Pharmaceutical Microbiology and • 1673, Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Parasitology
– First to observe
BSPH 201 microorganisms through the
magnifying lenses and called
INTRODUCTION TO it “animalcules”
MICROBIOLOGY
• He made a detailed
Microbiology – deals with the study of drawing of the
living things that individually are usually too animalcules in in
small to be seen with the unaided eye rainwater, in his own
- Bacteria, Fungi (yeasts & molds), feces and in the
Protozoa and Microscopic Algae materials scraped
- Note: from his teeth
Bacteria that are visible w/o • This became the
microscope: thiomargarita & representation of
epulopiscium bacteria and protozoa
USES OF MICROORGANISMS • Derived from the
• Decomposition discovery of van
• Producers via photosynthesis Leeuwenhoek
• Produce industrial chemicals • “Some forms of life
• Forms the basis of the food chain could arise
• For digestion & synthesis of some spontaneously from
vitamins non-living matter”
• Produce fermented foods
• Aka Abiogenesis
• Produce products used in
Theory
manufacturing & treatment
• Important tool n genetic engineering Proponent of the Theory
(biotechnology)
John Needham
BRIEF HISTORY OF
• Experiment: heated nutrient fluids
MICROBIOLOGY
(chicken & corn broth) poured
• 1665, Robert Hooke them to covered flasks cooled the
solution microorganisms still
– Discovery of the cells
appear
• Cells are the life’s • Conclusion: Microorganisms
smallest structural developed spontaneously from fluids
unit which appear as
“little boxes”
• Cell Theory – “All
living things are made
up of cells”
Opponents of the Theory Proposed by Rudolf Virchow
Francesco Redi - “Living cells arise only from
preexisting living cells”
• Maggots did not arise spontaneously
- Supported by Louis Pasteur
from decaying meat
• Experiment 1: 2 jars with decaying Headed by Pasteur & Koch
meat
Major Events / Scope:
o 1st jar (unsealed): Flies laid
their eggs on the meat, eggs - Agents of diseases & roles of
developed into larvae immunity in the prevention & cure of
o 2nd jar (sealed): Flies could disease
not lay their eggs on the - Chemical activities of
meat, therefore no maggots microorganisms
appeared - Improved techniques in microscopy
& culturing organisms
Initial Conclusion: Air is needed for
- Developed vaccines & surgical
spontaneous generation
techniques
• Experiment 2: Jar was covered with
Louis Pasteur
a fine net instead of being sealed, no
larvae appeared even though air was o “Microorganisms are present
present; maggots appeared only in the air and can
when flies are allowed to leave their contaminate sterile solutions
eggs on the meat BUT air itself does not create
microbes.”
Lazarro Spallanzani
o Experiment 1
Conclusions:
▪ Several short neck
- Microorganisms from the air
flasks were filled with
probably entered Needham’s
broth & boiled →
solution after they were boiled.
some were open &
- Nutrient fluids heated after being
allowed to cool → in
sealed in a flask did not develop
a few days these
microbial growth.
flasks were
- “Vital force” necessary for contaminated with
spontaneous generation had been microbes
destroyed by heat and kept out of the
flask by the seals. o Experiment 1
Anton Laurent Lavoisier ▪ Several short neck
flasks were filled with
- Criticized Spallanzani broth & boiled →
- Conclusion: Oxygen is needed for some were sealed
life. There was no enough oxygen on after boiling → free
the flask to support microbial life. of microorganisms
 ▪ “microbes in the air ▪ “The spoilage is
were the agents caused by bacteria. In
responsible for the presence of air,
contaminating bacteria change the
nonliving matter such alcohol in beverages
as the broth in into vinegar.”
Needham’s Flask”
o Proposed the process of
o Swan-Neck Flask Pasteurization
Experiment
▪ Solution to Spoilage
▪ Broth was placed in
open-ended long neck • Heat the beer
& wine just
flask & bent them into
enough to kill
S-Shaped curves →
most of the
contents were boiled
bacteria that
& cooled → broth did
caused the
not decay & showed
spoilage
no signs of life
▪ Air passed through - “Microorganisms might have similar
the flask BUT the relationships with plants & animals
neck can trap any – specifically, that microorganisms
airborne that cause disease.”
microorganisms that
might contaminate the
broth. • 1835, Agostino Bassi

- Louis Pasteur – Silkworm disease was caused

by a fungus
o Proposed the process of
Fermentation • 1865, Louis Pasteur

▪ French merchants – Silkworm disease was caused

asked him why wine by protozoan & developed
& beer soured → they method for recognizing
want to develop afflicted silkworm moths
methods to prevent • 1860s, Joseph Lister
the spoilage of these
beverages – Applied the germ theory in
medical procedures
▪ “Microorganisms
called yeasts convert – Father of Aseptic Techniques
the sugars to alcohol – Began treating surgical
in the absence of air.” wounds with a phenol
(carbolic acid) solution
• 1940s, Ignaz Semmelweis • 1798, Edward Jenner
– Physicians who did not – Developed the smallpox
disinfect their hands, vaccine
routinely transmitted
– Experiment: There was a
(puerperal or childbirth fever)
young milkmaid who cannot
form one obstetrical patient
get smallpox because she
to another
already had been sick from
• 1876, Robert Koch cowpox
– 1st proof that bacteria can • Jenner collected
cause diseases scrapings from
cowpox blisters
– Discovered Bacillus
anthracis in the blood of • Inoculated a healthy
cattle that had died due to volunteer with the
anthrax cowpox material by
scratching the
– Also discovered person’s arm with pox
Mycobacterium tuberculosis contaminated needle
– Koch’s Postulates • The scratch raised
• The same pathogen into a bump
must be present in
• The volunteer became
every case of the mildly sick but
disease. recovered & never
• The pathogen must be again contacted the
isolated from the disease
diseased host and • 1798, Edward Jenner
must be grown in pure
culture. – Developed the process of
vaccination
• The pathogen from
the pure culture must • Latin word “vacca”
cause the disease meaning cow
when it is inoculated
• Note: it was Pasteur
into a healthy,
who coined the term
susceptible laboratory
in honor of Jenner’s
animal.
work
• The pathogen must be
– Immunity – protection from
isolated from the
disease provided by
inoculated animal and
vaccination (or by recovery
must show to be the
from the disease)
original organism.
• 1880, Pasteur • Arsenic derivative
effective against
– Discovered how vaccination
syphilis
works
• It was named
• The bacterium that
Salvarsan because it
causes fowl cholera
was considered to
lost its ability to cause
offer salvation to
the disease (lost its
syphilis and it
virulence or avirulent)
contains arsenic.
• Microorganisms with
• Alexander Fleming
decreased virulence
can induce immunity – Discovered the first antibiotic
against subsequent from the mold Penicillium
infections by its chrysogenum / Penicillium
virulent counterparts notatum
– Used the term “vaccine” for – Penicillin is the active
cultures of avirulent inhibitor of the mold
microorganisms used for
– Howard Walter Florey &
preventive inoculation.
Ernst Boris Chain
– Continued the study of
• Chemotherapy Fleming on Penicillins

– Treatment of disease by using • Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser

chemical substances
– Discovered the pathogen of
– Chemical treatment of gonorrhea
noninfectious diseases, such
– Neisseria gonorrhoeae
as cancer
• Hans Christian Gram
• Synthetic Drugs – chemotherapeutic
agents prepared from chemicals in – Proposed the Gram Staining
the laboratory Procedure
• Antibiotics – chemicals produced • Theodore Escherich
naturally by bacteria & fungi to act
– Discovered Escherichia coli
against other microorganisms

• 1910, Paul Ehrlich

– “Magic Bullet” / Salvarsan /
Compound 606
/Arsphenamine
• Kitasato Shibasaburo – Clostridium
tetani
• Julius Richard Petri – Petri Dish
• Emil Adolf von Behring – diphtheria
antitoxin
• Kiyoshi Shiga – Shigella dysenteriae
• Joshua Ledeberg & Edward Tatum –
bacterial conjugation
• Gerald Edelman & Rodney Porter –
antibodies
• Ronald Ross – transmission of
malaria
• Selman Waksman – streptomycin
• Francois Jacob, Jacques Monod &
Andre Lwoff – protein synthesis in
bacteria
• Peyton Rous – cancer-causing
viruses
• Renato Dulbecco, Howard Temin &
David Baltimore – Reverse
transcriptase
• Michael Bishop & Harold Varmus –
oncogenes
• Stanley Prusiner – prions
• Barry Marshall & Robin Warren –
Helicobacter pylori