CHAPTER I

ADJECTIVE ENDING IN –ING AND -ED

There are many adjectives that are formed by verbs ending in –ing and –ed. For example,
boring and bored. Study this example situation

Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same
thing again and again. She doesn’t enjoy it anymore and would like to do something
different.

Jane’s job is boring

Jane is bored

Somebody is bored if something (or something else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it
makes you bored. So:

 Jane is bored because her job is boring

 Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not ‘Jane is boring’)

If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:

 George always talks about the same things. He’s really boring

Adjective ending in -ing expresses the cause of the feeling.

Adjective ending in -ed expresses the result.

Examples:

 an amusing ride
(The ride causes the amusement.)
 an amused child
(The child receives the feeling of amusement.)

 Interesting people will speak during the 2-day class.

(People cause others to feel interest.)
 Interested people can sign up for the 2-day class.
(The people feel interest in the subject.)

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  Boring speakers put their attendees to sleep.
(The speaker causes others to be bored.)

 Bored speakers should find something exciting to say.

(The speaker feels boredom while speaking!)

 Amusing short films are shown at the animated film festival.

(The films cause the amusement.)

 Amused viewers enjoy the short films.

(The viewers feel the amusement.)

 Overwhelming amounts of work are given to University students.

(The amount of work causes the overwhelming.)

 Overwhelmed students end up dropping a course or two .

(The students feel overwhelmed.)

1. Situation: Tom is reading a book. (bore)

Question: How does Tom feel?
Answer: He is …
Question: How is the book?
Answer: It Is …
2. Situation: Mary is watching a film. (interest)
Question: How does Mary feel?
Answer: She is …
Question: How is the film?
Answer: It is …
3. Situation: Fred is listening to a speech. (bore)
Question: How does Fred feel?
Answer: He is …
Question: How is the speaker?
Answer: He is …
4. Situation: The boys are watching a magic show. (amaze)

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 Question: How do the boys feel?
Answer: They are …
Question: How are the magicians?
Answer: They are …
5. Situation: Leo is looking at his test results. (disappoint)
Question: How are Leo’s results?
Answer: They are …
Question: How does Leo feel?
Answer: He is …
6. Situation: Alan is reading a comic book. (amuse)
Question: How is the comic book?
Answer: It is …
Question: How does Alan feel?
Answer: He is …
7. Situation: Mr. Wong is reading the stock market news. (disturb)
Question: How does Mr Wong feel?
Answer: He is …
Question: How is the news?
Answer: It is …
8. Situation: Mary is working hard. (tire)
Question: How does Mary feel?
Answer: She is …
Question: How is your work?
Answer: It is …
9. Situation: A man is scolding Pat. (insult)
Question: How is that man?
Answer: He is …
Question: How does Pat feel?
Answer: He is …
10. Situation: Some tourists are watching a Chinese Kung Fu performance. (excite)
Question: How do the tourists feel?
Answer: They feel …
Question: How is the performance?
Answer: It is …
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11. Situation: Someone is criticizing Frank’s poster. (discourage)
Question: How is the criticism?
Answer: It is …
Question: How does Frank feel?
Answer: He is …
A) In the sentences below, fill in the correct adjective form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. People who constantly complain are very __________ (annoy) to me.
2. Whenever Adrian gets __________ (bore), he goes fishing.
3. The students were __________ (confuse) by the Professor’s lecture.
4. Most of the news on television is __________ (depress).
5. The Ruttles were very ________ (excite) to learn that their concert was
sold out.
6. Babysitting young children can be __________ (exhaust) for many people.
7. Steve was so __________ (fascinate) by the book that he finished it in one
evening.
8. Would you be __________ (frighten) if you saw a vampire?
9. After eating a __________ (satisfy) meal, the cat washed her face.
10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was __________ (surprise) to
see that she had a leaf in her hair.

B) Choose the correct form:

1. I enjoyed the book. It was very interested / interesting.

2. Are you interested / interesting in art?
3. I thought the story was quite amused / amusing.
4. They were shocked / shocking when they heard the news.
5. We were all very worried / worrying when he didn’t come home.
6. It was surprised / surprising that she didn’t come to the meeting.
7. I usually find football rather bored / boring.
8. Are you frightened / frightening of spiders?

C) Complete the sentences. Use adjectives formed by adding –ING or –ED to the words
in
brackets.

1. I find it quite ……………………….. to talk in front of a group of people.

(embarrass)
2. I think reading newspapers is …………………………. . (depress)
3. I’m ……………………….. in all kinds of sport. (interest)
4. I find walking in the countryside very ………………………….. . (relax)
5. I think learning a language is very ………………………. . (interest)
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 6. I get ………………………… when people smoke in restaurants. (annoy)
7. I don’t normally get ……………………….. when I watch horror films. (frighten)
8. I don’t get ………………………. very easily. (embarrass)

D) Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word given + the ending –ING or
- ED:

1. The film wasn’t as good as we had expected. (disappoint-)

a) The film was ………………………… .
b) We were ……………………… with the film.
2. Diana teaches young children. It’s a very hard job but she enjoys it. (exhaust-)
a) She enjoys her job but it’s often …………………………….. .
b) At the end of a day’s work, she is often ……………………….. .
3. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)
a) This weather is ………………………….. .
b) This weather makes me ……………………….. .
c) It’s silly to get …………………………….. .
4. Clare is going to the United States next month. She has never been there before.
(excit-)
a) It will be an ……………………… experience for her.
b) Going to new places is always …………………………… .
c) She is really …………………………. about going to the United States.

E. Choose the correct word:

1. I was disappointing / disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better.

2. Are you interesting / interested in football?
3. The football match was quite exciting / excited. I enjoyed it.
4. It’s sometimes embarrassing / embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.
5. Do you easily get embarrassing / embarrassed ?
6. I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing / amazed when I was offered
it.
7. She has really learnt very fast. She has made astonishing / astonished progress.
8. I didn’t find the situation funny. I was not amusing / amused.
9. It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very
shocking / shocked.
10. Why do you always look so boring / bored? Is your life really so boring / bored?
11. He’s one of the most boring / bored people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and
he never says anything interesting / interested.

F) Complete the sentences using one of the words in the box:

amusing / amused confusing / confused exhausting / exhausted

annoying / annoyed disgusting / disgusted interesting / interested

1. He works very hard. It’s not …… surprising ….. that he’s always tired.
2. I’ve got nothing to do. I’m …………………………………. .

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 3. The teacher’s explanation was ………………………. . Most of the students didn’t
understand it.
4. The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really ……………………… .
5. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not particularly ………………………… in art.
6. There’s no need to get ………………………. just because I’m a few minutes late.
7. The lecture was ……………………….. . I fell asleep.
8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn’t …………………….. .
9. I’ve been working very hard all day and now I’m …………………………. .
10. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite …………………………. about it.
11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very ……………………….. .
12. Liz is a very …………………….. person. She knows a lot, she’s traveled a lot and
she’s done lots of different things.

Cape Town is excited...or exciting?

The following diary entries of an EC teacher in Cape Town are filled with adjectives.
Choose the correct adjective in each sentence.

22:35
20/10/09
Another (1: boiled/boiling) day in Cape Town is almost over. It feels like the summer
couldn't wait for December and decided to show up two months too early. All my windows
are opened wide and the cool night air drifting in is quite (2: refreshing/refreshed). There
are a few more minutes left before I am going to bed, even though I am not yet (3:
tired/tiring). Tonight I don't have much work to do for school tomorrow. I am (4:
preparing/prepared) for all my lessons and can therefore just read my book in bed. I’m
reading an (5: intriguing/intrigued) espionage novel at the moment.

21:00
21/10/09
I felt so (6: relaxed/relaxing) when I woke up this morning even though I stayed up reading
past midnight! I think it is important to take a few moments each day and do a fun, (7:
relaxed/relaxing)activity.
It was a very (8: exciting/excited) day at school. I met people from Finland and Italy and
they joined my exam preparation class. The lessons were (9: challenging/challenged) and
they enjoyed it. I always feel great when students enjoy my classes. I hate (10:
boring/bored) lessons.
After I had finished my lessons a few of us teachers and students from school went to an
African dance show at the Artscape, the local theatre in town. It was absolutely (11:
amazing/amazed)! It was a (12: moved/moving) performance, a combination of
contemporary and African dance, poetry, singing and live music with a lot of symbolism. I
was deeply (13: touched/touching).

01:45
23/10/09
Living in Cape Town is so (14: exciting/excited) and never (15: bored/boring). Tonight was
a friend’s birthday party. We went to a salsa club just down the road from where I live and

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celebrated there. Everyone was still dancing by the time I had to leave. I had been preparing
my lessons for tomorrow for an hour and now I am (16: exhausted/exhausting)…zzzzz

16:30
23/10/09
It is Friday and the weekend has begun at last! I saw on the news this morning that the
weather is going to be absolutely terrific. I am walking up the mountain tomorrow morning
with some friends and afterwards we’re going to the beach. I am also taking some students
for a wine tasting on Sunday.
There is also a variety of (17: challenging/challenged) things to do for those who are a bit
more adventurous; such as bungee-jumping, abseiling from Table Mountain and swimming
with (18: scared/scary) sharks! But that has to wait for another weekend!

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 CHAPTER II

PARTICIPLES
Present Participle

The present participle is the ing-form.

 form progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.

 as an adjective form – The film is interesting.
 as a gerund – He is afraid of flying.

Not the exceptions in spelling when adding 'ing':

Exception Example
final e dropped (but: ee is not changed) come – coming (but: agree -
agreeing)
final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled sit – sitting
final consonant l after vowel is always doubled (in British travel – travelling
English)
final ie becomes y lie – lying
a. The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs:

come, go, sit, run, come, stay, stand.

Example: The girl sat crying on the sofa.

b. The present participle can also be used after verbs of the senses if we do not want to
emphasize that the action was completed.

feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch

Example:

1. Did you see him dancing?

2. I heard him playing the guitar.

c. Furthermore, the present participle can be used to shorten or combine active clauses
that have the same subject.

Example:

1. I saw the man. He came to the shop/ I saw the man who was coming to the shop
I saw the man coming to the shop.
2. The man who is carrying the bricks is my father

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 The man carrying the bricks is my father.

Past Participle

 form perfect tenses – I have spoken.

 form passive voice – The letter was written.
 as an adjective form – I was bored to death.

For irregular participle forms see third column of irregular verbs. Regular verbs form the past
participle by adding ed, however, note the following exceptions in spelling:

Exceptions when adding ed Example

after a final e, only add d love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried
a. The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have
the same subject.

Example:

1. The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying.

Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
2. The cars which are produced in Japan are nice.
The cars produced in Japan are nice.

Exercises

a) fill in the blanks with the correct form of present participle

1. I …………….(try) to catch that bird.

2. They danced to the music of the ………….(beat) drums.
3. The ………..(fly) fish are silver.
4. He ……………. (tie) his dog when it bit him.
5. …………...they…………..(wake) up early tomorrow?
6. Where is that …………. (ring) sound coming from?
7. You …..…………(tell) them not to walk on the grass.
8. Her grandfather …………… (ask) us to guess his age.
9. We do not take ………..…….(swim) lessons anymore.
10. The tailor …….……...(cut) a coat now.
11. The little boy was very proud of his ………..….(shine) shoes.

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12. ………… I ………………. (talk) in my sleep?
13. The girl …………………..(not enter) the building.
14. The boats sailed towards the ………… (set) sun.
15. He ………………..(say) something, but suddenly he became silent.

b) complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets using
present or past participle.

1. A woman ……….. (wear) a blue hat opened the door.

2. Champagne, …………….. (produce) in France, is exported all over the world.
3. My sister works in a bakery ………….(make) cakes.
4. A million dollars worth of jewellery…………… (belong) to the President's wife has
been stolen.
5. Pictures …………… (paint) by Picasso usually sell for millions of pounds.
6. A lorry ……………. (carry) fruit crashed on the motorway.
7. This is a vegetarian restaurant. None of the dishes ……………(serve) here contain
meat or fish.
8. The Harry Potter books, ………. (write) by JK Rowling, have all been made into
films.
9. The…….………....(damage) goods were returned to the shopkeeper.
10. The …………….(break) pieces were thrown into the dustbin.
11. The announcement was made after the show had…………(end)
12. The ………………….. (speed)ar skidded on the wet road.
13. The match continued in the …………………. (pour) rain.
14. The hero jumped off the ………………………(move) train.
15. The ……………….(bore) listener soon fell asleep.
16. He used ……………..(colour) glass to make pictures.
17. The …………………….. (drip) tap gradually made a puddle on the floor.
18. The……………………..(frighten) shadows disappeared when she switched on the
light
19. The sight of the ………….(roast) chicken made our mouths water.
20. He has ………..(leave) to work somewhere else.
21. The sick man held the cup with ……………(tremble) fingers.
22. The ……………….(fast) pilgrims could not eat or drink until sunset.

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 23. The ………………(delay) train arrived two hours late.
24. She had …………….(know) them for some time.
25. He did not notice the …………………..(approach) car as he was crossing the road.
26. The …………………..(fly) arrow split the apple on the boy’s head
27. The gardener swept up the …………(fall) leaves.
28. The man had ………..…...(mistake) me for someone else.
29. He had ………………(write) a letter to his former classmate.
30. The ……… (sleep) child was not disturbed by the loud noises.
31. Look at the …………(rush) crowds along the street!
32. She used the ……………(wear) curtains as rags.
33. The puppy had ………....(lie) in the ditch for several days.
34. We saw Peter outside the……. (crumble) building.
c) Combine the following pairs of sentences by using participles.

1. We met a boy. He was carrying a heavy bag.

____________________________________________________________________
2. The house was decorated with lights. It looked beautiful.
____________________________________________________________________
3. The robbers saw the policeman. They ran away.
____________________________________________________________________
4. I found the door open. I went inside.
____________________________________________________________________
5. The police saw the body. It was floating down the river.
____________________________________________________________________
6. He cried at the top of his voice. He rushed at the thief.
____________________________________________________________________
7. We had worked for several hours. We came out of the office.
____________________________________________________________________
8. The troops gave a blow to the enemy. It was stunning.
____________________________________________________________________
9. His handwriting was illegible. I couldn’t figure out what he had written.
____________________________________________________________________
10. We make some friendships in childhood. They last forever.
____________________________________________________________________
11. The sun had risen. We set out on our journey.
____________________________________________________________________
12. I walked along the road. I saw a snake.
____________________________________________________________________
13. He lost all his money in gambling. He became a pauper.

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 ____________________________________________________________________
14. I took a cue from his words. I solved the riddle.
____________________________________________________________________
15. The burglars broke the door open. They entered the house.
____________________________________________________________________
16. He didn’t realize the implication of his words. He went on speaking.
____________________________________________________________________
17. The enemy forces had been defeated by our army. They retreated fast into their
own territory.
____________________________________________________________________
18. It was a fine day. Everybody was out on the roads.
____________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER III

GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read"
is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a
sentence.

Examples:

 Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence

 Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
 I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

 He enjoys not working.

 The best thing for your health is not smoking.

2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You
can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

 To learn is important. subject of sentence

 The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence
 He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

 I decided not to go.

 The most important thing is not to give up.

3. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects.

admit He admitted cheating on the test.

advise The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
anticipate I anticipated arriving late.
appreciate I appreciated her helping me.

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avoid He avoided talking to her.
begin I began learning Chinese.
can't bear He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help He can't help talking so loudly.
can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand He can't stand her smoking in the office.
cease The government ceased providing free healthcare.
complete He completed renovating the house.
consider She considered moving to New York.
continue He continued talking.
defend The lawyer defended her making such statements.
delay He delayed doing his taxes.
deny He denied committing the crime.
despise She despises waking up early.
discuss We discussed working at the company.
dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.
don't mind I don't mind helping you.
dread She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
encourage He encourages eating healthy foods.
enjoy We enjoy hiking.
finish He finished doing his homework.
forget I forgot giving you my book.
hate I hate cleaning the bathroom.
imagine He imagines working there one day.
involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
keep She kept interrupting me.
like She likes listening to music.
love I love swimming.
mention He mentioned going to that college.
mind Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.
miss She misses living near the beach.
need The aquarium needs cleaning.
neglect Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
postpone He postponed returning to Paris.
practice She practiced singing the song.
prefer He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit She quit worrying about the problem.
recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.
recollect She recollected living in Kenya.
recommend Tony recommended taking the train.
regret She regretted saying that.
remember I remember telling her the address yesterday.
report He reported her stealing the money.
require The certificate requires completing two courses.
resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.
resist He resisted asking for help.

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risk He risked being caught.
start He started studying harder.
stop She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.
tolerate I tolerated her talking.
try Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
understand I understand his quitting.
urge They urge recycling bottles and paper.

4. Some verbs are followed by infinitives.

agree Tom agreed to help me.

appear His health appeared to be better.
arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
ask She asked to leave.
begin He began to talk.
can't bear He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.
care He doesn't care to participate in the activity.
cease The government ceased to provide free healthcare.
choose I chose to help.
claim She claimed to be a princess.
continue She continued to talk.
decide We decided to go to Hawaii.
demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
deserve He deserves to go to jail.
dread I dread to think what might happen.
expect They expect to arrive early.
fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to) Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?
happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.
hate He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem.
hope I hope to begin college this year.
intend We intend to visit you next spring.
learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.
like Samantha likes to read.
love We love to scuba dive.
manage He managed to open the door without the key.
need I need to study.
neglect She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan We plan to go to Europe this summer.
prefer He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
prepare They prepared to take the test.
pretend The child pretended to be a monster.
promise She promised to stop smoking.

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propose Drew proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building.
regret I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
remember Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
start Marge started to talk really fast.
swear She swore to tell the truth.
tend He tends to be a little shy.
threaten He threatened to leave forever.
try Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow He vowed to get revenge.
wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want I want to study Spanish.
wish I wish to stay.
would like We would like to start now.
(meaning "wish" or "want")
yearn Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.

5. Gerunds can often be modified with possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our,
John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This makes it clearer who or what is performing the
action.

Examples:

 I enjoyed their singing. They were singing.

 She understood his saying no to the offer. He said no.
 Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the dinner. Debbie came late to the dinner.
 We discussed the machine's being broken. The machine is broken.

6. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some situations, the noun is
required. In other situations, the noun is optional.

Examples:

 The police ordered the man to stop. noun is required

 She asked to leave. noun is optional
 She asked him to leave. noun is optional

List 1: Verb + Required Noun + Infinitive

advise I advised them to see a doctor.
allow Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars.
cause He caused her to make a mistake.
convince Ned convinced me to quit my job.
enable Financial aid enabled the students to pay such expensive tuition fees.
encourage He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods.

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force The commander forced the soldiers to march in the rain.
get (cause to) Isabelle got Mike to wash her car.
hire Mr. Donelly hired Sarah to work as a receptionist.
invite We invited them to join us.
order The police ordered him to put his hands in the air.
permit California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license.
remind They reminded me to pay the bills before the end of the month.
require The certificate requires students to complete two courses.
tell He told me to shut up.
urge They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper.
warn She warned him not to be late.

List 2: Verb + Optional Noun + Infinitive

Notice in the examples below that the verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a noun plus
an infinitive. When a noun is added, it usually changes who or what is performing the action.
To understand this better, look at the first verb "ask" and its examples. In the first sentence,
she is asking if she herself can leave. In the second sentence, she is requesting that a man
leave. Study the examples below and consider how the optional noun changes the meaning.

ask She asked to leave. She asked him to leave.

choose I chose to help out. I chose him to help out.
expect They expect to arrive early. The expect him to arrive early.
need I need to clean the house. I need her to clean the house.
prepare They prepared to take the test. They prepared her to take the test.
promise She promised to stop smoking She promised him to stop smoking.
threaten He threatened to leave forever. He threatened her to leave forever.
want I want to study Spanish. I want my son to study Spanish.
wish I wish to stay. I wish him to stay. rare form
would like We would like to start now. We would like him to start now.

7. Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund, BUT they can also be followed by a noun
plus infinitive. Using a noun plus infinitive will usually change who is performing the action.

Examples:

 I advised taking the train. in general

 I advised him to take the train. He will take the train.

Verbs followed by either Gerunds OR Nouns + Infinitives

advise I advised seeing a doctor. I advised them to see a doctor.

allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke
bars. in bars.
encourag He encourages eating healthy foods. He encourages his patients to eat

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e healthy foods.
permit California doesn't permit fishing California doesn't permit people to fish
without a fishing license. without a fishing license.
require The certificate requires completing The certificate requires students to
two courses. complete two courses.
urge They urge recycling bottles and They urge citizens to recycle bottles and
paper. paper.

8. There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual
recreational activities.

Examples:

 I go swimming every weekend.

 Would you ever go skydiving?

Go + Gerund List

go boating go sailing
go bowling go scuba diving
go bungee jumping go shopping
go camping go sightseeing
go canoeing go skateboarding
go climbing go skating
go dancing go skiing
go fishing go skinny-dipping
go hiking go skydiving
go horseback riding go sledding
go hunting go snorkeling
go jogging go snowboarding
go kayaking go spearfishing
go mountain climbing go surfing
go paragliding go trekking
go parasailing go water skiing
go rollerblading go window shopping
go running go windsurfing

9. Gerunds are used after prepositions.

Examples:

 They admitted to committing the crime.

 Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.
 He is thinking about studying abroad.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 18

10. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but with a difference in
meaning.

Examples:

 Nancy remembered getting married. Nancy has a memory of getting married.

 Fred remembered to bring sunblock to the beach. Fred remembered that he needed to bring
sunblock.

List of Verbs Followed by a Gerund or Infinitive (Different Meaning)

begin She began singing. She is beginning to sing.

She began to sing.
When "begin" is used in continuous
When "begin" is used in non- tenses, an infinitive is used.
continuous tenses, you can either
use a gerund or an infinitive.
dread She dreaded taking the test. He dreaded to think of the consequences
of his actions.
Usually "dread" is followed by a
gerund. "Dread" is sometimes used with
infinitives such as "think" or "consider."
In the sentence above, "dreaded to
think" means "did not want to think."
forget She forgot reading the book when She forgot to pay the rent this month.
she was a kid.
When forget is used with an infinitive, it
When "forget" is used with a means "to forget that you need to do
gerund, it means "to forget that you something." The sentence above means
have done something." The sentence that she forgot that she needed to pay
above means that she read the book the rent.
when she was a kid, and that she
has forgotten that fact.
keep She kept talking. The attackers kept hostages to prevent
the police from entering.
"Keep" is normally used with a
gerund to mean that you continue "Keep" can also be used with an object
doing an action. followed by an infinitive, but then the
infinitive takes on the meaning of "in
order to... ." In the sentence above, the
attackers kept hostages in order to
prevent the police from entering.
need The house needs cleaning. He needs to call his boss.
He needs him to call his boss.
When "need" is used with a gerund,
it takes on a passive meaning. The "Need" is usually used with an infinitive
sentence above means "the house or an object + an infinitive.
needs to be cleaned."
regret I regretted being late to the We regret to inform you that your
interview. position at the company is being
eliminated.
"Regret" is normally used with a

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 19

 gerund. "Regret" is sometimes used with
infinitives such as "to inform." In the
sentence above, "We regret to inform
you" means "We wish we did not have to
tell you (bad news)."
remembe I remember mentioning the meeting He remembered to turn off the lights
r yesterday. before he left.
When "remember" is used with a When "remember" is used with an
gerund, it means "to remember that infinitive, it means "to remember that
you have done something." The you need to do something." The sentence
sentence above means that I above means that he remembered that
mentioned the meeting, and that I he needed to turn the lights off.
remember the fact that I did that.
start Marge started talking really fast. Marge is starting to talk really fast.
Marge started to talk really fast.
When "start" is used in continuous
When "start" is used in non- tenses, an infinitive is used.
continuous tenses, you can either
use a gerund or an infinitive. I started to learn Russian, but it was so
much work that I finally quit the class.

In other situations, an infinitive means

that you did not complete or continue an
action.

stop He stopped smoking for health He stopped to rest for a few minutes.
reasons.
When "stop" is used with an infinitive,
"Stop" is normally used with a the infinitive takes on the meaning of "in
gerund. order to." In the sentence above, he
stopped in order to rest for a few
minutes.
try She can't find a job. She tried She tried to climb the tree, but she
looking in the paper, but there was couldn't even get off the ground.
nothing. She tried asking friends
and family, but nobody knew of When you "try to do" something, you
anything. She also tried going shop want to do it, but you do not succeed in
to shop, but nobody was hiring. actually doing it. In the sentence above,
an infinitive is used because she cannot
"Try + gerund" means to try or to successfully climb the tree.
experiment with different methods
to see if something works. Try not to wake the baby when you get
up tomorrow at 5 AM.
She tried eating the snake soup, but
she didn't like it. An infinitive is also used if you are
asking someone to try something they
"Try + gerund" is often used when may or may not be able to accomplish.
you experiment with something, but

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 20

 you do not really like it or want to
do it again.

11. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little difference in meaning.
Examples:

 She likes swimming.

 She likes to swim.

Verbs Followed by Gerunds OR Infinitives (Similar Meaning)

can't bear He can't bear being alone. He can't bear to be alone.

can't Nancy can't stand working the late Nancy can't stand to work the late
stand shift. shift.
cease The government ceased providing free The government ceased to provide
health care. free health care.
continue She continued talking. She continued to talk.
hate He hates cleaning dishes. He hates to clean dishes.
like Samantha likes reading. Samantha likes to read.
love We love scuba diving. We love to scuba dive.
neglect He neglected doing his daily chores. He neglected to do his daily chores.
prefer He prefers eating at 7 PM. He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
propose Drew proposed paying for the trip. Drew proposed to pay for the trip.

Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and
infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference. Using a
gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences. Using an infinitive
suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities or experiences. Because of
this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used
interchangeably, such as in the examples below.

Examples:

 The British reporter likes living in New York. He lives in New York and he likes what he
experiences there.
 The British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the United States. He
likes the option or possibility of living in New York when he works in the United States.

 I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language. I like the experience of
speaking French, and the way it makes me feel when I speak the language.

 I like to speak French when I'm in France. I prefer the option of speaking French when I am
in France.

12. There are many "be + adjective" combinations that are commonly followed by infinitives.
List of Be + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives

Examples:

 They were anxious to begin.

 She was delighted to receive such good feedback.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 21

  He is lucky to have such good friends.

Be + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives

be amazed He was amazed to discover the truth.

be anxious She was anxious to start her new job.
be ashamed He was ashamed to admit he had lied.
be bound She is bound to be elected class president.
be careful They were careful not to reveal the winner of the prize until the end.
be certain She is certain to get the job.
be content The student was content to receive second place in the competition.
be delighted We were delighted to be invited to the wedding.
be He was determined to finish the marathon.
determined
be eager He was eager to begin.
be eligible They were not eligible to participate in the program.
be fortunate She was fortunate to receive the research grant.
be glad I would be glad to help out.
be happy She was happy to see them at the party.
be hesitant Mary was hesitant to say anything.
be liable The mountain climber is liable to hurt himself if he doesn't use well-made
equipment.
be likely They are likely to show up at any time.
be lucky You were lucky to have such an opportunity.
be pleased I am pleased to meet you.
be proud He was proud to have been chosen to lead the project.
be ready I'm ready to go now.
be reluctant The witness was reluctant to reveal what he had seen.
be sad She was really sad to leave.
be shocked He was shocked to discover the truth.
be sorry I am sorry to have to tell you that the tickets are sold out.
be surprised She was surprised to discover that he had never learned how to swim.

13. There are also many nouns that are commonly followed by infinitives. List of Nouns
Followed by Infinitives

Examples:

 It was a good decision to move to San Francisco.

 His wish to become an actor was well known.

 Laura's desire to improve impressed me.

Nouns Followed by Infinitives

advice His advice to continue was good.

appeal The appeal to reduce pollution was ineffective.
attempt Her attempt to locate them was unsuccessful.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 22

chance In Britain, you will have a chance to improve your English.
decision The decision to increase taxes was not popular.
desire His desire to get a good job motivated him.
dream Her dream to become an actress was never realized.
goal His goal to run a marathon seemed unrealistic.
motivation Her motivation to enter university impressed them.
need Bob's need to be the center of attention was irritating.
opportunity The opportunity to live in New York interested Sandra.
order They followed the general's order to retreat.
permission Permission to enter the area was difficult to get.
plan Sandy's plan to move to Madrid bothered her parents.
preparation NASA's preparations to launch on Monday moved forward.
proposal Her proposal to host the party impressed the committee.
recommendation His recommendation to close the school upset the community.
refusal Debra's refusal to help did not go unnoticed.
reminder Her reminder to review the vocabulary helped me pass the test.
request Their request to participate was granted.
requirement Their requirement to speak four languages was unreasonable.
suggestion His suggestion to leave seemed like a good idea.
tendency His tendency to tap his desk during a test annoyed me.
wish Her wish to be treated normally was respected.
way One way to improve your English is to read novels.

14. Sometimes infinitives are used to express the idea of "in order to do something."

Examples:

 He bought the English dictionary to look up difficult words. in order to look up

 Janine sold her car to get the money that she needed. in order to get

 Juan uses [Link] to learn English. in order to learn

This idea of "in order to do something" is found in many English patterns.

too + adjective/adverb + infinitive

Examples:

 The box is too heavy to carry.

 The television is too expensive to buy.

 Fiona ran too slowly to win the race.

 We arrived too late to see the beginning of the movie.

adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive

Examples:

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 23

  She is tall enough to reach the book on the shelf.
 Brian was smart enough to enter college at the age of 12.

 Linda runs quickly enough to win the race.

enough + noun(s) + infinitive

Examples:

 He has enough money to buy his own car.

 Cheryl owns enough books to start her own library!

 Diane needs enough time to finish writing her book.

Exercises

A) Use the GERUND or INFINITIVE forms of the verbs:

1. He gave up ………………………….. (gamble).

2. He told me …………… (try) ………………………….. (come) early.
3. I advised him …………………. (ask) the bus conductor ……………………… (tell)
him where ……………………….. (get) off.
4. We are looking forward to ……………………….. (read) your new book.
5. I don’t enjoy ………………………….. (go) to the dentist.
6. A: Did you remember ……………………………. (give) him the money?
B: No, I didn’t. I still have it in my pocket; but I’ll ………………………. (see) him
tonight and I promise ……………………………… (not / forget) this time.
7. I saw the plane ………………………. (crash) in to the hill and
…………………………. (burst) into flames.
8. He is said ………………… (be) the best surgeon in the country.
9. We don’t want anybody ………………. (know) we are here.
10. A: Why didn’t you pay the bill for him?
B: I offered …………………. (pay), but he refused.
11. He was accused of ………………………….. (steal) the valuable vase.
12. I don’t feel like ……………………….. (work); what about ……………………….
(go) to a disco instead?
13. Imagine …………………. (live) with someone who never stops …………………..
(talk).
14. A: Do the boys tidy their own rooms?
B: They are supposed ………………………… (tidy), but they don’t always.
15. I hope the children won’t go near the water. I warned them …………………… (not /
go) near it.
16. Try to avoid ……………………………….. (make) him angry.
17. Would you mind ………………………….. (write) your name and address on the back
of the cheque?
18. After ……………………… (read) this article, will you give up ………………..
(smoke)?
19. I suggest ………………………….. (hold) another meeting next week.
20. I have no intention of ……………………. (go) to that film; I couldn’t bear
…………….. (see) my favorite actress in such a dreadful part.

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 21. Try ……………………. (forget) it; it’s not worth …………………… (worry) about.
22. I advise you ……………………… (start) ……………………. (look) for a flat at
once.
23. He hates …………………….. (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it
…………… (ring).
24. It is usually easier ………………………. (learn) a subject by ……………………..
(read) books than by ……………………………. (listen) to lectures.
25. Don’t forget …………………….. (lock) the door before …………………… (go) to
bed.
26. I arranged ………………………… (meet) them here.
27. He tried ……………………… (explain) but she refused ………………………
(listen).
28. I regret ……………………. (inform) you that your application has been refused.
29. Your windows need ……………………… (clean); would you like me
………………… (do) them for you?
30. I can’t help …………………… (sneeze); I caught a cold yesterday from
………………. (sit) in a draught.
31. I absolutely remember …………………………. (pay) him. I gave him $20.
32. You’ll never regret …………………….. (do) a kind action.

33. A: Did you remember ……………………… (lock) the door?

B: No, I didn’t. I’d better …………………… (go) and ………………. (do) it now.
34. I’m very sorry for ……………………. (be) late; it was good of you ………………….
(wait) for me.
35. You don’t need ……………………. (ask) his permission every time you want
…………………….. (leave) the room.
36. I except him ………………………… (apologize) to me.
37. We got tired of ………………………… (wait) for the weather …………………
(clear) and finally decided …………………….. (set) out in the rain.
38. I can hear the bell ……………………… (ring), but nobody seem to be coming
…………………… (open) the door.
39. There are people who can’t help …………………….. (laugh) when they see someone
……………………… (slip) on a banana skin.
40. They don’t allow ……………………….. (smoke) here.

B) Use the GERUND or INFINITIVE forms of the verbs in brackets:

1. After she had decided …………………… (stay) in Turkey, she got used to
……………… (eat) Turkish foods.
2. They seem …………………. (have) plenty of money.
3. I’m sorry sir, I’m late, but I promise …………………….. (not / be) late again.
4. I remember ……………………… (go) to the cinema with my girl friend when I was a
teenager.
5. He is ashamed of ……………………… (steal) that money.
6. I think we’d better …………………………. (exchange) names and addresses.
7. Would you mind ………………………. (show) me how ………………………..
(work) the new machine?
8. She warned her child ………………………………… (not / touch) the wire.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 25

 9. Can you manage …………………………… (finish) ……………………… (pack)
these parcels alone?
10. His doctor advised him ………………………… (give up) ………………………..
(sit) up late at night?

C) Supply the appropriate form of the verbs:

1. She never admits …………………….. (make) mistakes.

2. Please avoid …………………. (be) alone with him.
3. When you finish ………………….. (do) your homework, call me.
4. She’s considering …………………… (be) a member of T.E.D. Club.
5. On Sundays I always practise ……………………… (talk) English with my aunt.
6. Do you fancy …………………….. (play) tennis this afternoon?
7. I dislike ………………………. (study) history.
8. Please try to escape …………………….. (make) him angry.
9. I enjoy ………………….. (walk) in the rain.
10. She can’t afford …………………….. (buy) a car.
11. I decided …………………….. (go) on Saturday.
12. Don’t forget ……………………… (tell) him the news.
13. They managed ………………………… (pass) their exams.
14. He refused ……………………… (see) me again.
15. Remember ………………………. (post) the letters.
16. She seems ……………………… (be) happy.
17. He waited ………………………. (get) his salary.
18. He’ll hire a man ……………………… (kill) them.
19. He advised ………………………. (study) hard.
20. I’m sorry for ……………………….. (keep) you late.
21. I’m interested in ……………………… (play) tennis.
22. Instead of ……………………… (study) Alice watched TV.
23. He apologized for …………………… (come) late.
24. He succeeded in ……………………… (pass) his exam.
25. I’m looking forward to …………………………. (go) to London.
26. We’re thinking of ………………………… (travel) by train.
27. Do you feel like ………………………. (go) for a swim?
28. Do you have any good reason for ……………………………. (not / call) me?
29. Thank you for …………………….. (help) me carry the goods.
30. The little boy’s mother warned him ………………………….. (not / eat) so many
apples.
31. They reminded me …………………….. (do) my assignment.
32. The children are excited about ……………………… (go) to the movies.
33. She always puts off ………………………. (do) the laundry.
34. Bob refused ………………………. (talk) about his problems.
35. Cindy told him ………………………….. (not / wait) for her.
36. He suggested ……………………… (go) home when he got sick.
37. Who is responsible for …………………… (tidy) the room?
38. Henry is quite good at ………………………………… (make up) stories.
39. We’re planning on ………………………………. (go / swim) this weekend.
40. I couldn’t persuade him ………………………….. (come) with me.
41. Can you touch your toes without ………………………… (bend) your knees?
42. I can’t help ………………………… (look) at her.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 26

 43. Do you have any difficulty in ……………………….. (speak) English?
44. Please remind me ……………………… (take) my photo.
45. I persuaded my mother ……………………… (give) me permission to go out.
46. He will arrange ……………………….. (meet) me at the airport.
47. He waited ………………………. (get) his salary.
48. I regret ………………………. (say) you that he is ill.
49. Jim can’t stand ……………………… (be) interrupted.
50. When Sam got tired, he stopped ……………………….. (work).
51. I remember ………………………. (play) with dolls when I was a child.
52. I regret ………………………………… (not / listen) to my father’s advice. He was
right.
53. The thief was accused of ………………………. (steal) a woman purse.

D) Complete with GERUND or INFINITIVE:

1. He suggested ……………………….. dinner in a Chinese restaurant.

2. I’ll give it back when I finish ………………………….. it.
3. I remembered …………………………. to the chemists for you. Here’s your
medicine.
4. I remember ……………………….. him last night.
5. Would you like ………………………… to some music?
6. I regret ……………………… that I won’t be able to come to the meeting.

E) Use the GERUND to connect the following:

1. Peter’s sometimes late. He can’t help it.

…………Peter can’t help being late. …………………………………………..
2. Gordon has to get up early. He dislikes it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Paul asked Mary to come home. He remembers it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Jill occasionally speaks Spanish. She can’t avoid it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Jim didn’t take his holiday until June. He delayed it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Jim was speaking French when Bob came in. He stopped.
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Jim wanted to see the race. He didn’t want to miss it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. You may have an accident if you drive that car. You risk it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9. I wouldn’t like to work in an office. I don’t fancy it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
10. I spent all my money. I regret it, because I’ve got none left now.
………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Henry has his lunch very late. He is used to it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
12. John saw the girl. He denies it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
13. I had dinner with a film star. I’ll never forget it.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 27

 ………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Richard took the books home with him. He admitted it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Mary wanted to have dinner at a restaurant. She suggested it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
16. You should speak English all the time. You should practise it.
………………………………………………………………………………….

F) Complete the sentences using the GERUND (after prepositions):

1. David is studying. He’s bored.

………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Gordon likes to watch football. He’s keen.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Peter wants to learn English. He’s interested.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Sheila keeps her own room tidy. She’s responsible.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Sally will visit her aunt. She’s excited.
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Swan will meet Gordon. She is looking forward.
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Paul doesn’t want to be misunderstood. He’s afraid.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Jane has to do the housework by herself. She’s tired.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9. John has to get up early. He is used.
………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Tom passed all his exams. He succeeded.
………………………………………………………………………………….

G) Supply an appropriate form GERUND or INFINITIVE of the verbs in parentheses:

1. Mary reminded me ……………………… (be / not) late for the meeting.

2. We went for a walk after we finished ………………………. (clean) up the kitchen.
3. When do you expect …………………….. (leave) on your trip?
4. The baby started ………………………. (talk) when she was about eighteen months
old.
5. I’m getting tired. I need ……………………….. (take) a break.
6. I’ve decided ……………………… (stay) here over vacation and …………………….
(paint) my room.
7. Sometimes students avoid ……………………….. (look) at the teacher if they don’t
want ………………………… (answer) a question.
8. The travel agent advised us ………………………………… (not / wait) until August.
9. We’re going out for dinner. Would you like ………………………… (join) us?
10. Mrs. Allen promised ……………………………. (come) tomorrow.
11. My boss expects me ………………………….. (complete) this work as soon as
possible.
12. Even though I asked the people in front of me at the movie ……………………. (be)
quiet, they kept ……………………….. (talk).

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 28

 13. Joan and David were considering ……………………….. (get) married in June, but
they finally decided ………………………… (wait) until August.
14. He doesn’t mind …………………………. (be) alone.
15. The teacher seems …………………….. (be) in a good mood today.
16. Mrs. Jackson warned her young son …………………………………….. (not / touch)
the hot stove.
17. Jack advised me ………………………….. (rent) a new apartment.
18. His teacher encourages him ………………………………. (study) harder.
19. Lucy pretended …………………………… (know) the answer to my question.
20. Could you please stop ………………………………. (make) so much noise?
21. He doesn’t let anyone …………………………… (smoke) in his office.

H) Complete these sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form, -ing or to…

1. Please remember ….. (lock) the door when you go out

2. A: You lent me some money a few months ago.
B: Did I? Are you sure? I don’t remember ………….. you any money.
3. A: Did you remember …………………. Your sister?
B: Oh no, I completely forgot. I’ll phone her tomorrow
4. When you see Mandy, remember …………… her my regards, won’t you?
5. Someone must have taken the my bag. I clearly remember ……. It by the window and
now it has gone
6. I believe what I said was fair. I don’t regret …………… it
7. (after a driving test) I regret ……….. that you have failed the test.
8. Keith joined the company 15 years ago. He was quickly promoted and became an
assistant manager after two years. A few years later he went on ………………..
manager of the company
9. I can’t go on …………….. here any more. I want a different job
10. When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said
hello to me, and then went on ……….. her newspaper

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 29

 CHAPTER IV
ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION
Elliptical construction is combination from two sentences with different subject but have the
same verb or complement

1. Too
we use the word too in positive sentence: it is usually put in the last sentence
( Subject + auxiliary + too)
example :
I am a student and Mita is too
John works in the hotel and I do too

2. So
so is also used in positive sentence, but it is put in the front of the sentence
(so+ auxiliary+ Subject)
example :
Mita is a student and so am I
John works in the hotel and so do I

3. Either
It is used in negative sentence, and it is put at the end of the sentence
(subject + auxiliary + not either)
example :
John is not a students of Monash university and I am not either
My sister doesn’t like math and I don’t either

4. Neither
It is used in negative sentence and put in the front of the sentence
(neither+ auxiliary+subject)
example : Tata didn’t go to cinema last night and neither did I

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 30

My father doesn’t like banana but neither do

Exercise 1:

Join the following pairs of sentences using “and……..too” and “and so………..”.

1. The front door is locked. The back door is locked.

2. We’ll attend the meeting. They’ll attend the meeting.

3. The money was stolen. The jewellery was stolen.

4. Mia has read the book. Her friends have read the book.

5. His parents work hard to support the family. My parents work hard to support the

family.

6. My brother could lift the box. My father could lift the box.

7. They knew the answer quite well. I knew the answer quite well.

8. I tried to persuade her to come. Her friends tried to persuade her to come.

9. The mangoes she bought were spoilt. The apples she bought were spoilt.

10. The umbrella belongs to her. The purse belongs to her.

Exercise 2:

Combine the following sentences using “either” and “neither”.

1. I have never met her before. My sister has never met her before.

2. My father is not at home. My mother is not at home.

3. She will not be moving out after all. He will not be moving out after all.

4. I do not trust him anymore. My sister does not trust him anymore.

5. He did not break the vase. I did not break the vase.

6. Cindi has not graduated. Dewi has not graduated.

7. My father does not have enough money to buy a new car. His father does not have

enough money to buy a new car.

8. My friends were not interested to watch the movie. I was not interested to watch the

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 31

movie.

9. I did not enjoy the party. The others did not enjoy the party.

10. You have not paid the rent. Your friend has not paid the rent.

Exercise 3

Change the whole sentence to negative

1 He went there and I did too ….He didn’t go there and and I didn’t either
____________________________________________________________________

2 She knows him and I do too

_____________________________________________________________
3 Henry will be there and I will too
_____________________________________________________________

4 She has left and George has too.

_____________________________________________________________
5 You will like it and she will too
_____________________________________________________________

6 I’m going to buy it and she is too

_____________________________________________________________

7 He saw it and so did I

_____________________________________________________________

8 He has read the book and so have I

_____________________________________________________________

9 They enjoyed the show and so did we.

_______________________________________________________________

Exercise 4

Make short additions with the proper auxiliary and ( So-too-also-either-neither)

1 I like classical music Bill………….(does too)

2 They aren’t working right now we ………….(aren’t either)
3 Alice won’t have enough time Betty………………..

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 32

4 Louise wasn’t at the party Martha………………
5 I should study for the examination You ……………………
6 We don’t have enough money They………………….
7 We’ve already done that lesson He…………………….
8 Not many people enjoyed his speech We…………………..
9 Her brother can speak Spanish She……………………
10 Mary could afford that Cadillac Her boss……………………..

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 CHAPTER V
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words that link ideas. They bring one idea or piece of information into some
kind of relationship with another idea or piece of information. In this way, they help to create
continuity or ‘flow’ in a text.

Correlative Conjunctions

Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative
conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be
treated as grammatically equal.

 She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.
 Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."
 Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

both . . . and neither . . . nor

not only . . . but also whether . . . or
not . . . but as . . . as
either . . . or

A) Make sentences BOTH ….AND…. / EITHER ….OR …. / NEITHER …. NOR …. :

Examples: * Tom was late. So was Ann. Both Tom and Ann were late.
* He didn’t write. He didn’t telephone. He neither wrote nor telephoned.

1. The hotel wasn’t clean. And it wasn’t comfortable.

The hotel was ………………………………………………………………..
2. It was a very boring movie. It was very long too.
The movie was ………………………………………………………………
3. Is that man’s name Richard? Or is it Robert? It’s one of the two.
That man’s name …………………………………………………………….
4. I don’t have the time to take a vacation. And I don’t have the money.
I have ………………………………………………………………………...
5. We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow- whichever you prefer.
We ……………………………………………………………………………
6. He gave up his job because he needed a change. Also because the pay was low.
He gave up his job both ………………………………………………………
7. Laura doesn’t smoke. And she doesn’t eat meat.
…………………………………………………………………………………

8. The front of the house needs painting. The back needs painting too.
…………………………………………………………………………………

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 34

B) Answer the questions. Use paired conjunctions.

a) Use BOTH ……. AND …… .

1. You have met his father. Have you met his mother?
Yes, I have met both his father and his mother.
2. The driver was injured in the accident. Was the passenger injured in the accident?
……………………………………………………………………………….
3. Wheat is grown in Kansas. Is corn grown in Kansas?
………………………………………………………………………………
4. He buys used cars. Does he sell used cars?
……………………………………………………………………………….
5. You had lunch with your friends. Did you have dinner with them?
……………………………………………………………………………….
6. The city suffers from air pollution. Does it suffer from water pollution?
……………………………………………………………………………….

b) Use NOT ONLY ……. BUT ALSO …… .

1. I know you are studying math. Are you studying chemistry too?
Yes, I’m studying not only math but also chemistry.
2. I know his cousin is living with him. Is his mother-in-low living with him too?
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. I know your country has good universities. Does the United States have good
universities too?
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. I know you lost your wallet. Did you lose your keys too?
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. I know she goes to school. Does she have a full-time job too?
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. I know he bought a coat. Did he buy a new pair of shoes too?
………………………………………………………………………………….

c) Use EITHER ……. OR …… .

1. John has your book, or Mary has your book. Is that right?
Yes, either John or Mary has my book.
2. You’re going to give your friend a book for her birthday, or you’re going to give her
a pen. Is that right?
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Your sister will meet you at the airport, or your brother will meet you there. Right?
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. They can go swimming, or they can play tennis. Is that right?
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. You’re going to vote for Mr. Smith, or you’re going to vote for Mr. Jones. Right?
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. You’ll go to New Orleans for your vacation, or you’ll go to Miami. Right?
………………………………………………………………………………….

d) Use NEITHER ……. NOR …… .

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 35

 1. He doesn’t like coffee. Does he like tea?
No, he likes neither coffee nor tea.
2. Her husband doesn’t speak English. Do her children speak English?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. The students aren’t wide awake today. Is the reacher wide awake today?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
4. They don’t have a refrigerator for their new apartment. Do they have a stove?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5. She doesn’t enjoy hunting. Does she enjoy fishing?
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. The result wasn’t good. Was the result bad?
………………………………………………………………………………….

e) Combine the following into sentences that contain parallel structure. Used
appropriate paired conjunctions: BOTH…AND / NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO /
EITHER… OR / NEITHER… NOR:

1. He does not have a pen. He does not have paper.

He has neither a pen nor paper.
2. Ron enjoys horseback riding. Bob enjoys horseback riding.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. You can have tea, or you can have coffee.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. Arthur is not in class today. Ricardo is not in class today.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Arthur is absent. Ricardo is absent.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. We can fix dinner for them here, or we can take them to a restaurant.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. She wants to buy a Chevrolet, or she wants to buy a Toyota.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. The leopard faces extinction. The tiger faces extinction.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. The library does not have the book I need. The bookstore does not have the book
I need.
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. We could fly, or we could take the train.
……………………………………………………………………………………

C) Combine the following using BOTH…AND / NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO /

EITHER… OR / NEITHER… NOR:

1. Paul must go to class. Jean must go to class.

Both Paul and Jean must go to class.
2. Paul speaks English. Jean speaks English.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. Paul hasn’t left yet. Jean hasn’t left yet.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. Shall I go to by air, or shall I go by sea?
……………………………………………………………………………..

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 36

 5. Paul didn’t stay long. Jean didn’t stay long.
……………………………………………………………………………..
6. Paul has a two-car garage. Jean has a two-car garage.
……………………………………………………………………………..
7. Shall I work tonight, or shall I go out?
……………………………………………………………………………..
8. Paul’s house is very central. Jean’s house is very central.
……………………………………………………………………………..
9. Paul recognized the man. Jean recognized the man.
……………………………………………………………………………..
10. Shall I have a swim, or shall I go by bus?
……………………………………………………………………………..

Subordinating Conjunctions

A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes

at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship
between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into
something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.

 He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life.
 Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies.

 Unless we act now, all is lost.

Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since
— are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to
subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

after if though
although if only till
as in order that unless
as if now that until
as long as once when
as though rather than whenever
because since where
before so that whereas
even if than wherever
even though that while

SUBJECT : Reason and Result: because (of), as, since, so, as a result, therefore,

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 37

 so / such ……… (that)

Because and because of are both used to introduce reasons. Because is a conjunction, and is
followed by a subject and verb. Because of is a preposition, and is followed by a noun phrase
or verb-ing

Because

because subject verb

because he felt ill, he didn't go to the party

Because of

because of noun phrase or verb-ing

because of his illness he didn't go to the party

because of feeling ill

1. Fill in the blanks with “because” or “because of”

1. Please don’t let your children walk alone _______________the walkway is slippery when
wet.

2. Alex missed the penalty _______________lack of concentration.

3. _______________ thick fog at the airport, Louis and Tim had to stay in Ankara one more
day.

4. Unfortunately she had to give up singing __________________she had a serious throat

problem.

5. You are not allowed to enter this secured area ________________ you don’t have an
official permit.

6. We decided to buy that house ______________ its low price.

7. _____________the elecrticity was cut off, we went to bed early.

8. We can’t go to school by public transport tomorrow ____________ the srtike.

9. I had to overwork last week _____________my manager wanted me to finish the reports.

10. People always trust him _______________his honesty.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 38

A) Complete the sentences in A using BECAUSE or BECAUSE OF and an idea from B.
Use each idea in B only one.

A B
1. He phoned the police a) his bad leg
2. I didn’t have any lunch b) I thought it might rain
3. Our plane was delayed c) I wasn’t hungry
4. He went to Paris d) he’d lost his wallet
5. I took an umbrella e) the fog
6. He couldn’t run very fast f) he wanted to learn French

1. …. He phoned the police because he’d lost his wallet. ……………………..

2. …………………………………………………………………………………
3. …………………………………………………………………………………
4. …………………………………………………………………………………
5. …………………………………………………………………………………
6. …………………………………………………………………………………

B) Choose the correct answers:

1. As / As a result it was such a beautiful day, we decided to have a picnic.

2. It was his birthday because / so we decided to buy him a present.
3. As a result / Since all the seats on the train were taken, we had to stand.
4. The banks were closed and as a result / because we couldn’t get any money.
5. I didn’t find the book very interesting and so / as I didn’t finish it.
6. We couldn’t drive across the bridge as a result / because it was closed.
7. She had the best qualifications and she so / therefore got the job.
8. I haven’t got much money as / so I can’t afford a new car.

So… that, Such … that

We use so ... that, such ... that:

a) to show a fact (usually with a result or consequence)

 Pamela Ander's feet are big.

(Expresses a fact).
 Pamela Ander's feet are so big that she can't find shoes her size.
(Emphasizes that you feel strongly about the size of her feet).

b) to show extreme feelings or an opinion about something

 George Bushoff is an idiot.

(Merely a statement of fact/opinion).
 George Bushoff is such an idiot that he doesn't even know the capital of his own
country.
(Emphasizes the speaker's opinion of the intensity of George Bushoff's idiocy).

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 39

SO with adjectives and adverbs

so + adjective/adverb + that + result

 The teacher speaks so clearly that everyone can understand her.

 The sun was so strong that they got burned within 15 minutes.

SUCH + Nouns

such + a + (adjective) + singular noun + that + result

(It is common to put an adjective before the noun)

 He is such a tight person that he even reuses his servillettes.

 Christopher is such a handsome man that all the ladies want him.
 She had such a long speech that everyone stopped paying attention to her.

such + plural/uncountable noun + that + result

 She has such big feet that she has to buy special shoes.
 Woodward Restaurant has such good food that it's always full of people.

C) Join each pair of sentences using SO / SUCH ….. (THAT):

1. It was a very warm evening. We had dinner outside in the garden.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. He was very nervous. He couldn’t eat anything.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Our neighbours’ party was very noisy. We couldn’t sleep.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The restaurant was very crowded. They couldn’t find anywhere to sit down.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. We were all having a good time. We didn’t want to stop.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6. He’s got a very good memory. He never needs to write anythind down.
…………………………………………………………………………………….

SUBJECT : Contrast: although, even though, though, in spite of,

despite, while, whereas, however

After although we use a subject + verb:

 Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday
 I didn’t get the job although I had all the necessary qualification

Compare the meaning although and because

 We went out although it was raining
 We didn’t go out because it was raining

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 40

After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or –ing
 In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
 I didn’t get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualification
 She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work
 In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you

Despite is the same as in spite of. Note the way we say ‘in spite of’, but despite (without
‘of’)
 She wasn’t well, but despite this she went to work. (not despite of this)

You can say ‘in spite of the fact (that) ….’ and ‘despite the fact (that) ….’
 I didn’t get the job in spite of the fact that I had all the necessary qualification
 I didn’t get the job despite the fact that I had all the necessary qualification

Compare in spite of and because of

 We went out in spite of the rain
 We didn’t go out because of the rain

Compare although and in spite of/ despite

 Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time
In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time

 I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired

I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired

A) Rephrase the sentences beginning with the words in brackets:

1. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although)

…………………………………………………………………………………
2. They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though)
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. He was innocent, but he was sent to prison. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. He was a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………………

B) Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets and a noun:

1. They went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. She managed to write, even though her hand was injured. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. All the trains were on time, even though the snow was heavy. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. Our coach didn’t arrive late, even though the traffic was terrible. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. A lot of people buy those houses, even though the prices are high. (despite)

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 41

 …………………………………………………………………………………
6. He stayed up late, even though he was very tired. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. I didn’t buy the car, even though I had the money. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. He stayed outside in the cold weather, even though he felt ill. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. People continue to smoke, even though they know the dangers. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………

C) Sally and Peter are good friends, but they are very different.
Compare Sally and Peter. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B.
Make sentences using WHILE / WHEREAS:

A B
1. She likes hard work. a) He prefers classical music.
2. She likes jazz and pop music. b) He prefers staying at home.
3. She likes going out a lot. c) He can be rather mean.
4. She’s very practical. d) He’s quite lazy.
5. She’s very generous. e) He’s quite idealistic.

1. ………She likes hard work, while / whereas he’s quite lazy………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 CHAPTER VI
PREPOSITION
I) PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

AT ON
We use at with times: We use on with dates and days:
at 5 o’clock - at 11.45 - at midnight - at on 12 March - on Friday(s) - on
lunchtime Friday morning(s)
Tom usually gets up at 7 o’clock. on Sunday afternoon(s) - on
Saturday night(s)
We use at in these expressions: on Christmas Day (but at
Christmas)
at night - at Christmas - at the moment /
at present - at the same time - at
weekends - at the age of...

IN DURING
We use in for longer periods of time: We use during + noun to say when
in April - in 1986 - in winter - in the something happens:
19th century - in the 1970s - in the during the film - during our holiday -
morning(s) / in the afternoon(s) / in the during the night
evening(s)
I fell asleep during the film.
In + period of time = a time in the We met a lot of interesting people
future: during our holiday.
Jack will be back in a week.
The train will leave in a few minutes.

In + how long it takes to do

something:
I learned to drive in four weeks.

FOR SINCE
We use for + a period of time: We use since + a period of time:
for six years - for two hours - for a since April - since 1992 - since 8 o’
week clock
It has been raining since one o’
I’ve lived in this house for six years. clock. They’ve known each other
They have been watching TV for two since they were at school.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 43

 hours.

UNTIL FROM - TO

We use until/till to say how long a We use from - to + beginning and

situation continues: end of a period:
Let’s wait until it stops raining. I stayed Last evening we watched TV from 5
in bed until half past nine. to 8 o’ clock.

A) Fill in prepositions of time “AT / IN / ON” as in the example:

1. .. on … Saturday 8. ………… 9 o’clock 15. ………… autumn

2. ………. July 9. ………… Christmas 16. ……….. half past two
th
3. ………. 1984 10. ………… September 28 17. ………… Monday
morning
4. ………. March 25th 11…………. 1991 18. ………… Easter
5. ………. Friday 12. ……….. August 29th 19. …………10 o’clock
6. ………. summer 13. ……….. winter 20. …………Thursday
afternoon
7. ………. the morning 14. ……….. the evening 21. ………… noon

B) Fill in “AT / IN / ON” as in the example:

1. …in….. December 6. ………… February 8th 11. ………… a quarter past

six
2. ………. midnight 7. ………… noon 12. ………… Saturday night
3. ………. 1982 8. ………… 1964 13. ………... Friday evening
4. ………. April 9. ………… spring 14. ……….. Monday
5. ………. April 2nd 10. ……….. night 15. ……….. June 26th

C) Fill in the blanks with “AT / IN / ON” as in the example:

1. We always go on holiday ….. in ……. summer.

2. My mother usually goes shopping …………….. Friday morning.
3. I always do my homework ……………… the evening.
4. The circus usually comes to our town ………………. spring.
5. Sophia’s birthday is …………… May 16th .
6. I usually get up ……………….. seven o’clock.
7. My favorite television programme begins …………… 6:30 …………. the evening.
8. Sometimes it snows ……………….. winter.
9. My friend’s birthday is ……………… June.
10. Some birds and animals come out ……………… night.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 44

D) Choose the correct answer:

1. My lesson starts ___at____ five o’clock.

a) on b) at c) in
2. My father usually buys a newspaper ___________ the morning.
a) on b) at c) in
3. We wear warm clothes _________ winter.
a) on b) at c) in
4. We get presents ________ Christmas.
a) on b) at c) in
5. I usually visit my grandparents __________ Sunday afternoon.
a) on b) at c) in
6. John’s birthday is __________ August 16th .
a) on b) at c) in
7. The film finishes ___________ 9:30.
a) on b) at c) in
8. The supermarket is closed __________ Sunday.
a) on b) at c) in

E) Fill in “AT“, “IN” or “ON”:

My birthday is …. on ….. the 30th of July. Last year I had a great day. I got up …………..
8 o’clock …………. the morning and tidied the house. Then …………. the afternoon I went
into town with my friend to buy food for the party. The party started …………. 7 o’clock
………. the evening and didn’t stop until very late …………. night! ………….. the 31st of
July I was very tired, so I went to bed early …………. the evening.

F) Fill in the spaces in the invitation with “IN”,”ON” or “AT”:

I’m going to have a party! I hope you can come!!

It’s going to start ……… 5 o’clock …….. the afternoon

……….. the second Saturday ……… August. We’re
going to have it in Tom’s house on Wilton Avenue.
There’s a big garden and we’re going to have the party in
the garden.

Did you know that my birthday is …….. the eighth? But

as you can see, the party is going to be ………. the tenth.

Why? Parties are better ………. the weekend!

G) Put in the correct prepositions AT / ON / IN:

1. Columbos discovered America …………… 1492.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 45

 2. You can see the stars …………… night, if the sky is clear.
3. Tom isn’t here …………. the moment. He’ll be back …………. five minutes.
4. The course begins ……….. 7 January and ends ………… 10 March.
5. Tom’s grandmother died ……….. 1977 ……….. the age of 79.
6. The price of electricity is going up …………. October.
7. Ann works hard during the week, so she likes to relax …………. weekends.
8. I can’t be at home ………… the morning. Can you phone me ………. the afternoon
instead?
9. Jack’s brother is an engineer but he’s out of work ……….. the moment.
10. …………. Sunday afternoons I usually go for a walk in the country.
11. Tom doesn’t see his parents very often these days- usually only ……….. Christmas
and sometimes …………. the summer for a few days.
12. The telephone and the doorbell rang …………. the same time.
13. I walk up a lot of stairs everyday. My flat is …………. the third floor and there is no
lift.
14. We went to the theatre last night. We had seats ………… the front row.
15. It can be dangerous when children play football ………….. the street.
16. I can’t find Tom ………… in this photogfaph.
17. Do you take sugar ………….. your coffee?
18. You can find the sports results ………….. back page of the newspaper.
19. Sue and Dave got married …………… Manchester four years ago.
20. Paris is ………….. the river Seine.
21. Mr. Boyle’s office is …………. the first floor. When you come out of the lift, it’s the
third floor ………….. your left.
22. Turn left …………. the traffic lights.
23. In most countries people drive …………. the right.
24. Last year we had a lovely skiing holiday …………… the Swiss Alps.
25. She spends all day sitting …………. the window and watching what is happening
outside.
H) Fill in the blanks using correct prepositions:

1. Cenk lives ………….. 810 İstiklal Street.

2. The course begins …………. 8 June and ends ………….. October.
3. Peter is …………. class 2 B.
4. Peter goes to school ………….. Monday …………. Friday.
5. Students haven’t got any lessons …………. the weekends.
6. Sheila gets up …………. 6.30 every morning.
7. Mike and his family go for a walk ………… the evenings..
8. Hurry up! We are going to the cinema …………… five minutes.
9. I haven’t seen Ann for a few days. I last saw her …………. Tuesday.

II) PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

1 ) AT - IN - ON
General Information:

AT ON

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 46

We use at for a point: We use on for a surface:
at the window - at the entrance - at the door on the wall - on the ceiling - on the floor - on
at the end of the street - at the station - at the a page
top on a cover
Bill is waiting for you at the bus stop. Have you seen the notice on the notice board?

IN

We use in for an enclosed space:

in the garden - in the house - in London - in the water
in her bag - in a row - in a town
There is nobody in the room. She lives in a small village.

Special Information:

AT
1. We say that someone is at an event: 2. We say at with buildings when we say
at a party - at a pop concert - at a conference where the event (film, concert,...) takes
- at a meeting place:
Tom is at a party. Where were you yesterday? At the cinema.
The meeting took place at the headquarters.

3. We say at someone's house: 4. We say at for a place which is a part of

We were at Bill's house last Thursday. our journey:
We stopped at a very nice village. Does the
train stop at Nashville?

ON

1. We use on with small islands: 2. We say that a place is on the coast / on a

She spent her holiday on a small island. river / on a road:
London is on the river Thames.
Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.

IN

1. We say in when we talk about a building 2. We usually say in with towns and
itself. villages:
The rooms of Tom's house are small. His parents live in York.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 47

Note these expressions:

AT
at home - at work - at school - at university - at college - at the station - at an airport - at the
seaside - at sea (on a voyage) - at reception - at the corner of a street - at the back / front of a
building / cinema / group of people, etc. - arrive at with other places or events

IN
in the newspaper - in bed - in hospital - in prison - in the street - in the sky - in an armchair
(sit) - in a photograph - in a picture - in a mirror - in the corner of a room - in the back / front
of a car - arrive in a country or town

ON
on a farm - on the left - on the right - on the ground floor - on the first, second,... floor - on
the way - on the chair (sit) - on the radio - on television - on a horse - on the corner of a street
- on the back / front of a letter / piece of paper etc.

2) TO - INTO - BY

TO INTO

We say go / come / travel / fly / walk / We say go into / come into etc. = enter a
return / drive / have been etc. to a place or room / building etc.:
event: He opened the door and went into the room.
Last year we flew to London. We went to
work at seven.

BY

We say by to say how we travel:

We went to Paris by plane. I usually go to work by bike / by car / by underground / by bus

BUT:
we say on foot
we cannot use by if you say my car / the train / a taxi
Then use in for taxis and cars.
Then use on for bike / public transport.

Exercises

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 48

A) Fill in at, on or in

1. The headquarters of the United Nations is New York.

2. In the most countries people drive the right.

3. I usually buy a newspaper my way to work.

4. Last year we had a lovely skiing holiday the Swiss Alps.

5. San Francisco is the west coast of the United States.

6. She spends most of the day sitting the window.

7. The report about the accident was the front page of the newspaper.

8. In the theatre we had seats the front row.

9. Write the name and address the front page of the envelope.

10. It's dangerous to play football the streets.

11. I'll meet you the corner of the street at 10.

12. We got stuck in a traffic jam the way to the airport.

13. Look at the horses that field.

14. the end of the street is a path to our house.

15. Do you want sugar your coffee?

B) Fill in at, on or in

1. Her brother lives a small town the south coast of Spain.

2. The sports results are the back page of the paper.

3. They got married Birmingham.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 49

4. Vienna is the river Danube.

5. His office is the third floor.

6. Tom is sitting an armchair.

7. The picture is the wall.

8. We meet the station at 7.

9. She was ill and stayed bed.

10. Are there any good films the cinema this week?

11. We went to see a play the National Theatre.

12. She is still hospital and recovers from her holiday.

13. We were sea for ten weeks.

14. Because of delay we had to wait for three hours the airport.

15. I didn't see her the party.

C) Fill in at, on, in, to, into or by

1. I must go the bank today to change money.

2. He has just returned France.

3. She arrived the airport at 6.

4. Have you ever been Ireland?

5. They got the car and drove off.

6. We drove the party Tom's car.

7. Get the train. It's going to leave.

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 50

8. The man chased by the police ran the shop.

9. The bird flew the room through the window.

10. He has never been a football match.

11. We usually go to work car.

12. We drove the cinema a taxi.

13. They like to travel plane.

14. Does the train stop York?

15. What time did you arrive school?

D) Fill in at, on, in, to or by

1. We decided not to go car.

2. She studied Paris for two weeks.

3. The exhibition the art gallery finished last Sunday.

4. I saw Ken Dave's wedding.

5. Linda is a student Cambridge University.

6. After some years he arrived back Scotland.

7. The train arrives platform 3.

8. What time did you arrive the hotel?

9. Turn left the traffic lights.

10. When are you going Greece?

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 51

11. He was tired and went bed

12. The train stopped every station.

13. I saw Bill this morning. He was a bus which passed me.

14. I missed the bus and had to go foot.

15. The easiest way to go there is underground.

E) Fill in the gaps using the correct preposition

1. The boat is _____ the river and the person rowing is _____ the boat and the person
swimming is _____ the ocean.
2. The clouds are _____ the sky and the birds are flying _____ the sky too.
3. I was born _____ the 4th _____ July _____ 1776.
4. There are many galaxies _____ the universe.
5. The Nile River is _____ Egypt, Egypt is _____ Africa, Africa is on earth, earth is
_____ the Milky Way, and the Milky Way is just one galaxy _____ the universe.
6. I live _____ 23 Down Street in London.
7. The train stops _____ Prague on its way to Amsterdam. The same train’s end station
is _____ Amsterdam.
8. _____ the way to the cinema, we spotted an owl flying _____ the sky and an eagle
sitting _____ a roof.
9. _____ present, we are still under house arrest.
10. Do you see the painting _____ the wall? It is a real Van Gogh.
11. My desk is _____ the carpet, the carpet is _____ the floor. My desk is _____ my
bedroom, my bedroom is ___ the house. The antenna is ___ the roof, the roof is
_____ the house.
12. The plants are _____ the corner of my bedroom.
13. I will see you later _____ 5:00 PM.
14. _____ such a fine evening as this, we should be _____ a park, not at home.
15. I will be flying to America _____ Christmas, but _____ Christmas Day I will be
_____ Mexico.
16. Will we build the tree-house _____ the weekend?
17. I was waiting _____ the bus stop, where were you? Oh, I was waiting _____ the tram
stop opposite the bus stop.
18. _____ the movie started we bought popcorn, _____ the movie my girlfriend almost
choked _____ the popcorn, and _____ the movie we went home.
19. _____ he was playing football, he broke his leg. _____ the surgery to repair the
broken leg, he met his future wife.
20. He has been laying _____ bed for three days now.
21. He is _____ hospital, _____ the third floor. The hospital is _____ Reed Street.
22. We will go to the club _____ midnight and we will dance _____ noon, _____ then we
will be completely exhausted.

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 23. _____ the way to the doctor’s she noticed a man standing _____ a corner near to the
bank, she thought he looked suspicious, so she called the police.
24. Do you believe _____ magic?
25. _____ the top of this explanation you will find the heading, _____ the middle you will
find the exercises, and _____ the bottom you will find the answers.
26. My brother is _____ home, my mother is _____ work, my father is _____ holiday, I
am _____ school, my sister is _____ the doctor’s and our cat is asleep _____ my bed.
27. Did you get there _____ time, or were you late? I just got there ____ the nick of time.
28. I handed my homework _____ time.
29. _____ the time you read this, I will be _____ Brazil.
30. _____ we do not understand each other I have decided to move out.
31. I am working _____ the school, you are studying ______ this university.

F) Fill in the blanks using correct prepositions:

1. I looked at the bookcase and saw an interesting story book …………. the top shelf.
2. ……………. sunny days we usually go on a picnic.
3. I usually listen ……….. pop music, because I’m interested ………… it.
4. Mary was born ……… 20th March ………… 1982.
5. We had to work everyday ………….. last summer.
6. ………….. Christmas I’d like to visit my relatives.
7. I last saw him ………… last March.
8. Section 5 is ………….. the first floor of the Prep School.
9. You mustn’t smoke …………… a bus.
10. Ahmet’s grandmother died ……….. 1990 …………. the age of 81.
11. Were there many people …………. the concert?
12. He speaks quite good French. He studied ……….. Paris for a year.
CHAPTER VII
PREFERENCE

PREFER LIKE

Patterns: Patterns:

• Prefer + to infinitive • Like + nouns / V-ing + better than +

• Prefer + nouns + to + nouns nouns / V-ing
• Prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing
e.g:
e.g:
• I like singing a song better than playing a
• They prefer to stay home guitar
• My mother prefers lemon to orange juice • I like coffee better than tea.
• She prefers swimming to dancing

WOULD RATHER WOULD PREFER

Patterns: Patterns:

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 53

 • Would prefer + to infinitives + rather
than + bare infinitives
• Would rather + bare infinitives • Would prefer + to infinitives + nouns +
• Would rather + bare infinitives + than + rather than + bare infinitives + nouns
bare infinitives
• Would rather + bare infinitives + nouns
+ than + bare infinitives + nouns
e.g:
e.g: • They would prefer to sing rather than
• I would rather study now dance.
• She would rather stay home than go • You'd prefer to play ball rather than take a
shopping sleep
• You'd rather speak English than French

Would rather vs. would prefer - to express a specific preference

We went to the theatre yesterday. Today I

When we speak about a specific preference,
would rather go to the cinema.
would rather and would prefer have the
We went to the theatre yesterday. Today I
same meaning and are interchangeable.
would prefer to go to the cinema.

Would rather can be abbreviated to 'd

rather. I'd rather go to the cinema today.
Would prefer can be abbreviated to 'd I'd prefer to go to the cinema today.
prefer.

Would rather is followed by the bare

infinitive. I'd rather have water.
Would prefer is followed by to + I'd prefer to have fruit juice.
infinitive.

We use a past tense after would rather I'd rather you took a taxi than walk - it's not
when we speak about the actions of other safe on the streets at night.
people, even though that action may be in The film is quite violent. I'd rather our
the present or future. * children didn't watch it.

When making a comparison we say: It's such nice weather - I'd rather sit in the
would rather ... than garden than watch TV.

After would prefer we say: It's such nice weather - I'd prefer to sit in
would prefer ... rather than the garden rather than watch TV.

A). CHANGE TO OTHER FORMS OF PREFERENCE

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1)
I prefer studying English to Korean.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

2)
I prefer reading English books to Korean books.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

3)
I prefer driving a car to riding a motorcycle.
I like ……. better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

4)
I prefer singing English songs to Korean songs.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

5)
I prefer teaching English to Korean.
I like ……. better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

6)
I prefer writing to reading.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

7)
I prefer swimming to playing tennis.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

8)
I prefer talking with you to John.

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I like ……. better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

9)
I prefer going to Bali to Korea.
I like ….. better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

10)
I prefer living in Malang to Jakarta.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..

B. Answer each of the following questions with a complete sentence using the word(s) in
the bracket

1. Do you like to work in the morning or the evenings? (like)

__________________________________________________________________

2. Do you prefer to have a male or a female manager? (prefer)

__________________________________________________________________

3. Would you rather work in an office or a factory? (would rather)

__________________________________________________________________

4. Would you rather drive to work or walk to work? (like)

__________________________________________________________________

5. Would you rather work for a big company or a small company? (would prefer)

__________________________________________________________________

6. Do you want to retire at 65 or 70? (prefer)

__________________________________________________________________

7. Would you rather work full-time or part-time? (like)

__________________________________________________________________

8. Would you rather own your own business or work for someone else? (would rather)

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__________________________________________________________________

C) Write sentences using " I prefer " (something) " to " ( something else).
Put the verb into the correct form where necessary.
1.( drive / travel by train ) I prefer…
2.( tennis / football ) I prefer….
3.( go to the cinema / watch films on TV) I prefer…

D) Write sentences using " I would prefer… " or " I would rather… "

1. Eat at home/ listen to some music

2. Get a taxi/ stand
3. Go alone/think about it for a while
4. Go for a swim/ wait a few minutes

E) Answer the following questions with your own preferences

1. Shall we walk home ? ( prefer)…..

2. Do you want to eat now ? ( rather) ….
3. Shall we watch TV ? ( prefer) …
4. What about a game of tennis ? ( rather) …
5. Shall we leave now ? (rather) …
6. Do you want to go to a restaurant ? ( prefer) …
7. I think we should decide now ? ( rather) …
8. Would you like to sit down ? ( prefer) …
9. Do you want me to come with you ? ( prefer) …

F) Now write sentences using the comparative form with " would prefer " or " would
rather " and " than " or " rather than "

10. ( get a taxi / walk home) I' d prefer…

11. ( go for a swim / play tennis) I' d rather…
12. ( wait a few minutes / leave now) I' d rather..
13. ( eat at home / go to a restaurant ) I' d prefer…
14. ( think about it for a while / decide now) I' d rather…

HAD BETTER

Had better (or 'd better) is used to give advice.

 had better
It's raining, you'd better take your umbrella.
I have a very important meeting at 8, I had better not be late!

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Fill the gaps with had/'d better or would/'d rather.

1 It's getting dark. We_______________ go back now.

2 A: Can I borrow your car?

B: You_______________ not!

3 A: Can I borrow your camera?

B: I_______________ you didn't.

4 You know, I_______________ you didn't smoke in front of the kids.

5 You_______________ take insect repellant if you're camping near a lake.

6 I_______________ go to Altea than bloody Benidorm any day.

7 We_______________ you didn't hang out with Craig. He's bad news.

8 They_______________ have everything ready for when our clients arrive or

I'll skin them alive.

9 I_______________ not drink on Friday or I won't be in a fit state for the

journey.

10 You_______________ take a bit of time to think this one over carefully.

11 You_______________ not breathe a word about this to David.

12 A: Mike, I_______________ you didn't wear jeans in the office.

B: Craig, I'd rather you weren't my boss!

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 CHAPTER VIII
RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting
another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more
fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

How to Form Relative Clauses

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he
knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put
both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing – you want
to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl …

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the
additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use „the girl“ only in the first part of the
sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative
pronoun „who“). So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Relative Pronouns
relative use example
pronoun
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who
lives next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals and Do you see the cat which is
things lying on the roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which
surprised me.
whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose
mother is a nurse?
whom object pronoun for people, especially in I was invited by the professor
non-defining relative clauses (in defining whom I met at the conference.
relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
that subject or object pronoun for people, I don’t like the table that stands
animals and things in defining relative in the kitchen.
clauses (who or which are also possible)

UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Page 59

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are
used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun.
Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative
pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses,
which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes
the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.

→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative meaning use example

adverb
when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him
where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met
him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met
him

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative
clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative
clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody
whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause
without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

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The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive

relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining
relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask
somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this
situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle.
This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman living next
door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?

Exercises

A) Put in WHO / WHICH :

1. I met a woman ……who….. can speak six languages.

2. What’s the name of the man …………………….. lives next door?
3. What’s the name of the river ………………………. goes through the town?
4. Everybody ……………………… went to the party enjoyed it very much.
5. Do you know anybody ………………….. want to buy a car?
6. Where is the picture ………………………. was on the wall?
7. She always asks me questions ……………………. are difficult to answer.
8. I have a friend ……………………. is very good at repairing cars.
9. A coffee-maker is a machine …………………… makes coffee.
10. Why does he always wear clothes …………………….. are too small for him?

B) Make one sentence from two. Use WHO / THAT / WHICH :

1. A girl is now in hospital. She was injured in the accident.
A girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital……………………
2. A man told me you were away. He answered the phone.
………………………………………………………………………………….

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 3. A waitress was very impolite and impatient. She served us.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. I saw the man. He closed the door.
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. The girl is happy. She won the race.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
………………………………………………………………………………….
10. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
………………………………………………………………………………….
11. The woman was polite. She answered the phone.
………………………………………………………………………………….
12. The man has a good voice. He sang at the concert.
………………………………………………………………………………….
13. We enjoyed the actors. They played the leading roles.
………………………………………………………………………………….
14. The girl is hurt. She fell down the stairs.
………………………………………………………………………………….
15. The student is in my class. He is walking with Ann.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
16. The police caught the thief. He stole the money.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
17. Is the river very large? It flows through that town.
………………………………………………………………………………….
18. There is a new house in our neighborhood. It has a swimming pool.
…………………………………………………………………………………
19. The man is at the bus stop. He fixed our refrigerator.
…………………………………………………………………………………
20. Who are those students? They are talking to Mrs. Hinton.
…………………………………………………………………………………
21. This is the package. It came in the mail today.
…………………………………………………………………………………
22. I like the songs. They tell about life in the country.
…………………………………………………………………………………

C) Construct sentences with the cue words. Use WHICH or WHO.

1. vase / costs $500. Don’t touch it! …… That’s the vase which costs $500. ………
2. girl / is always late. Don’t wait for her! …… That’s the girl who is always late. …..
3. letter / came for my father. Don’t open it! …………………………………………….
4. man / gave me the wrong directions. Don’t listen to him! …………………………….
……………………………………….. .
5. dress / got dirty. Don’t wear it! ………………………………………………………..
6. bus / goes to New York. Don’t get on it! ………………………………………………

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 7. woman / told everyone my secret. Don’t tell her! ……………………………………..
……………………………………… .

D) Join the sentences using WHO, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH or WHOSE:

1. She’s the girl. She works in the library.

…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Corfu is an island. It has many beautiful beaches.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. Here’s the alarm clock. I bought it yesterday.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. I’ve spoken to John. His house was burgled last Monday.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. That’s the lady. Her jewellery was stolen.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. That is the radio. I won it in the competition.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. John is the man. His house was destroyed by the fire.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. There is the hospital. I was born there.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. That was the summer. I met my wife then.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. That is Fiona Webb. She is a famous dancer.
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. France is the country. The best wine is produced there.
…………………………………………………………………………………
12. 1945 was the year. The Second World War ended then.
…………………………………………………………………………………
13. That’s the hotel. I stayed there last summer.
…………………………………………………………………………………
14. August is the month. Most people go on holiday then.
…………………………………………………………………………………
E) Complete the conversation using WHO, WHICH, WHOSE or WHERE:

Simon: Hi Nigel! Where did you go on holiday?

Nigel : I went to Greece …where ….. I had a nice time.
Simon: Did you see anything exciting?
Nigel : Yes. I went to the Acropolis, …………………. is very famous. I also went to the
place …………………the first Olympic Games were held.
Simon : Did you meet anyone interesting there?
Nigel : Yes. I met a girl ……………….. was from England. She knew a Greek
family……...
lived in Athens and she took me to meet them. They were a very rich and kind
family ………………. friendliness made me feel very welcome.
Simon : It sounds like you enjoyed yourself!
Nigel : Yes, it’s a place ………………. I would like to go back.

F) Match the phrases as in the example:

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a blender a path at the side of the road you relax in it
a party something you mix things with it
an armchair a machine people walk along it
a pavement a piece of furniture people enjoy going to
a fork an occasion you eat with it

1. A blender is a machine you mix things with.

2. ………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………

G) Complete with WHO or WHICH:

“ Bob Geldof is a singer and songwriter WHO was born in Ireland in 1954. “
1. He is the famous pop musician …………………. organized charity pop concerts in
the 1980s.
2. “I don’t like Mondays.” is the name of one of his songs ……………….. became a big
hit.
3. “Feed the World” is the song …………………… raised $8 million for famine relief
in Ei
Eithiopia.
4. “Bond Aid” was the name of the group …………………. sang the number one hit.
5. Geldof traveled all over the world. He found a lot of famous people ………………….
were willing to give money for his projects.
6. Before Bob became a pop star, he had many different jobs ………………….. he
didn’t like.
7. Being a music journalist in Canada was a job ……………………. he enjoyed.
8. “The Boomtown Rats” is the name of the group ……………………… he formed in
Dublin.
9. Geldof wrote a best-selling book about his life …………………… is called IS THAT
IT?
10. People ………………… know Geldof say that he is a very kind person.

H) Fill in the correct RELATIVE PRONOUN:

1. Did you see the man …… WHO …… stole her bag?

2. The eggs ………………. you’ve bought are bad.
3. Please give me the keys …………………. are on the table.
4. Is that man ………………….. we saw in the park yesterday?
5. What’s the name of the lady …………………….. babysits for you?
6. Tom is playing with the dog ……………………. lives next door.
7. Have you eaten all the cakes ……………………. I made yesterday?
8. How old is the man ……………………. owns this shop?
9. Let’s all look at the picture …………………… is on page 7.
10. Has Peter returned the money …………………… he borrowed from you?
11. What colour is the dress ………………….. you’re going to wear tonight?
12. The police have arrested the man …………………… murdered his wife.

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 13. The parcel ……………………. is on the table is your birthday present.
14. Have you met the man …………………. Jackie is going to marry?
15. We will ask the man …………………… delivers our milk to leave an extra bottle.
16. Is she the person ……………………… gave you this record?
17. We spent our holiday in a small town …………………. is near the sea.
18. The man …………………… married Kate is a millionaire.
19. Where are the shoes …………………. I bought this morning?
20. I still write to that lady ……………………. I met twenty years ago.

I) Combine the sentences using RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

1. Bob bought the car from a man. The man was the owner of the gallery.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The teacher asked me a question. It was taken from a story book.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Have you employed the man? I recommend him to you last week.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The book was very interesting. I borrowed it from the library yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. The girls are my classmates. We saw them at the cinema.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Alex took the gun out of his pocket. He saw the robbers running down the street.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. The students missed the quiz. They came to class late.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The flowers are still fresh. I picked them up this morning.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

9. There was a garden here. It was full of green trees. Now there are only two trees.
(Relative Clause / Used to)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. They played basketball at home. They broke the vase. It was very valuable.
(While / Relative Clause)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Gerry works for a company. It makes typewriter.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
12. This is Mrs. Green. Her daughter got married to a drummer.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
13. That man is an artist. I forgot his name.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

J) Join these sentences using suitable RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

1. We have a neighbour. His dog barks a lot.

………………………………………………………………………………
2. I don’t know most of the people. You invited them for the party.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. My cousin is a journalist. Her job is interesting.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. That’s the parcel. It came in the mail.

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 ………………………………………………………………………………
5. Do you know the man? I asked him the address.
………………………………………………………………………………
6. The boy is the travel agent. He is checking the tickets.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. The gardener’s wife has just had her third baby. She has been married for six years.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. The horse came in last. You were telling me about it.
………………………………………………………………………………
9. I can’t remember the town. I was born there.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. I apologized to the woman. I spilt her coffee.
………………………………………………………………………………
11. Did you mail the letters? They were on my table.
………………………………………………………………………………
12. The man teaches at the university. You met his daughter last night.
………………………………………………………………………………
13. We’re studying science. It helps us to find out a lot about the world around us.
………………………………………………………………………………
14. The man was very rich. He left a big tip for the waiter.
………………………………………………………………………………
15. The subject interested everyone. You wrote about it last week.
………………………………………………………………………………
16. Mrs. Fox belongs to an organization. It assista hospitals.
………………………………………………………………………………
17. You should go to Dr. Anderson. He’ll give you a common exam.
………………………………………………………………………………
18. We met a girl. Her name was unusual.
……………………………………………………………………………….
19. The story can’t possibly be true. He told it to us.
……………………………………………………………………………….
20. Did you buy the dress? It was very smart and expensive.
……………………………………………………………………………….
21. That’s the dog. It can understand everything.
……………………………………………………………………………….
22. My friend invited a lot of visitors. His house is very large.
……………………………………………………………………………….
23. The bus was very crowded. I took it this morning.
……………………………………………………………………………….
24. My girlfriend is very beautiful. Her eyes are green.
………………………………………………………………………………
25. Bring me the books. I forgot them on my table.
………………………………………………………………………………

K) Complete the sentences:

1. I watched a football match which …………………………………………………..

2. My friends whom ………………………………………………..brought me nice
presents.

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 3. Did you pass the exam which
……………………………………………………………. ?
4. Students who …………………………………………………………... must study
harder.
5. The postman whose …………………………………………………………. is at the
door.
6. That’s the girl whose
……………………………………………………………………….
7. Jim helped the old lady who
………………………………………………………………..
8. The police asked some questions to the boy who
…………………………………………..
9. I have a new camera which
…………………………………………………………………
10. A parrot is a bird that
……………………………………………………………………….
11. The children whom …………………………………………………….. were arguing
with each other.
12. Prof. Moore who ………………………………………………………... will be our
guest.
13. The soup which ……………………………………………………………. was very
salty.
14. A kangaroo is an animal which
……………………………………………………………..
15. Is that the same boy who
…………………………………………………………………. ?
16. The present which …………………………………………………… was very
interesting.
17. I need someone who
………………………………………………………………………..
18. The actor whom ………………………………………………………… was very
famous.

L) Answer the questions using RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

1. Who did she give the money to? (man / wait at the door)
……………………………………………………………………
2. Where did he take her? (restaurant / serve Chinese food)
……………………………………………………………………
3. What kind of students are mostly successful?
……………………………………………………………………
4. What kind of people do you like?
……………………………………………………………………
5. What kind of people don’t you like?
……………………………………………………………………
6. Where did she live when she was a child? (big house / room for everyone)
……………………………………………………………………
7. Who is a postman?
……………………………………………………………………
8. What is a knife?

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 ……………………………………………………………………
9. What kind of place do you like?
…………………………………………………………………….
10. What is a zoo?
…………………………………………………………………….

M) Complete the sentences with WHO / WHICH / WHERE / WHOSE:

My friend ……………….. took me to a restaurant works in a big shop ………………

sells expensive shoes. The restaurant ……………………. we had lunch was very modern.
The food ………………….. they served was excellent. The waiters ………………….. shirts
were silk were always busy with the customers …………………… wallets were full of
money.
The table ………………… we had was near a window, so we could see the cars
…………….
were parked by the rich customers ourside the restaurant. They were being watched by a
young man in uniform.
After we had finished the meals, the waiter …………………my friend called came with a
small silver box …………………. he had already put the bill in. When my friend took the
bill out of the box, he opened his eyes in surprise because he had never had to pay so much
money before.

E) Rewrite the following story combining the sentences using a RELATIVE

PRONOUN:

In 1956, a young sailor wrote a note. He felt very lonely. He put the note into a bottle. He
threw the bottle into the ocean. In his note, he wanted any girl to write to him. A girl would
find the bottle.
Two years later, a fisherman saw the sailor’s bottle and picked it up. He was fishing on a
shore in Sicily. As a joke, he gave it to his daughter. She wrote the sailor a letter. After more
letters, the sailor married her in 1958. He visited Sicily.

N) Combine the following sentences using WHERE or WHEN:

1. Here is the shop. I bought my new camera form this shop.

……………………………………………………………………………………. .
2. We will spend our holiday in the same village. We have had a lot of joyful days there
so
far.
…………………………………………………………………………………….. .
3. We enjoyed Marmaris. We spent our summer holiday there this year.
…………………………………………………………………………………….. .
4. The library is quite far from the city center. I go and work there twice a month.
……………………………………………………………………………………… .
5. I’ll never forget the day. I met my wife on this day.
……………………………………………………………………………………… .
6. I’m looking forward to the Fifteenth of next month. I’ll get married then.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
7. Do you know the restaurant? We will meet you there tomorrow.

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 ………………………………………………………………………………………. .
8. John visited me last Friday. A few other friends also called me up last Friday.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
9. Last week I went to see the country town. I used to live in that town.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
10. Abant is a beautiful place. There are many lakes there.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .

Identifying /defining relative clauses Non-identifying / non-defining relative

clauses

1. They tell about people or things 1. They give us extra (more) information
* What’s the name of the tall man about people or things. * This is Ms
who just came in? Rogers, who’s joining the firm next
week.
2. we always put a comma before a non-
defining clause
2. no comma before the defining relative * Ken’s mother, who is 81, has just
clause passed her driving test.
* Did you see the letter which came this
morning?

3. who –for people 3. who- for people

which- for things which – for things

that- for both that- cannot use

* Did you see the letter that came this * She gave me the key, which I put in my
morning? pocket.

4. We can leave out who/ which/ that 4. We cannot leave out who/ which.
when they are
* My uncle John, who lives in
the objects. Manchester, is coming to visit me next
week.
* He’s the man (who) we met last night.

Exercises

A. Join the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun to form defining and non-
defining clauses.

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1. He put the ring through her nose. It was made of gold.-He put the ring, which was made
of gold, through her nose.
2. I know somebody. Her father has got a tattoo on his back.
3. I read a leaflet. It said body piercing was dangerous.
4. I went to a salon. They did body piercing there.
5. My sister dyed her hair pink. I find it an attractive colour.
6. I saw a girl. She had each part of her face pierced.
7. They opened a beauty salon in StGeorge’s Square. There used to be a perfume shop there.

B. Rewrite the sentences changing the information in brackets into relative clauses.
Add commas where necessary.

1. The TV breaks down all the time. (This makes us listen to the radio more).
2. The fire brigade haven’t managed to put out the fire. (It broke out at 5 a.m.)
3. The report describes human rights in Asia. (The International Magazine published it this
month).
4. Charles Perry will host a chat show on TV5. (His lifestyle is constantly being discussed
in the popular press).
5. Some African animals species have to be helped by international organizations. (They are
threatened with extinction).
6. Jane applied for the job. (She speaks fluent English.)
7. The rice was very good. (We had it for dinner last night).
8. Robert’s parents live in Spain now. (They are both retired).
9. Have you still got the money? (I gave it to you).
10. Sydney is Australian largest city. (It has a population of more than 3 mln people).

C. ARE THESE RELATIVE CLAUSES DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING?

1. London, which is the capital of England, is one of the largest cities in the world.
2. This is the dress my mother has made for me.
3. Queen Elizabeth II, who is 83, has been the queen of England for 57 years now.
4. That's the dog that bit me.
5. Tom Cruise, who has starred a lot of films, is a famous American actor.
6. The village where I grew up is very small.
7. Greg, whose job involves travelling a lot, has been in nearly all the countries in the
world.
8. The office I have just rented is near my home.

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 9. This is the officer that arrested the burglar.
10. Lady Gaga, who is a well-known pop star, is only 24

CHAPTER IX
USED TO V1 & USED TO V-ING

Used to

Used to + verb refers to a habit or state in the past. It is used only in the past simple.

Past habits
We used to live there when I was a child.
If you used to do something, you did it for
I used to walk to work every day when I
a period of time in the past, but you don't do
was younger.
it any more.

Past states
We also say used to to express a state that I used to like The Beatles but now I never
existed in the past but doesn't exist now. listen to them.
States are not actions. They are expressed He used to have long hair but nowadays his
using stative verbs such as have, believe, hair is very short.
know and like.

The form of the question is

did(n't) + subject + use to be. Did(n't) he use to work in your office?
The form of the negative is We didn't use to be vegetarians.
subject + didn't + use to be.

Be used to

Be used to + noun phrase or verb-ing (in

this pattern used is an adjective and to is a I am used to getting up early in the
preposition). morning. I don't mind it.
If you are used to something, you have He didn't complain about the noise
often done or experienced it, so it's not nextdoor - he was used to it.
strange, new or difficult for you.

The opposite of be used to is be not used

I am not used to the new system yet.
to.

Get used to

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Get used to + noun phrase or verb-ing (in
this pattern used is an adjective and to is a I got used to getting up early in the
preposition). morning.
If you get used to something, you become
accustomed to it. After a while he didn't mind the noise in the
It is the process of becoming used to office - he got used to it.
something.

A) Complete the sentences using USED TO or BE USED TO:

1. I ……………………………… (live) in Finland, but now I live in France.

2. He ……………………………….. (sit) in the back of the classroom, but now he
prefers to sit in the front row.
3. When I was a child, I ………………………………… (play) games with my friends in
a big field near my house after school every day.
4. It’s hard for my children to stay inside on a cold, rainy day. They
……………………….. (play) outside in the big field near our house. They play there
almost every day.
5. People ………………………………………… (believe) that the world was flat.
6. Trains ………………………………….. (be) the main means of cross-continental
travel. Today, most people take airplanes for long-distance travel.
7. Ms. Stanton’s job requires her to travel extensively throughout the world. She
…………... …………………………… (travel) by plane.
8. You and I are from different cultures. You ………………………………………
(have) fish for breakfast. I ……………………………………………. (have) cheese
and bread for breakfast.
9. What ……………………………………. (do) on summer days when you were a
child?
10. Bill lives alone. He doesn’t mind this. Because he …………………..
……………………… (live) alone.
11. Tom ………………………………. (drink) a lot of coffee. Now he prefers tea.
12. I have to work hard. This is not a problem for me. I have always worked hard. So I
……………………………………… (work) hard.
13. Some friends of yours have just moved into a flat on a busy street. It is very noisy.
They will ……………………………………………. noise.
14. When we were children, we ………………………………….. (swim) every day.
15. I haven’t been to the cinema for ages now. We ………………………………… (go) a
lot.
16. Dennis gave up smoking two years ago. He ………………………………………
(smoke)

B) Rewrite the sentences using USED TO:

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 1. When she was a child, she lived in a small village.
……….When she was a child, she used to live in a small village. ……………….
2. When he was a young man, he enjoyed playing basketball.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. In ancient Rome, wall paintings were a popular form of advertising.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Before she learned to read, her parents read stories to her.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Before he came to Ankara, life was cheap in Turkey.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Jim spoke German ar school, but he has now forgotten.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Susan was a nurse before she got married and raised a family.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Sally played tennis when abroad, but she prefers swimming now.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Before they bought their house, they lived in an apartment.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10. While she was going to university, she worked in a doctor’s office.
………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Before he married his second wife, he was quite happy.
………………………………………………………………………………………

C) Complete the text about Ziggy Starr when she was a child using USED TO / DIDN’T
USE TO and the verbs in brackets:

I didn’t use to have (not have) many friends when I was a child so I
…………………………. (play) with my toys all day. I …………………………………..
(worry) about things a lot but
I ……………………………………… (not bite) my nails or suck my thumb. I remember that
I ……………………………….. (cry) a lot and I ……………………………. (be) really
afraid of the dark.

D) Complete the text using USED TO and the verbs in the box:

do give have learn read wear

School has changed since I was a student. We used to wear school uniform and I didn’t
like that very much. We …………………………………. a lot of lessons and most of them
were difficult. We ………………………………….. homework every day. We
……………………….
lots of books and we ……………………………………. everything by heart. And our
teachers …………………………………… us a lot of tests and examinations. Some of them
were impossible! I think school is easier now than it was 50 years ago.

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E. Choose the best answer

1. After the holidays it takes me a week __________ up early again.

A. to be used to getting
B. to be used to get
C. to get used to getting
D. to get used to get
2. I _______ to play football when I was young. I'm too old and fat to play now.
A. was used to
B. use
C. got used to
D. used
3. At first it was difficult for her to speak in French all the time but she _________ to it
now.
A. 's used
B. was used
C. gets used
D. Uses
4. Do you mind if I ______ your phone?
A. used
B. use
C. get used to
D. am using
5. I've been getting up early every day for years but I ________ to it.
A. 'm still not used
B. used
C. 'm already used
D. use
6. The queue in the baker's ___________ to be so bad but now it's terrible. It must be
that new chapata bread they bake. It's delicious.
A. was used

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 B. didn't used
C. didn't use
D. use
7. People ________ Internet yet but in a few years time everybody will be surfing
around like crazy.
A. are used to using
B. don't use
C. aren't used to using
D. isn't used to using
8. Jim doesn't have a girlfriend now but he __________ .
A. was using to
B. didn't use to
C. Is used to
D. used to
9. If you go to live in Britain, you __________ on the left.
A. 'll have to get used to driving
B. 'd have to get used to
C. 'd have had to get used to
D. 'll have to get used to drive

10. Pepe Juan was in London for a year. He liked England but he ______________ the
insipid food and the disgusting coffee and of course, the miserable weather.
A. could ever get used to
B. wasn't used to
C. couldn't ever get used to
D. could never get used to

F. Fill in the gaps with used to v1 or be / get used to ving

1. Mrs Wilson _______________ (to read) four hours a day when she was young .

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 2. He is nervous because he _____________________ (not , to speak) English .

3. There _____________________ (to be) a bakery in the village in those days .

4. They _________________ (to have) lunch in a fast food every Saturday when they
were teenagers .

5. She lives in Los Angeles and she _________________ (to go) to Disney Land

6. Don't worry about him, he ____________________ (to get up) early every day .

7. Do you remember that we ___________ (to tell) you stories before you went to bed .

8. Mary _____________________ (to walk) to school but now she takes the bus .

9. I ______________________ (not, to smoke) when I was young .

10. When I was a child , I _____________________________ (to collect) stamps .

11. He _____________________________ (to sing) in his bath .

12. Caroline _______________ (have) a walkman, now she has an ipod.

13. We haven't seen Bob very often since he got a promotion. He's very busy. He
_____________________(not be) so busy.

14. I've just got my first job. It's exciting but I'll have _______________________(work)
regular hours.

15. It is difficult for Tom to drive in England. He ____________________ (drive) on the

left-hand side of the road.

16. When Peter was young, he ________________ (ride) a bicycle to school.

17. People from India usually find our food tasteless. They
________________________ (eat) spicy food.

18. Computers ________________ (be) very expensive. Now the prices are more
reasonable.

19. English has become international. Businessmen ________________________

(speak) English at international meetings.

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 20. During my childhood, I ________________ (spend) a lot of time with my
grandparent

21. Maria _________________ (think) that she would never

________________________ (live) in New York.

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