditional to modern. will impact how individuals teeter eer labor in society becomes more A large workplace or corporation is an people will have less time to Eten -and interact with their primary groups. This may have negative effects on the ‘well-being of individuals, but they can adapt by building more personal and nd relationships with the members of their secondary groups. For example, an ee in sry may initially consider his workplace as a secondary group but ‘a deep bond with his orher colleagues after considerableamount of time He or she could also strengthen these relationships through certain such as inviting colleagues to his or her wedding as sponsors, or ; to his or her newborn baby. A ritualistic kinship Ue is therefore toa primary relationship being established in the workplace—a erase i relationship within secondary groups is quite 0 the reason why the notion of a family and groups in a person’s life may no longer be as are significant in the formative years of ‘upon reaching adulthood. Street gangs objectives. Individuals also recognize= provide the same szatic for example, may Fates id organizations, saa words, wt ae see tsa ne a le sents gh ie eT hom coms ONES stain their goals in life, bul a to socially deviant practices. In-groups and Out-groups understanding the inthe sefcategorization hears Pe Peption towards people who are not members ically ie J1as other groups ically, people's perceptions of other people as Wel fer groups Basal perce oters as members of thelr group OF MOL ‘An in-group isa group to which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of identity. An out-group. i belong and t van out-group, meanwhile, is a group to which one does not 0 reness or hostility. For every individual, which he or she may feel a sense of competitiv Gistinguishing between his or herin-groups and out-groups is essential in developing hhis or her identity and self-worth. One usually treats members of his or her in-group ‘more favorably than those of his or her out-group. However, people’s shifting group ‘memberships throughout their lives means that their notions of in-groups and out. ‘groups are likely to change. Social scientists identify several characteristics of in-groups. First, members of such groups devise ways to distinguish themselves from nonmembers. This may ‘come in the form of group titles, symbols that represent the group and its members, and even rituals required for membership. These means of identification perform the role of infusing group solidarity as well as exclusivity, Second, members within a certain in-group display positive attitudes and behavior toward their fellow members for the most part, while they may exhibit negative attitudes and even form r : 1 negative toward members of their out-groups. These shared ieee feelings form important pase fac a ‘solidify the cohesiveness ofthe in-group. Lastly, as similarities and Reso ster unity and °s between in-groups and out- _A fraternity is an exclusive al- have an extensive list@ network that weaves past and present BUR ee enact nant nioe ne This enables them to become powerful groups with a nationwide reach as their older members come influential members of society, government, the private sector, and many institutions, ‘To promote cohesion among members, afraternity or sorority makes every effort to ntiate themselves from their counterparts and even other student organizations. ., Alpha Phi Omega, Sigma Rho, Upsilon Sigma tc), symbols, flagship activities, and other markers of differentiation. Certain > group loyalty among members through the shared experience of an ordeal. unt from experiencing the practice of hazing upon entry into the in-group, it is ble for fraternities to engage in some competition, which may result in violence eg eae perigee recs cee aero mee_-—__ for an individual are Reference groups mong the mont signioant On ab soaal oer tara A ace OAT ‘rou igang nt nes hinselFoF ners Aref apeatrongly nfnencee a as ‘ isan eae groups. Examples of i /, work colleagues, ‘embers, neighbors oy identify with and emulate the o emulate the career or yy find themselves srr thei parents. In other C3805 ae rg a member im,the fauaee hy ‘group and seek me group provide models that shape their attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. The refer up is considered @ source of role models mined, the individual uses it as a standard for i egsessment. The tendency Of individuals aoe anise their desired reference group have led these groups to become powerful agents of socialization. reference 70% schoolmates, € Abe community, sports teary 1°") ‘people they feel closest (0 they seek t 1c.) or his traits of profession of on ‘outside their reference [A favorite sports tear ‘or dance group is an example of a referenc group. Bynow, highschool students lik 2 zs reference ce you shi a fepdicsica a ae successful aca ee ofyour chosen may indirectly apply “peer ee in school. M a a political {hemor conformtothelractons and he oe rier ora ae Sa ea 7 ee en ein neti bre, ieee uence and wit during a trial areer choice, An articulate an! "A young person to study soup tialfapr eterthe sense that it can mold people's aspirations in life and inspire them to pursue ipeater things. - Iris not necessary for an individual to engage in face-to-face interaction with ‘his or her reference group. He of she might not even meet the members of his or her reference group personally in his or her lifetime. Imitation of reference group _ behavior can have positive and negative consequences. For example, a young person ‘might consider @ rock band as his or her reference group. He or she might form his ‘or her own rock band and draw inspiration from the said reference group in terms given the critical role that they will play in the future. The social norms people ‘the attitudes they adopt, and the behaviors they exhibit are significantly ced by those displayed by members of their reference group._ lerinedt by Kinship. 7 : are exclusive, limited, and mostly 4 wid idenatilon and a simple divislon & through shar moanwh 10) interaction. Through ho ind traditional networks by allowing the nt as ion are eeietian met erk, win CTO EE gs prot nocial Poles and indivicual 18 pee re empowered to reiotion: help ofval ions and kinship Hes: the! al networks, #! lable in more set of ident blood relat increasingly reli rutual objectives. P nd diversity within social rOups Whoye Despite a wide array ir social relationships networks enable jociety, and thig modern socia identities ccrafta more complical membership is not based 00 : br aifferences, individuals become for support and the means to achieve them to appreciat mindset contributes to a more in ex ‘A network perspective remberships entails a dynamic k also provide: reople’s 0 tact society. aritude of social relationships appreciation of their interrelated and ‘A social networ! ‘s an important context in rrerrelated with one another. For example, td ideal examines hia or her entire echool’s social network, he or she wil eats that his or her goals, behavior, norms, attitudes, and beliefs are shaped by how he or she is situated in these networks and his or her relationships to specific: ‘groups. Moreover, one will also realize that his or her decisions and actions are not merely a product ofindividual choice or group membership butare also influenced by ‘one’s interaction with his or her social network. When individuals finish their basic ‘education and enter college, their social networks become more complicated. Their stv wil be signfcanctyaected by he addition of new group memberships and social relationships. A social network provides a bigger pool from which people draw their possible de olay self-esteem, and selfactualization. It is the larger source where B alternative groups if their previous ones fail or disappoint them, Th may find new reference groups within their ever-growir . perry 60 ing social network. And metimes, when they face the stress of social life or the work, they retreat to the more familiar parts of thei or the pressures of school and eer ae i cate nam ois network such as their family or grab every opportunity to meet new people, ae their social network as they g sh links, and make connections. ing the 1 and group m interdependent nature. understanding how various groups are