Slide 1: Big Four Construction Hazards: Caught-in Hazards

This material was produced under grant number 46F5-HT03 and modify under
grant number SH-16596-07-60-F-72, both from the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, U.S. Departments of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views
or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names,
commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Slide 2: Sponsor.
United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
OSHA. Susan Harwood Grant. #SH16596-07-60-F-72.

Slide 3: Working Team

UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO MEDICAL SCIENCES CAMPUS
Graduate School of Public Health, Dep. Of Environmental Health
Sergio Caporali, Ph.D., CSP - Principal Investigator
Lida Orta-Anes, Ph.D., Field Trainer Marcilyn Colon Colon, MSc., Training Coordinator
Harlyn Rivera, Administrative Assistant

Slide 4: Working Team

Contractors:
Circe E. Niezen, ME, MBA, Training Evaluator, PUPR
Mark Fullen, Ph.D. Candidate, Field Trainer and Curriculum Developer, WVU
Carmen Vazquez, RN, Field Trainer
Carlos Ortiz, Ph.D., Online Training Administrator, UPR-CPRS-OIRE
Eliel Melon Ramos—Online Training Adm. Assistant, UPR-CPRS-OIRE
Slide 5: Introduction
The following presentations have been developed in both Spanish and English for
the construction industry. These presentations focus on the Big Four Construction
Hazards—falls, electrical, caught-in, and struck by. All training materials will cover the
four hazards seen regularly on construction sites and will focus on the methods for the
recognition and the prevention of these common hazards.

Slide 6: Caught-in Hazards Overview

A. Hazard Recognition
a. Cranes and Heavy Equipment
b. Tools and Equipment
c. Materials Handling
d. Trenches and Excavation
B. Accident Prevention
a. Guarding Moving Equipment/Parts
b. Barricades
c. Proper Materials Handling
d. Shielding/Trench Boxes

Slide 7: Caught-in Hazards

 Caught-in Hazards are one of the four most deadly hazards found at
construction sites.
 This program will help you to recognize common caught-in hazards.
 The symbol will tell you if the situation in the picture is either safe or not
safe.

This module will focus on the hazard of being “caught-in” something. On a

construction site, that “something” could be almost anything. You may be caught in a
trench if you are working in it and it caves in. Your hand may be caught between
materials. You may get your finger caught in a truck door. These are only a few
examples of how you may be “caught-in” something that can cause great pain or
even death.
This program will help you recognize common caught-in hazards, and will
show you ways to decrease those hazards at your job site. By the end of this
program, you will be able to recognize and avoid these hazards.
Throughout this program, you will be shown examples of safe and unsafe
conditions. Two different symbols will be used to represent safe and unsafe
conditions. The red “No” symbol is used to denote unsafe conditions, and the green
“Yes” checkmark will be used to show safe conditions.

Slide 8: Caught-in Statistics

 Each year, workers die from “caught-in” accidents. During the year 2006:
o Total deaths from ‘caught-in’ cases: 388
o Caught-in deaths in construction: 95
o Approximately 8% of deaths in construction are from ‘caught-in’
accidents.
o Approximately 7% percent of all occupational deaths are from
‘caught-in’ accidents.
Each year, a surprising number of workers die from being caught in between
materials, trenches, and machinery. These seemingly simple accidents were responsible
for 388 deaths in the year 2006. Nearly 24.5%, or 95, of those fatalities happened in the
construction industry. According to the latest Bureau of Labor Statistics, during 2006
there were 5,703 occupational fatalities. This means that approximately 7% of all
occupational deaths are a result of being caught in between materials, trenches or
machinery.

Slide 9: Hazard Recognition

 Caught-in hazards occur when a worker is caught inside of or in between
different objects.
 A caught-in hazard exists anytime a worker can get any part of his body
caught in or in between objects. For example, you are in a hurry and not paying
attention and you close the truck door and trap your finger. Your finger is now
caught in between the door and the doorframe of the truck. While this type of injury
is painful, it should not be fatal.
As seen on the previous slide, workers die from caught-in injuries each year.
For example, a worker is operating a forklift and is not wearing a seatbelt. The
worker tips the forklift and it rolls over. Since the worker doesn’t have a seatbelt on,
he is thrown out and the forklift lands on top of him. The worker is caught between
the forklift and the ground.
This presentation will cover caught-in hazards that are commonly found on
construction sites. We will be discussing:
 Cranes and heavy equipment
 Tools and equipment
 Material handling
 Trenches and excavations

Slide 10: Cranes and Heavy Equipment

 Caught-in Hazards are often created when working around heavy equipment.

When working around heavy equipment and cranes you are exposed to serious
caught-in hazards. The cranes and heavy equipment that have a rotating superstructure
are especially hazardous.
 For instance, cranes have the ability to rotate 360 degrees. If you are standing near
the crane while it rotates, it can trap you between a wall or other immovable object. If
you are standing between the superstructure and the tracks, you can be caught between
them if the crane rotates.
In that sense, accessible areas within the crane’s swing radius should be
barricaded. Tag lines should be used to prevent dangerous swing or spin of material when
raised or lowered by a crane. Furthermore, illustrations of hand signals to crane operators
should be posted on the job site.
In this picture the worker on the ground is exposed to a serious hazard and could
be seriously injured or killed if the operator were to move the crane. Many fatalities have
occurred when employees standing close to cranes were caught-in between the tracks and
the body of the crane.

Slide 11: Cranes and Heavy Equipment

 Never place yourself between a piece of heavy equipment and an immovable
object.

Workers must always be aware of their surroundings when working on a

construction site near heavy equipment. Never approach heavy equipment unless you
know that the operator saw you and, you and the operator continue with eye contact.
Do not work between a piece of heavy equipment, like this backhoe, and an
immovable object, like this building. The arm of a backhoe or excavator can pin you
between a building, a stack of materials, a trench wall, or any other immovable structure.
This will cause serious caught-in injuries.
You can see in this picture that the worker has his back turned to the backhoe and
is exposed to a caught-in hazard.

Slide 12: Cranes and Heavy Equipment

 Never work in the swing radius of rotating equipment
 In addition to the hazards involved with moving materials by machines, the
machines themselves can cause caught-in hazards. Cranes and excavators are particularly
hazardous because their bodies rotate. When a crane or excavator is operating near a wall,
structure or other immovable object, workers can be pinned between the machine and the
object.
The entire swing radius, or the area where the body of the machine can rotate,
must be blocked from worker access. Never walk in this area. If you do, you are exposing
yourself to a hazardous condition. The operator will not see you if you are out of his line
of sight and he may move the machine, or the area where the body of the machine can
rotate, trapping you.

Slide 13: Cranes and Heavy Equipment

 Always work at a safe distance form equipment.

When approaching equipment be sure the operator can see you and be sure to
signal to them that you are near by. The operator should turn off the equipment before
allowing you to approach.
Workers can also get caught-in machinery and tools. Belts, pulleys, gears, rollers,
rotating shafts and other moving parts can be very hazardous.
In this picture the operator still had the equipment turned on and the employee
had placed his feet near the tracks of the truck. In addition, the employee is wearing
tennis shoes, and not the appropriate steel toe work boots.
In addition, the weight and vibrations of a crane can make a hazardous condition.
Workers must not work under the crane. A cave-in hazard can be increased in an
unprotected trench by heavy equipment that gets too close. The vibrations from
continuous or heavy traffic may undermine the soil and cause a cave-in.

Slide 14: Tools and Equipment

 Caught-in hazards exist when workers remove or disable guards on tools or
equipment.

Guards are placed on machinery and tools to prevent you from coming into
contact with the moving parts. Never remove guards when using machinery or tools. If
the guards are removed, replace them or replace the tool.
In this picture you see a circular saw with the guard held in an open position.
Although this is a very common practice, it is extremely unsafe and has resulted in
numerous injuries to workers. Never remove the safety guards on tools.
Leave guards on, and always wear the appropriate PPE.

Slide 15: Tools and Equipment

 Never place your hands or body near moving body parts.

You can also find caught-in hazards when working near machinery. Never place
your hands or body near moving machinery such as gears, pulleys, or other devices.
Always turn off the equipment before servicing or cleaning, and ensure that the
equipment cannot be restarted by someone else by de-energizing, locking and/or tagging
the equipment before servicing or cleaning it (part of the lockout tag out program).
As you can see in this picture, the worker’s hand could be caught-in the rotating
belt and pulley. The equipment should be de-energized, locked and tagged out before
servicing.

Slide 16: Tools and equipment

 Gloves, long sleeve shirts, or loose fitting clothing can be hazardous if caught in
moving parts.

Gloves, loose clothing and jewelry create serious caught in hazards. Gloves, loose
clothing, jewelry and similar items can get caught in moving pieces of machines and
tools. As the glove, clothing or jewelry is pulled into the machine, your body may be
pulled in with it.
For example, if you are wearing gloves as in the picture above and the finger of
the glove gets caught between the gears, your fingers and hand will be pulled into the
gears as well.
Never allow gloves, loose clothing or dangling jewelry to get near moving parts.
It is best not to wear jewelry or loose clothing when working near these pieces of
equipment.

Slide 17: Tools and Equipment

 Never use equipment that is missing guards or other protective devices.

use equipment that is missing guards or other protective devices. Always replace
guards after servicing equipment or tools.
Air compressors are used frequently on construction sites. Many times the guards
have been removed exposing workers to caught-in hazards. If you get a finger or hand
caught in between the belt and pulley, you will be injured. If you get clothing caught in
the pulley, your clothing can draw other parts of your body into the belt and pulleys
causing greater injuries.
In this picture you can see an air compressor. A guard has been removed and the
pulley is not covered, exposing a worker to a caught-in hazard.

Slide 18: Materials Handling

 Use caution when handling materials

Workers are exposed to caught-in hazards while handling materials. On construction

sites, massive amounts of materials, including lumber, steel, brick, and blocks, are moved
on and off the site. Caught-in hazards exist when materials are moved by hand or by
machines, such as forklifts and cranes.
Anytime materials are moved, either by hand or by mechanical means, you need to
use caution. Manual material handling may expose you to crushed fingers or toes when
you place the materials on your hands or feet. These injuries can be minor such as
bruising or major such as broken bones and amputation.
When moving materials by machine, the injuries can be more severe. The materials
being moved have a mechanical force behind them.
For instance in the photo above, the workers are at risk of being caught between the
materials being moved with the front-end loader and an immovable object.
Be careful to never place yourself between a load of material and an immovable
object.
Finally, always use foot protection (steel toe working boots) whenever working close
to Material Handling equipment, such as forklifts, cranes and front-end loaders.

Slide 19: Materials Handling

 Be careful when stacking and storing materials.
 When stacking materials you may be caught between the materials themselves or
between the materials and another object. Stacked objects can fall on you and trap you
between them and an immovable object.
Stored materials that have been stacked may shift and fall on you or other
workers. Make sure all materials are properly stacked and stored to reduce the hazard of
them falling on and trapping workers.
Materials being moved by machines expose workers to greater hazards. Workers
can be crushed between a pallet of materials and a wall or other structure; they can be
caught under fallen loads, or they can be under loads that have been set down.
Do not place yourself between a load of material and the ground, or any other
structure. The result may be a fatal caught-in injury.

Slide 20: Materials Handling

 Do not place yourself between materials and an immovable structure.

When moving materials, never place any part of your body between the materials
and an immovable structure. Do not walk under loads or between a load and a structure.
When placing pre-fabricated walls or forms in place, ensure that all panels or
structures are properly braced and supported to keep the wall, or form from toppling over
and causing severe injury or death to workers. Another “caught-in” hazard would be
when placing these loads on new concrete, where workers feet or other body parts could
be severely injured.

Slide 21: Tranches and Excavations

 Workers inside of an excavation must be protected from a cave in.
 A competent person identifies hazards, has the authority to correct/eliminate
hazards immediately, makes daily inspections of excavations and surrounding area, and
inspects the protective systems before work starts and as needed. The competent person
determines the soil type by using tests he/she has been trained to perform, as well as
determines if a protective system is appropriate for trenches that are less than 5 feet in
hazardous soils conditions. The competent person in addition makes sure trenches are
inspected prior to entry and after any hazard increasing event such as vibrations,
excessive loads, rainstorms. He/she ensures that underground utilities have been located
and properly marked to prevent severing of utility lines. Finally the competent person
must have specific training in and be knowledgeable about soils and their classifications,
the use of protective systems, and the requirements of the OSHA standards. A cave-in
happens when dirt or rocks separate from the sides of the excavation and fall or slide into
the excavation. Workers caught-in the cave-in may be injured, trapped, or buried.
Another responsibility of the competent person is to identify and control any danger of
drowning inside the work area. Employees working over or near water, where the danger
of drowning exists, shall be provided with U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jacket or
buoyant work vests.
Cave-ins may be caused by different factors, but the results are the same. The
worker is trapped or buried in the excavation and will be seriously injured or killed.
Spoils piled too close to the edge adds extra weight and creates a hazard of a cave-in.
Depending on the type of soil, some soil can weigh 2,000 to 3,000 lbs per cubic yard. If
you are in the hole, you may be caught-in dirt (soil), and you most likely won’t have any
time to get out and you will most probably be crushed and/or buried. Spoils must be at
least 2 feet back from the edge of a trench, and this distance may be even greater if there
are other hazardous conditions present.

Slide 22: Trenches and Excavations

 Workers are exposed to a potential cave-in when there are unprotected sides.
 Workers are exposed to a potential cave-in: when there is no protection to prevent the
soil from collapsing into the trench while they are working or when there is no safe area
inside the excavation protecting the worker from a possible cave-in.
Shield (Shield system) means a structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed
on it by a cave-in and thereby protect employees within the structure. Shields can be
permanent structures or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work
progresses. Additionally, shields can be either pre-manufactured or job-built in
accordance with 1926.652(c)(3) or (c)(4). Shields used in trenches are usually referred to
as "trench boxes" or "trench shields.”
The protection system must extend to the top of the excavation. If the trench box or
shield does not reach the top, there is the possibility that dirt and rock materials could fall
over the top and trap the worker.
As work in the excavation or trench moves, the protection must move with the work.
A trench box will offer you no protection if it is behind you. You must remain inside the
protection system at all times.

Slide 23: Trenches and Excavations

 Workers could be caught-in between the sides of an excavation and pipes or other
objects inside the excavation.

Workers can be caught-in between the sides of the excavation and pipes or other
objects inside the excavation.
 Cave-ins are not the only caught-in hazards in a trench or excavation. The work
going on in a trench may also create a hazard. For instance, when laying pipe in a trench,
a caught-in hazard exists because workers can get caught between the pipe and the trench
walls.
Anything being placed into the trench or excavation may be a hazard, including
the protection system. Workers must be careful while installing the protection system so
they are not caught between the trench walls and the protection system.
In this drawing you can see that the worker could be caught in between the wall of
the excavation and the pipe.

Slide 24: Trenches and Excavation

 Never work inside an excavation where water is accumulating.

Trenches or excavations can be very dangerous when they have water inside. The
water can soften the soil and cause it to collapse. Workers must never work inside an
excavation where water has accumulated or is accumulating unless it is controlled by the
use of pumps or other equipment. The equipment used to control water must also be
inspected by a competent person.
In this picture you can see the accumulated water at the bottom of the trench. This
situation could be considered imminently dangerous-where the workers could be injured
or killed at any moment.

Slide 25: Accident Prevention

 A willing, positive attitude towards safety will help make a safer work
environment.
 You must recognize potential hazards around you and make every effort to avoid
and reduce these hazards. The previous slides showing various caught-in hazards were
used to help you recognize hazards on the job. Hazard recognition is the first step in
having a safe workplace. But you must do more. Once you recognize the hazard, you
must do something about it. Remember that as work progresses, hazards may change. By
controlling or eliminating the hazard, you have made the workplace safer.
Remember, safety starts with you. You need to have a willing, positive attitude
towards safety in the workplace. You have people depending on you everyday and they
expect you to come home alive and well. Practicing safety on the job will allow you to go
home to the ones you love.
In the following section we will focus on the methods used to prevent caught-in
accidents.

Slide 26: Accident Prevention

 Plan your work and look for potential hazards.
 Each task will have different hazards

Caught-in hazards can be found in many different areas of construction work. For this
reason, it is important to plan your work and look at the possible hazards of each phase of
work. Specific activities will have different hazards and you will have to deal with each
hazard individually.

Slide 27: Guarding Moving Equipment/Parts

 Always use equipment with all of the guards properly adjusted and in position.
 Always use equipment with all of the guards properly adjusted and in position. If
guards must be removed to perform maintenance or servicing on the equipment make
certain equipment is de-energized, locked, tagged and in a safe position before working
on it. After servicing, make sure to place all guards back on.
The picture on the left has a guard that has been removed and there is an exposed
pulley. The picture on the right shows a similar piece of equipment with the right guard
installed and secured.

Slide 28: Guarding Moving Equipment/Parts

 Always use equipment with rotating or moving parts that are properly guarded.

This trencher has been guarded to protect workers from the rotating blades.
Fingers, arms, legs, and loose clothing can get caught in moving parts such as these and
pull you into the equipment. To protect yourself, make sure the guards are in place at all
times.
Never use or walk up to a piece of equipment with rotating or moving parts that
are not guarded.

Slide 29: Guarding Moving Equipment/parts

 Always use tools or equipment that are properly guarded.
 Any tool or piece of equipment that has moving parts, can be a caught-in hazard.
Rotating shafts, gears, belts and pulleys, and other moving parts can catch your fingers,
gloves, clothing or other body parts. When you get something caught in a moving part, it
can cause crushing injuries, amputations, and even death.
Always ensure that the tool or piece of equipment that you are using is properly
guarded.

Slide 30: Guarding Moving Equipment/Parts

 Some equipment may not need to be guarded by distance.

Some pieces of equipment do not have guards to protect workers from moving
parts. In these situations, you need to do something else to protect workers. You may
need to guard those moving parts by distance. For instance, augers do not have guards,
but you can protect yourself by not getting near it.
If workers are working in an area where moving parts cannot be guarded, you
need to place the equipment in a safe, remote location and possibly utilize a barricade
around the equipment to keep the workers safe.

Slide 31: Barricades

 When working near equipment, such as cranes, use a barricade to identify the
unsafe area.
 When working near equipment, such as cranes, use the following to identify the
unsafe area near the equipment:
 Caution or danger tape
 Physical barricades covering the crane’s swing radius
 Flagging personnel
In this picture you can see that caution tape has been placed around the crane swing
area to warn nearby workers. This is a good system if the crane is in a stationary position.

Slide 32: Barricades

 Barricades must be maintained.

Barricades that are used to protect workers must always be maintained in good
conditions. The barricades are used as a visual deterrent to keep workers away from a
hazardous area. These barriers cannot be crossed. These barriers must be visible from a
distance and enclose the hazardous area.
When a barrier falls, comes loose, or is damaged in any way, it must be
repaired/replaced immediately. If the crane or other piece of heavy equipment moves, the
barricade must be moved also.
These barricades may be the only thing that prevents a worker from being harmed
by a crane or other piece of heavy equipment.
Slide 33: Proper Materials Handling
 Properly handle and guide materials that are being flown overhead.

Many times materials are moved overhead from one location to another. When
the materials are overhead, there are two types of hazards that occur – struck-by and
caught-in. (The struck-by hazards are not covered in this module.) Caught-in hazards
occur when you are caught between the load and an immovable object. When a load is
placed on a foot, it may be crushed or even amputated. Your whole body may also be
caught between a load and a wall or other structure.
Be very careful when moving materials so you do not come between the load and
its final resting place.
In this photo, the workers are properly placing the materials being moved from
one location to another – they are utilizing a tag line on the load, they are working at a
safe distance from the load, and they are properly guiding the load to be placed at a safe
distance from the other workers on that same level.
You may be struck down and load fall on your lower body. Before placing the
load on concrete make sure concrete can withstand that capacity, by getting the
competent person’s go-ahead.

Slide 34: Proper Materials Handling

 Be safe when moving materials.

Mechanical material handling is used every day to move massive amounts of

materials. Using mechanical means to move materials is not a hazard in itself. The
hazards arise when you place yourself between the load and something that does not
move. That is when you get caught between the load and that immovable object.
Be safe when moving materials either by hand or by mechanical means.

Slide 35: Protective Systems

 Before performing any excavation work, all employees must be trained.
 When excavation work is taking place, a competent person must be present.
 Anytime an excavation’s depth is greater than 5 feet and less than 20 feet, a
competent person must select the protective system to put in place.
 Excavations over 20 feet require the design of a protective system by a licensed
professional engineer.

Before performing any excavation work all employees must be trained:

 To recognize the potential hazards found when working in or around excavations
and trenches, and
 To know how to protect themselves and eliminate those hazards by means of
different protective systems.
Protective systems are different methods of protecting employees from cave-ins, from
material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation (no greater
than 20 feet), or from the collapse of an adjacent structure.
Types of protective systems are: sloping, shoring, shielding, benching and a
combination of these systems.
"Sloping (Sloping system)" means a method of protecting employees from cave- ins
by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation
so as to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline required to prevent a cave-in varies with
differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and
application of surcharge loads. However, using a cutback of 1 1⁄2 feet to 1 foot
height/depth ratio is an allowable slope angle for all soil types for excavations under 20
feet.
"Shoring (Shoring system)" means a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical
or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed
to prevent cave-ins.
Slide 36: Shielding/Trench Boxes
 Benching and sloping prevents the sides of a trench from collapsing into workers
inside the trench.
 Anytime an excavation is greater than 5 feet in depth, protective systems must be
in place.

Benching and sloping prevents the sides of a trench from collapsing onto workers
inside the trench. This is an example of a benched excavation.
To protect workers from a cave-in, protective systems must be put in place anytime
an excavation is greater than 5 feet deep. The protective system can be a manufactured
trench box or shielding. Both shielding and trench boxes are designed to provide workers
with a safe place to work by preventing the dirt and rocks from cave-ins to trap or bury
them.
There are many ways of protecting workers in excavations and trenches. Two
examples include:
 Trench box or shield - a structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it
by a cave-in and thereby protect employees within the structure. Shields can be
permanent structures or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work
progresses.
 Shoring system - a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber
shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to
prevent cave-ins.

Slide 37: Shielding/Trench Boxes

 A safe way to enter and exit excavations must be provided any time there is a
trench.
 A safe way to enter and exit must be provided for workers any time there is a
trench. When working in an excavation or trench, you must have a safe access to get in
and out. Anytime an excavation is 4 foot or greater in depth, ladder, ramp, a stairway or
other safe means of getting in and out must be provided. Access to the top must be placed
where workers do not have to travel more than 25 feet to get to them.
In this picture the employees are working inside of an unsafe trench. In addition,
you will notice that the employees are not wearing hard hats to protect them from struck-
by hazards.
Never work in an unprotected trench and always have a ladder or other safe
means of entry and exit.

Slide 38: Shielding/Trench Boxes

 Regardless of the type of protection used, a safe way to enter the trench is
required.

Regardless of the type of protection used you must remember that a safe way to
enter the trench is required. Use a ladder when working in an excavation or trench four
feet deep or more.
When using a ladder you must still follow ladder safety procedures:
 Inspect the ladder before each use
  Position the ladder with 3’ extended over the edge, which means the 3 upper
rungs above the trench height
 Secure the ladder so that it will not slip or tip
 The lower rung must be inside the trench
In addition, you must ensure that a ladder is positioned within 25’ of the
employees working in the trench.
In this picture the workers have a “trench box” designed to provide a safe work
area. In addition, you can see that a ladder has been provided to allow safe access into
and out of the trench.

Slide 39: Disclaimer/Usage Notes:

 Photos shown in this presentation may depict situations that are not in compliance
with applicable OSHA requirements.
 It is not the intent of the content developers to provide compliance-based training
in this presentation, the intent is more to address hazard awareness in the
construction industry, and to recognize the overlapping hazards present in many
construction workplaces.
 It should NOT be assumed that the suggestions, comments, or recommendations
contained herein constitute a thorough review of the applicable standards, nor
should discussion of “issues” or “concerns” be construed as a prioritization of
hazards or possible controls. Where opinions (“best practices”) have been
expressed, it is important to remember that safety issues in general and
construction jobsites specifically will require a great deal of site—or hazard-
specificity—a “one size fits all” approach is not recommended, nor will it likely
be very effective.
 It is assumed that individuals using this presentation, or content, to augment their
training programs will be “qualified” to do so, and that said presenters will be
otherwise prepared to answer questions, solve problems, and discuss issues with
their audiences.
 No presentation is made as to the thoroughness of the presentation, nor to the
exact methods of recommendation to be taken. It is understood that site conditions
vary constantly, and that the developers of this content cannot be held responsible
for safety problems they did not address or could not anticipate, nor those which
have been discussed herein or during physical presentation. It is the responsibility
of each employer contractor and their employees to comply with all pertinent
rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA
regulations are available from your local OSHA office. This presentation is
intended to discuss Federal Regulations only—your individual State requirements
may be more stringent.
 As a presenter, you should be prepared to discuss all of the potential
issues/concerns, or problems inherent in those photos particularly.

Slide 40: Big Four Construction Hazards: Caught-in Hazards.

This concludes the Caught-in Hazards Module. “The End.”