Warm-up Question (1): 1
• If any of the wonderful magical
things/characters in Harry Potter could be real, I
would definitely pick...
A. Flying broomsticks (time for some real
Quidditch!)
B. Chocolate Frogs
C. Invisibility Cloak
D. Portkeys
E. Talking paintings
[Link]
news/7477954/Harry-Potter-invisibility-cloak-prototype-created-by-
[Link]
Thought of the day 3
• Why do we need tensors to describe stress and strain?
• Even if a load is applied in only one position, in one direction on a
body—the internal stress distribution will not be homogenous nor
unidirectional
• Instead, stress may vary from position to position and stress is defined
as force/area—both of which are vectors (magnitude & direction)
• Stress (and strain) must be 2nd–rank tensors (which can be combined or
used with a vector)
[Link] [Link]
Review Question (3): 6
• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine (a) the average
normal strain along the diagonal AC, and (b) the shear strain at E relative
to the x,y axes.
First: What’s the new length along
AC?
A. 214.1 mm
B. 213.6 mm
C. 212.1 mm
D. 210.7 mm
E. 210.1 mm
Review Question (4): 7
• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine the average normal
strain along the diagonal AC.
A. +1.34%
B. +0.669%
C. 0
D. −0.664%
E. −1.33%
Review Question (5): 8
• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine the the shear strain
at E relative to the x,y axes.
A. +1.34%
B. +0.669%
C. 0
D. −0.664%
E. −1.33%
Review: 9
• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine the average shear
strain at E.
Objectives 10
• Define the condition of plane stress and explain why it’s useful
• Derive the equations for transformation in 2D using principles
of equilibrium
• Perform coordinate transformation of plane stress
• Learn to construct Mohr’s circle to visualize coordinate
transformation
Transformation of stress and strain 12
Plane stress
Transformation of coordinates
Principal stresses and planes
Mohr s circle
Multiple loads in 3D
principal stresses, max shear stress
Plane strain
simplification of deformation to a plane
Transformation of coordinates
Transforming displacements from one
reference frame to another
Plane stress 13
• A general state of stress has ____ unique
components:
• 3 normal: σx σy σz
• 3 shear: τyz τxz τxy
• The components depend on the ________
___________________
• There may be a plane which contains the
only nonzero stress components
• E.g., all loads contained in a plane
• Choose the xy coordinate system to
contain the nonzero stresses
• 2 normal: σx σy
• 1 shear: τxy
• The components depend on the choice of
coordinate system: xy
Transforming plane stress 14
• A state of plane stress has three components
• The components are ______ on the ____________________
• σx, σy, τxy all depend on _________________________.
• The components for one choice can be determined from the
components for another choice by applying ______________________.
=
known components unknown components
Transforming plane stress 15
• To determine the forces on the x face, we section through the original:
Transforming plane stress 16
• To determine the forces on the x face, we section through the original:
Transforming plane stress: σx 17
• To determine the forces on the x face, we apply equilibrium
Orientation of
x and y with x’
Transforming plane stress: τx y 18
• To determine the forces on the x face, we apply equilibrium
Orientation of
x and y with y’
Transforming plane stress: σy 19
• To determine the forces on the y face, we section through the original:
Transforming plane stress: summary 20
• We can simplify the expressions by using double-angle formulae
• sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
• cos 2θ = cos2θ − sin2θ
Note:
Transforming plane stress: special cases 21
• We can consider a few special
cases:
1.θ = 180
• sin 2θ = 0, cos 2θ = 1
• σx = σx, σy’ = σy’, τx y = τxy
2.θ = 90
• sin 2θ = 0, cos 2θ = −1
• σx’ = σy, σy’ = σx, τx y =
−τxy
3.θ = 45
• sin 2θ = 1, cos 2θ = 0
Question: 22
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
First: Take x as to the right, y as vertical.
What is σx?
A. +80 MPa
B. −80 MPa
C. +50 MPa
D. −50 MPa
E. +25 MPa
Question (6): 23
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: Take x as to the right, y as vertical.
What is σy?
A. +80 MPa
B. −80 MPa
C. +50 MPa
D. −50 MPa
E. +25 MPa
Question (7): 24
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: Take x as to the right, y as vertical.
What is τxy?
A. +50 MPa
B. −50 MPa
C. +25 MPa
D. −25 MPa
Question (8): 25
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: What is the normal stress on the
CD plane?
A. −25.8 MPa
B. −50.8 MPa
C. −68.8 MPa
D. −69.1 MPa
E. +94.1 MPa
Question (9): 26
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: What is the shear stress on the
CD plane? (positive = in y direction)
A. −25.5 MPa
B. −50.8 MPa
C. −68.8 MPa
D. −69.1 MPa
E. +43.8 MPa
Question (10): 27
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Finally: What is the normal stress on the
BC plane?
A. −4.15 MPa
B. −25.8 MPa
C. −68.8 MPa
D. −69.1 MPa
E. +28.8 MPa
Example 28
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Example 29
• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Principal stresses 30
• The magnitude of normal and shear stress depends on __________ of
section with respect to the loads
• From a given plane stress, we can find the angle that produces an
_____________ in normal stress (max or min):
• Produces two solutions: θp1 and θp2, which are ____ apart (max and min)
• Finding the max and min normal stresses
by substituting θp1 or θp2 into transformation:
Principal stresses 31
• Principal stresses are the _______________________normal stresses:
• The planes on which these act are the principal planes.
• The oriented section contains _______________
• In that plane, there are no off-diagonal components to the stress matrix
• The stress tensor is _________, which makes the principal stresses
the _____________ of the stress tensor, and the principal planes the
______________ of the stress tensor.
Eigenvectors & Eigenvalues 32
[Link]
Maximum shear stress 33
• The magnitude of normal and shear stress depends on orientation of
section with respect to the loads
• From a given plane strain, we can find the angle that produces an
extremum in shear stress (max or min):
• Produces solutions θs1 and θs2, which are ___ apart, or ____ from θp1, θp2
Note:
Question (11): 34
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the
element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
First: What is the maximum normal stress?
A. +104.5 MPa
B. +116.4 MPa
C. +124.5 MPa
D. +136.4 MPa
Question (12): 35
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the
element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
Next: What is the minimum normal stress?
A. −14.5 MPa
B. −26.4 MPa
C. −34.5 MPa
D. −46.4 MPa
E. −124.5 MPa
Question (13): 36
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the
element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
Finally: What is the angle between the
horizontal axis and one principal plane?
A. −47.5
B. −23.7
C. 29.9
D. 59.7
Example 37
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the
element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
Example 38
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the
element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
How to make this work in Python 39
#to find theta_p1, we could apply the equation we wrote
down in class related to the original stress state or we could
calculate the arc tangent from the column vectors stored in v
#this second approach requires the application of the
”[Link]” functions, see documentation for more details,
but because y/x=tan(theta)=sin(theta)/cos(theta) we can use
the ”[Link](v[1,0]/v[0,0])” which gives the inverse tangent
in radians, taking the y-component of eigenvector 1 (or 0 per
python indexing) divided by the x-component of eigne vector
1 (or 0 per python indexing).
Example 44
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the
element below. Represent this stress state in terms of maximum in-plane
shear stress and associated average normal stress
Mohr s circle 45
• Mohr s circle is a convenient way to visually remember the two-
dimensional transformation equations.
• Approach:
[Link] 2D axes :
• right = positive normal stress
• down = positive shear stress
[Link] (σx, τxy) and (σy, −τxy) (remember sign convention for τ!)
[Link] a line between both points to be diameter of circle.
[Link] circle centered at midpoint of line.
[Link] by points by 2θ, read off new (σx’, τx’y’) and (σy’, −τx’y’)
Mohr’s circle resources 46
• [Link]
• [Link]
Mohr s circle 47
max normal
stress
min normal
stress ave normal
stress
max shear
stress
Example 48
Question (14): 49
• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
First: What is the stress state?
A. σx = −12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = +6 ksi
B. σx = −12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = −6 ksi
C. σx = +12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = +6 ksi
D. σx = +12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = −6 ksi
Question (15): 50
• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Next: Where is the center for Mohr s circle?
A. (0 ksi, 0 ksi)
B. (−6 ksi, 0 ksi)
C. (−12 ksi, 0 ksi)
D. (−6 ksi, −6 ksi)
E. (−12 ksi, −6 ksi)
Question (16): 51
• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Next: What is the radius for Mohr s circle?
A. 6.00 ksi
B. 8.49 ksi
C. 12.0 ksi
D. 19.0 ksi
Question (17): 52
• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Finally: What are the principal stresses?
A. −1.76 ksi, −10.2 ksi
B. 0 ksi, −12.0 ksi
C. 2.49 ksi, −14.5 ksi
D. 11.9 ksi, −23.0 ksi
Example 53
• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Summary & Exit Ticket 55
• Defined the condition of plane stress and explain why it’s useful
• Derived the equations for transformation in 2D using principles of
equilibrium
• Defined plane stress
• Performed coordinate transformation of plane stress
• Constructed Mohr’s circle to visualize coordinate transformation
Thought of the day:
What is plane stress?
