Edward Wadsworth's 1919 painting Dazzle Ships

In Drydock At Liverpool
World War I

Study Guide
 Table of Contents
Intro p.3
Causes p.4-5
Technology p.6-9
The U.S. Entered WWI p. 10
U.S. Navy during WWI p.11
Core Standards
Treaty of Versailles and causes of WWII p.12
Activities p. 13-16
DC:
10.5. Students analyze the long-term military, economic, and political effects of the World War I.
1. Describe advances in tank and aerial warfare, the belief that the “Great War” would end war, and disarmament movements.
(M, P)
2. Describe the effects of the war and resulting peace treaties on population movement, the international economy, and shifts
in the geographic and political borders of Europe and the Middle East. (G, P, E)
[Link] the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, including Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, and the causes and
effects of the United States’ rejection of the League of Nations on world politics. (P)
[Link] the conflicting aims and aspirations of the conferees at Versailles and the Versailles treaty’s economic and moral
effects on Germany.
[Link] the widespread disillusionment with prewar institutions, authorities, and values that resulted in a void that was later
filled by totalitarians. (P)
11. Analyze the objectives and achievements of women’s political movements in the context of World War I and its aftermath.
(P, S)
12. Explain the influence of World War I on literature, art, and intellectual life (e.g., Pablo Picasso, the Jazz Era music of the
Harlem Hellfighters 369th Regiment Band and James Reese Europe; the “lost generation” of Gertrude Stein and Ernest
Hemingway). (I)

Version 2: April 24, 2018

 Introduction

World War I (1914-1918) was a conflict that involved more countries and caused greater
destruction than any other war up to its time. In total, 9 million soldiers and 6 million civilians lost
their lives.

The conditions that led to World War I took shape over several decades. The unification of
Germany in 1871 had created a powerful and fast-growing new state in Central Europe. In the
early 1900’s, Germany’s quest for power caused a series of crises. Armed forces expanded, and
Europe’s great powers formed alliances and prepared for war.

A single assassination on June 28, 1914, sparked

the outbreak of World War I. That day, a gunman shot
down Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The
shooting took place in Sarajevo, the capital of Austria-
Hungary's province of Bosnia. Serbia had long sought
freedom from their colonizer Austria-Hungary, and
Austrian investigators believed Serbia had a hand in the
assassination. With the assistance of Germany, Austria
later declared war on Serbia, sparking an alliance-based
chain declaring war.

When the fighting began, each nation’s allies

became involved in the conflict. France, Russia, and the
United Kingdom, collectively known as the Entente,
backed Serbia. They opposed the Central Powers, made
up of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Other countries later
joined each alliance. The Entente and its allies came to be
known as the Allies.

The United States remained neutral at first.

However, many Americans turned against the Central
Powers after German submarines began sinking unarmed
American ships. In 1917, the United States joined the
Entente. The support of the United States gave the
Entente the resources they needed to win the war. In the
fall of 1918, the Central Powers surrendered.

A number of developments contributed to the

historic bloodshed of World War I. Military drafts raised
larger armies than ever before. Industries equipped those armies with new and dangerous
weapons. Barbed wire slowed the movement of troops across the battlefield, and machine guns
fired hundreds of rounds in less than a minute. Armies fought from vast systems of trenches
(fortified ditches). Also, government propaganda drove support by making opposing nations seem
villainous. This particular war changed the laws of warfare and society’s mindset of the “glory of
war”.
Resource: World Book Student
3
 Causes Causes

Numerous complicated events led to what we know as World War I. It is hard to give a direct cause and effect, like
the invasion or attack on a country. Many point to the assassination of the Archduke, and heir, of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire Franz Ferdinand. Historians agree that the “Great War” became a global event when Russia
mobilized its forces or when Germany declared war on Russia, however, this may not mean Germany and Russia
are to blame for the war. Let’s look at the complicated timeline that made this a global war.

June 28, 1914- Gavrilo Princip assassinates the Archduke and Heir of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Austrian
agents learn that Princip was a member of the Black Hand, a group of
Bosnian Serbs who believed in the liberation of Serbs who lived
outside of Serbia, mainly in Austria-Hungary. Agents learned the Black
Hand was armed by Serbia.

July 23- Nearly one month after the assassination, Austria- Gavrilo Princip
Hungary issued an ultimatum to the kingdom of Serbia basically
saying to back down or we will invade. The Serbs almost
immediately reject the ultimatum, but in their reply, make the
language appear to be a surrender. This stalled the Austro-
Hungarian response for a few days.
Why did Austria-Hungary wait a month to issue the ultimatum?
Austria-Hungary wanted to ensure that their ally Germany would help militarily should they need to invade Serbia. They spent
the month in talks with Germany, which ended in what is known as the “Blank Check”. Germany would back Austria-Hungary in
whatever it decided to do. Germany and Austria-Hungary knew that Russia was allies with Serbia, but Germany thought Russia
would not defend Serbia after the assassination. Keeping this in mind, they knew the alliance with Austria-Hungary would help
should Russia mobilize.
EUROPE 1914
July 25- Russia, an ally to Serbia, declares they are in a Allied Powers
“Period of Preparatory to War”. Had they declared they Central Powers
were mobilizing, this would have alerted Germany and Neutral Powers

Austria-Hungary to mobilize themselves, but their

preparatory declaration translated as a mostly diplomatic
strategy.
July 28- Austria declares war on Serbia, as they rejected
the ultimatum.
July 30- Since Serbia and Russia were allies, Russia
mobilizes its troops. Germany demands that Russia stays
out of the conflict and back down. Russia ignores the
demand.
August 1- Germany declares war on Russia. France
begins to mobilize because they are allies with Russia.
Later entries into WWI
August 3- Germany declares war on France and moves to • Japan-August 23, 1914
march through Belgium, the quickest route to France from
• Turkey- October 30, 1914
Germany. Belgium was allies with the Great Britain.
• Italy- May 22, 1915
August 4- Germany marches through Belgium to quickly defeat
France. Great Britain issues warning to retreat. Germany
ignores warning, and Great Britain declares war on Germany.
4
 Causes

July/August 1914
23 24 25

Austria/ Russia’s
Germany’s Period
Ultimatum to Preparatory to
Serbia War

26 27 28 29 30 31 1

Austria Russia Germany

declares war mobilizes declares war
on Serbia troops on Russia

2 3 4
Germany
Germany marches
declares war through Great Britain
on France Belgium to declares war
France on Germany

Alliances
Alliances, both secret and otherwise, led to the onset of World War I. As you can see from the last
page, this started as a regional issue and exploded within two weeks. Using the information given
above and on page 3, list the countries within the two major alliances of the War.

Central Powers Triple Entente/Allies

Russia

5
 WWI Technology
World War I is considered to be the first “modern war”. Dozens of new inventions and technologies led to
completely new approaches to warfare and strategy. Prior to “The Great War”, warfare was considered a glorious
and romanticized event that spread national pride. These new technologies, however, were created for
destruction, and killing opponents became much easier. Using old-war strategies and new technologies created
even more casualties than necessary. Read below to learn why:

Trench Warfare
Digging trenches was originally used in
warfare by the French as far back as the
17th century. Most all soldiers were
issued entrenching told like a shovel, but
nether side of the war anticipated that
warfare would be so static for years at a
time. The first trenches, dug in
September, 1914, measured only a couple
feet deep, enough to crouch and avoid
gunfire. Soldiers inevitably dug trenches
meters deep and hundreds of miles long,
creating sleeping and eating quarters.
Due to heavy rainfall and humidity,
soldiers often waded in mud throughout
every day, and infection, or gangrene, ran
rampant among these men.
German Trenches- 1914 (Courtesy: Library of Congress)

Machine Guns
Prior to World War I, weaponry and firing weapons was a much
more intimate experience with your target. You would have to aim
directly at your target and carefully shoot, as not to waste the
limited ammunition loaded in your gun. With the invention of the
machine gun in the late 19th century, soldiers could fire up to 600
bullets per minute. This being said, consider the former battle
strategy line formation, like the images of the British during the
American Revolutionary War. Now, read the first hand account of
using the machine gun by a British soldier during the Battle of the
Somme:
Machine Gun commonly used in
World War I. Notice that both men
don gas masks while fighting.
“When we started firing we just had to load and reload. They went down in
their hundreds. You didn’t have to aim, we just fired at them.”

Guiding Questions:
How might the popularity of trenches and machines guns have led to long, stalemate battles?
Considering the living conditions of trenches, what diseases and health concerns would have
spread? What would you have done to prevent these risks?
6
 WWI Technology
Barbed Wire
While barbed wire had originally been invented in the
mid 19th century for the purpose of farming, both the
Central Powers and Triple Entente found it to be
useful in trench warfare. Barbed wire could be used
as a defensive and offensive strategy in warfare.
More simply as a defense strategy, troops would line
the border of their trenches as a last line of defense
from the enemy. Offensively, barbed wire was used
strategically by creating paths leading to “kill zones”.
Troops would run to attack their opponents’ trenches
only to be surrounded by barbed wire. Once they
were all in a designated area, the opponent would
shoot them down using machine guns.

German Sniper behind barbed wire defense. Year unknown.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress

Poison Gas
This weapon was first successfully used by
Germany on April 22, 1915. Because both sides
were largely using trench warfare, neither would
raid the opposing side. The area between the
trenches, often fairly close, became known as
“no man’s land”. So, in 1915, Germany used a
chemical agent known as mustard gas to force
the Allies into surrender. On that day alone, the
gas killed 5,000 soldiers, clearing the area for a
German battle victory. Mustard gas is a type of
chlorine. Chlorine gases burn the lining of the
throat causing victims to choke to death. These
gases can also burn out the eyes and other soft
tissue exposed to it. Gas masks and other
US Marines in gas masks, preventative measures came into effect after
1918. chemical warfare became more popular on both sides of the war. After the War ended,
chlorine gas killed over 100,000 solders and wounded over 1 million.

We gathered by the rail [of the ship] and gazed for the first time at the brilliantly lighted harbor and
realized that we were in France…While we were waiting on deck with our equipment on, a
trainload of 500 wounded came on the wharf beside us. They were brought on board at once.
About half of them were suffering from gas poisoning. Their skin was yellow and their eyes were
protected from the sun by paper shades. Many had both legs amputated.”

7
 WWI Technology

Tanks
Tanks were introduced late in World War I as a response
to the stalemate of trench warfare. A British invention,
they fist saw action in 1916, two years after the beginning
of the War. It was first successfully used in 1917 in the
Battle of Cambrai. German forces had reinforced their
trenches with strong barbed wire, and their machine
weapons kept the Allies from victory. Fleets of tanks
assembled and charged the front, passing easily through
no man’s land, the barbed wire, and crossing the
trenches. In response to this success, the Allies continued
to manufacture thousands of tanks. Germany, in
response, were only able to develop and build 20 tanks.

Tank forging through a trench

Aviation
In the beginning of the War, planes were rarely
used. Most countries used hot air balloons and
zeppelins in order to photograph enemy grounds
and gain intelligence. Most of the actual planes
owned by governments were not for warfare and
didn't see the line of battle until the end of the
War. Pilots started carrying bricks on board to
drop on opposing planes, and some even started
carrying guns with them. The French became
well known for their Aces, or infamously talented
pilots, like Manfred von Richthofen (Red Baron).
Pilots like Richthofen learned to do spins, half-
rolls, and climbing turns, among other flying
techniques.

Guiding Questions:
Which of the weapons listed are considered defensive strategies? Offensive?
Which of these weapons would you consider to the the deadliest?
Could a soldier utilize or face more than one of these in a similar setting? Which ones would work together?

8
 WWI Technology
Instructions: Draw a line from the quotation to the correlating
technology introduced during World War I.

“…I couldn’t see, my eyes were running water

and burning, so was my nose and I could hardly
breathe. I gasped, choked and felt the extreme
terror of the man who goes under in the water
and will clutch at a straw.”

"...lumbering slowly towards [Link] three

huge mechanical monsters such as we had never
seen before."

"Artillery was the killer; artillery was the terrifier;

artillery followed the soldier to the rear; sought
him out in his billet; found him on the march"

Colonel Pope, the commanding officer of the

Borderers, becomes a casualty. Tripping over
some rusty wire he falls and punctures his face.
Two years later a military funeral…of Pope. The
dirty wire killed him.

“Whilst asleep during the night, we were

frequently awakened by rats running over us.
When this happened too often for my liking, I
would lie on my back and wait for a rat to linger
on my legs; then violently heave my legs
upwards, throwing the rat into the air.
Occasionally, I would hear a grunt when the rat
landed on a fellow victim.”

You don't think much of the individual, because

you don't think you've hit him and you hope that
he will bail out or something; it's the aeroplane
you've hit … normally it was more of a game if
you like, you were outwitting and shooting down
another aircraft, you were simply hitting metal.

9
 The [Link] WWI
The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning
wars, deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas.

The United States did not enter World War I until 1917, three years
after its beginning. The United States President at the time, Woodrow
Wilson, believed that we should remain neutral but trade and deal with
both the Central Powers and Allies. The German Navy began attacking
merchant and civilian ships crossing the Atlantic, as they knew the
[Link] munitions for sale to the Allies. One of the most famous attacks
was that of the sinking of the cruise liner RMS Lusitania in 1915. This was
a civilian ship crossing the Atlantic from New York City to Liverpool.
Germany knew that [Link] were on board the ship, and to prevent
the Allies from receiving them, sank the Lusitania, killing 1,198 of the 1,962
on board. At this point, the German Navy was preventing free trade of the
seas, in conflict with the mission of the [Link]. This event did not
directly lead to [Link] of World War I. The [Link] not enter
the war for another 2 years. This event would, however, create anti-
German sentiments among the American public.
Two major event in 1917 did lead to the [Link] World War I.
In January of that year, the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann
sent a telegram to the German Minister to Mexico. In this telegram,
famously known as a Zimmermann Telegram, Germany promised to
reclaim portions of the American Southwest if they would form allegiance
with Germany. This telegram was intercepted by British Intelligence who
notified President Wilson. Germany was now a more major threat to the
United States, and one month later, Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, breaking military
code. In unrestricted submarine warfare, German U-boats (submarines) would fire on any ships without any
warning, whether they be military or merchant/civilian liners. With this action, along with the Zimmermann
Telegram, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany, joining the Allies, in April 1917.

…since April of last year the Imperial Government had somewhat

restrained … with its promise then given to [Link] passenger boats
should not be sunk and that due warning would be given to all other
vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy… The new policy
has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their
flag, their character, their cargo, their destination, their errand, have
been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought
of help or mercy for those on board, the vessels of friendly neutrals
along with those of belligerents.

10
 US Navy and WWI
Imperial Germany relied heavily on their 48 submarines at the beginning of World War I. With regard to the US,
they felt that their strong Navy would prevent American troops from entering the war by preventing troops from
crossing the Atlantic. Their initial plan was to suffocate the Allies of their supplies, shipped mainly from the US,
and force the Allies into an early surrender in the war. This plan worked quite well in the beginning of the war.
Germany had the most submarines ships and sank 5,554 Allied and merchant ships over the course of the War.
By 1917, Germany had built 372 U-boats. The Allies ended up sinking 178.
Once the United States entered World War I, our Navy, along with the British Royal Navy, had developed anti-
submarine technology which ultimately helped win the war. Initially, the U.S. Navy facilitated naval transport and
supply service for the Allied forces in Europe. These shipments required protection from German submarines.
Later, the U.S. Navy began a complicated campaign of anti-submarine warfare in order to weaken the German
stronghold on the Atlantic Ocean.
Mines
Mines were an effective way to damage or
destroy submarines. Using an anchor and a
float tried to copper wire, the mine would be
suspended underwater at the depth of
submarines. Tripping the wire would
detonate the mine. The British Royal Navy
had been setting mines for years before the
U.S. Navy entered the War. Once the United
States Navy entered, we laid tens of
thousands of mines in the North Sea to avoid
an attack. Our Navy could lay as many as
5,000 mines in one expedition. Records
show that we destroyed at least six German
U-boats along the northern trade routes of
the Atlantic.

Dazzle Dazzle
The British Royal Navy initially invested in painting
wild and chaotic paint patters, Dazzle, on their ships
to confuse the German U-boat targets. The project
met great success, as the German Navy could not
calculate the trajectory of British ships. The United
States Navy followed the development of Dazzle in
Great Britain with great interest. In March 1918, it
established its own program, which built on and
expanded the British Dazzle system with new
patterns of “war paint” and experimented with vivid
colors and modern art designs. The American
version was dubbed “Razzle Dazzle”.

11
 US Navy and WWI
Railway Gun-
One of the gun factory's most stellar accomplishments was the
production of railway carriages on which were mounted 14-inch
naval rifles. By 1918, the Imperial German Navy had effectively
developed the Paris-Geschütz (Paris Gun). This long range siege
gun targeted and destroyed Paris from 70 miles away, making it
the first of its kind. This one weapon brought France to its knees,
as no Allied weapon could defeat its size and range. Seeing a
desperate need to counter this invention in 1917, Rear Admiral
Ralph Earle, chief of Bureau of Ordnance persuaded the Navy
Department that to develop rail-mounted guns that could
effectively counter German guns shelling the French capital of
Paris and other allied sites from greater distances. The [Link] five guns to France, delivering a strong message to Imperial
Germany. The Paris Gun evacuated France within a week. The [Link] Railway Guns are most known for their immense size
and firing range (over 75 miles). While they were not widely used during World War I, they remain a legend in Naval History.
One of the original five guns can be seen at the Washington Navy Yard.

Navy Corpsmen-
Enlisted Navy medical specialists serve as Navy Corpsmen and were the
first in history to care for wounded Marines and Sailors. Major
advancements in medicine, along with the casualties seen during the
Spanish American War led high ranking officials to expand and better
recognize the need for medical personnel and equipment on the field. In
1914, two Hospital Corps Training Schools were opened in Rhode Island,
and California. To further strengthen the structure of the corpsmen, an act
of Congress on August 29, 1916 introduced medical apprenticeships and
pharmacists to the ranks. What spurred the growth of the corpsmen to an
undeniable asset was the American entry into World War I. In 1916, the
corpsmen had roughly 1,600 active troops. Just one year later, 17,000
enlisted corpsmen provided medical assistance to those serving overseas.

Depth Charger- Convoys-

Depth Charges-A depth charge is a A convoy is a group of merchant ships Hydrophone-
bomb that is escorted by warships. The concept A hydrophone is a listening device
designed to forced U-boats to attack a group of that allowed Sailors aboard surface
explode ships, rather than a lone merchant ships to determine the location of a
underwater at vessel. submerged U-boat. Trained to listen
a pre- for certain sounds made by the U-
determined boat's machinery, a Sailor could then
depth. Its determine its location and relay the
invention data to the bridge.
allowed
surface ships,
for the first
time, to attack submarines that had
submerged. The Royal Navy first
deployed the weapon in 1916 and the
U.S. Navy quickly adopted and placed
them aboard their ships. 12
 Treaty of Versailles
World War I officially ended with the Paris Peace Conference in January, 1919. The treaty of Versailles was then
completed for signatures on June 28, 1919. In 1918, the war appeared to be in favor of Germany. Russia had
pulled out of the War, weakening the Allies. The U.S.’s entry into the War turned the favor to the Allies, providing
them with the armed forces and resources necessary to fight the German Empire. Since the Allies technically won
the war, they took the responsibility of drafting the Treaty of Versailles, all but excluding Germany from negotiations.
Let’s look at the various points and measures included in the
Treaty:
Provisions of the Treaty: Who attended the Conference?
The main provisions of the treaty set up the League of Nations, Thirty-two countries in total participated in World
revised boundaries, disarmed Germany, and called for War I, 28 of them sided with the Allies, or Triple
reparations. In more detail, the Treaty consisted of seven Entente. Germany, the unspoken leader of the
major points: Central Powers, was not invited to attend.
1. A League of Nations would be established, much like the
United Nations today, in order to bond countries and prevent
a war of this level again. Germany would not be permitted to
enter the League until 1926.
2. The Allies would break up the German Empire and redraw the
map of Western and Central Europe. See the images on this
page for changes.
3. Demilitarized zones would be established surrounding
Germany.
4. Germany would lose all of its colonies.
5. Germany’s armed forces would be minimized and would be
prevented from obtaining certain weapons, especially those
of higher technology.
6. Most importantly, as stated in Article 231, known as the War
Guilt Clause, placed the blame of the War on the German
Empire. This was included to serve as a humiliation to
Germany.
7. Germany must pay reparations for all civilian damage
caused during the war, regardless of the country in question.

Germany reluctantly agreed to the Treaty, causing disastrous deflation and the rise of extremism
in the country among civilians. Terrorists ultimately assassinated those involved in signing the
Treaty. Much of the provisions were withdrawn in 1932 with the onset of the Great Depression. At
that point, Germany began rebuilding their military, in violation of part 5 of the Treaty. An
energetic and passionate public speaker rose to power and was elected Chancellor of Germany
in 1933 by the name of Adolf Hitler, who reclaimed much of the land taken in the Treaty. Fearing
another war, the former Allies allowed these actions until the German invasion of Poland in 1939,
starting the Second World War.

13
 Activities

There is a lot of information in this packet, so let’s go back to the beginning and remember how this
War began. Look at the events listed below and order them chronologically as the events leading to
World War I.

Germany marches through Belgium to quickly defeat France. Great Britain

________ issues warning to retreat. Germany ignores warning.

The Serbs almost immediately reject the ultimatum, but in their reply, make
the language appear to be a surrender. This stalled the Austro-Hungarian
________ response for a few days.

________ Great Britain declares war on Germany.

Russia, an ally to Serbia, declares they are in a “Period of Preparatory to

War”. Had they declared they were mobilizing, this would have alerted
Germany and Austria-Hungary to mobilize themselves, but their
________ preparatory declaration translated as a mostly diplomatic strategy.

Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the kingdom of Serbia basically

________ saying to back down or we will invade.

Since Serbia and Russia were allies, Russia mobilizes its troops.
Germany demands that Russia stays out of the conflict and back down.
________ Russia ignores the demand.

Gavrilo Princip assassinates the Archduke and Heir of the Austro-Hungarian

Empire, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Austrian agents learn that Princip was
a member of the Black Hand, a group of Bosnian Serbs who believed in the
liberation of Serbs who lived outside of Serbia, mainly in Austria-Hungary.
________ Agents learned the Black Hand was armed by Serbia.

Germany declares war on France and moves to march through Belgium,

the quickest route to France from Germany. Belgium was allies with the
________ Great Britain.

Germany declares war on Russia. France begins to mobilize because they

________ are allies with Russia.

________ Austria declares war on Serbia, as they rejected the ultimatum.

14
 Looks at the quotations below. Pick two of them, circle them, and write on how these two
quotes are connected with he ideas of World War I: the themes, causes, technology, death toll,
etc.

“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. The “When we started firing we just had to load and
tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with reload. They went down in their hundreds. You
the blood of patriots and tyrants” Thomas Jefferson didn’t have to aim, we just fired at them.”

“This is the War to end all wars.” Woodrow Wilson

“The 1930s, taught U.S.a clear lesson; aggressive “This is the end and the beginning of an age.
conduct, if allowed to go unchecked and unchallenged, This is something far greater than the French
ultimately leads to war.” John F. Kennedy Revolution or the Reformation and we live in it.” -
H.G. Wells

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15
 Vocabulary
Aces- Unofficially term for those pilots who have shot down five enemy aircrafts.

Intelligence- The collection of information of military or political value.

Line Formation- a standard tactical formation which was used in early modern.

Mobilize- To prepare and organize (troops or military) for active service.

Reparations- The compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.

Static- Lacking movement, action, or change.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink

vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, against agreed upon standards of
war.

Zimmerman Telegram- an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German

Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and
Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany.

Fill in the following sentences with the vocabulary words you just learned.
Use context clues to help:

___________d troops in WWI battlefields endure long,

___________ front lines as opposed to the more famous __________
______________ tactic used in years past. Above these fields,
________ grew famous for their bravery and ingenuity in the sky. In
1918, the United States entered WWI for several reasons but mainly
the German Empire’s policy of __________ ____________
_________ and _____________ the [Link] about the
____________ _____________ in Mexico. The U.S’ entrance into the
War led to an Allied victory, forcing Germany to pay ______________
for all civilian damage. 16
 Create your own Razzle Dazzle!
The [Link] used these patterns and colors to thwart Imperial German U-boats. Create your own
pattern and colorful scheme below. Explain how your pattern would have helped to trick the U-boats.

17