"Magtanim ay 'Di Biro": A Phenomenological Study on Filipino Women

Farmers

Group members:
Florejane C. Lammatao

Eula Dorothy R.

Arpociple Misha Chloe S.

Poliquit Rommel James

B. Braga

1|Page
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

Agriculture is essential to the economy and environment as it influences the

market structure of the entire society this (Krasowicz & Pris, 2008). The agricultural
industry provides men and women alike livelihoods, stability, and salary. Businessmen
gain profit, employees receive salaries, and common people get food on the table. The
availability of goods the agricultural industry offers has an impact on people's health
and welfare as well as businesses and/or research ventures. Influencing society by
controlling man's most basic need, food (Lipper et. al, 2014). Agriculture is not only
prominent in other countries but it is also a huge sector here in the Philippines.

The Philippines is the seventh-largest market for U.S. agricultural exports and the
top market in Southeast Asia. Already a longstanding and reliable trading partner, the
Philippines continues to offer many opportunities for exporters because of its young and
growing population and rising household income. The Philippine food and beverage
sector has grown significantly over the past decade. While normal consumption patterns
have had to adapt to pandemic restrictions in recent years, the sector has remained
resilient. The United States saw a record year in 2021 for agricultural exports to the
Philippines. Still, the path to achieving annual records will likely be through
diversification, especially in consumer-oriented products. The strong trade relationship
and consumer trust in U.S. products built over decades can be important for exporters
(Muoneke et al.2022). In this sector also belongs the agricultural farmers who are the
most involved in this sector. Farmers, whom experience a lot of physical, emotional and
financial difficulties.

The farmers do not only go through physical challenges, they also have mental
battles that they fight. There are already a couple of measures that have been
established to help the farmers with their mental struggles though there is still a lot of
room for improvement and more room for accommodation (Gregoire, 2002).
Throughout the years, many farmers plant and sell grain at a low price resulting in low
income. They do this to gain money as soon as possible. Due to the Philippine economy
2|Page
worsening, many farmers compete with selling their goods. Nevertheless, agriculture
allows farmers to

3|Page
generate income and meet the needs of the farmer and their families (Staniszewska,
2008 and Zagor, 2005). With that being said, farmers who are breadwinners are deeply
reliant on the agricultural industry. This does not only encompass men but the women
as well. Approximately 39.3 percent of the women bring home the money for the
family's main consumption. Moreover, 62.8 percent are working and are helping in the
financing of the family (Boushey, 2009).

Women are a crucial asset in the agricultural industry (Rany et. al. 2011). Yet
they are undervalued by their fellow peers and as a result, have less access to
resources than men. On the other hand, men have more privileges such as access to:
land, technology, extension services, capital and infrastructure support (Wagi, 2003).
According to the study of Diiro [Link]. (2018), it's shown that empowering women to fully
participate in agriculture can improve food security for their families, increase crop
yields, and contribute to economic growth in their communities. Removing gender-
specific barriers in farming will enable the country to reach their full economic potential
and it will feed the world's hunger. Giving women an equal role in the farming industry
such as access to resources and education as men would increase the food production
to an estimated of 30%, eliminating hunger for approximately 150 million people
(Duckett, 2019).

Women farmers face numerous challenges in their farming careers. This is

something we want to learn about and assist them in expressing their hurt feelings and
difficulties. We often dismiss their feelings, significance, and contribution to the
community. We invalidate them because they are women and have the ability to help
meet everyone's needs(Machuka, 2023)

There is little to no study tackling the lived experiences of women farmers

moreover, there is no study specifically about the lived experiences of Filipino women
farmers. No existing study focuses on the challenges, and motivation of Filipino women
farmers. Which this study aims to explore.

4|Page
 Objectives

This study aims to explore the lived experiences of Filipino women farmers.
Specifically, this study aims to explore the:

1) Challenges of Filipino women farmers

2) Motivation of Filipino women farmers

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study only focuses on gaining insights and understanding of the lived

experiences, particularly of the challenges and motivation of selected Filipino women

farmers.

Time and Place of the Study

This research will be carried out in the municipality of Baybay City, Leyte. To be

conducted among women members of agricultural cooperatives. This study is estimated to

be conducted from March of 2023 to June 2023.

5|Page
 Chapter 2
This chapter contains related material that supports the upcoming study. The first
paragraph discusses Agriculture in general. The second paragraph discusses the
Economic State of the Philippine Market. The Technology in Agriculture in the third
paragraph. The fourth category includes agricultural natural calamities. The fifth
paragraph discusses farming, while the sixth discusses subsistence versus
commercial farming. Farmers are discussed in the seventh paragraph. Filipino
farmers are mentioned in the eighth paragraph, while working women in general are
mentioned in the ninth paragraph. Finally, in the tenth paragraph, discusses women
farmers in agriculture.

Agriculture

Agriculture provides the most basic human need, food. It is the industry
responsible for the crops that we eat, the dairies that we consume and the meat that
we devour (McDaniel [Link], 2023). Additionally, it is often tied to fisheries, especially
here in the Philippines. An integral part of this industry is water, thus water
sustainability is key to a successful agricultural endeavour and bounty food supply. It
is the sector responsible for raising livestock that has multiple purposes that are
essential to the life of a human. It was the first significant shift in how fully modern
people interacted with the world (Crawford [Link], 2023).

Economic state of the Philippine Market

Agriculture is important in all of the countries. May it be a first, second or third world
country. It is a fundamental component of human existence since it provides
nourishment. It is a significant contributor to economic activity in other areas of the
economy since it provides industrial raw materials (Blandford, 2011). With that being
said, the economic status of the agricultural sector varies according to the
geographic location and/or governance. In the Philippines, agriculture is the main
source of employment, with approximately over 36% of workers employed, making it
a key aspect in the economy of the Philippines. It was reported that there is low
productivity in the agricultural sector due to the correspondingly low land
productivity (Pamintuan [Link] 2023). The value of agricultural and fisheries
6|Page
production at constant 2018 prices appears to have decreased by -1.0 percent in the
fourth quarter of 2022. This means that the value of goods produced in these sectors
was 1.0 percent lower in the fourth quarter of 2022 compared to the previous
quarter, adjusted for inflation using 2018 prices. It is worth noting that this is a
relatively minor decrease, and it could be due to a variety of factors such as changes
in market demand, weather conditions, or other factors affecting agricultural and
fisheries product production and prices (Mapa D. 2023).

Technology in agriculture

Technology plays an important role in our everyday lives. It absolutely helps

make our lives easier and helps us do things more efficiently. Agriculture is also not
an exemption with this fact. The most recent technology taking over the agricultural
sector by storm is the blockchain technology. This technology enables for universal
financial transactions between dispersed, untrusted individuals without the use of
middlemen like banks (Kamilaris [Link], 2019). This technology's primary goal is to
increase the supply chain's transparency and traceability in the agriculture industry.
Just like a lot of things in life, this technology has it’s own perks and disadvantages.
agriculture industry. The use of blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs
and enhance market access for smallholder farmers. For the benefit of farmers,
processors, retailers, and consumers, blockchain technology has the potential to
increase supply chain transparency and traceability in the agricultural sector.
However there are barriers to overcome, including the requirement for technical
know-how and regulatory assistance, and the deployment of blockchain technology
in the agriculture sector necessitates major expenditures in technology, training, and
capacity building. Using best practices and including all stakeholders in the design
and implementation process will help the agriculture industry realize the full potential
of blockchain technology (Jadhav and Khan, 2023). Another technology that is
abundant in the agricultural sector is the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Technology is a
GNSS satellite data correction system that is employed in agriculture to guarantee
the accuracy of land surveys, agricultural inspections, and maps. In agriculture, RTK
7|Page
uses drainage, drip irrigation, ground leveling, planting, seeding, and spraying for
both general and specialized applications. Similar to the preceding technology, it has
benefits and problems of its own. The reduction in overlapping led to an increase in
field efficiency. Some of its benefits include far greater cost savings for running
resources like fertilizer. the potential to spend more time in the field, maybe at night.
You may reduce gasoline costs by maximizing machine use. dependable driving
performance, especially in dimly lit conditions. On the other hand, just like a lot of
technologies that are ideally applied to agriculture, it’s disadvantages includes the
cost of the equipment and the cost of farmer’s or operator’s training.

Natural disasters

One of the challenges agriculture faces is climate change. Climate change, such as
increased temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, and so on. This is
increasingly being reported to have destructive effects on human activities. One of
the most serious challenges posed by climate change is its tremendous impact on the
quality and quantity of water resources, which is critical for crop yield and
sustainability (Bhattacharya, 2019). With that being said, climate change has caused
a drop in crop suitability and productivity and an increase in pests and diseases since
global warming also possesses this threat, affecting agriculture and posing a major
threat to farmers and their livelihoods. Which presents serious risks to the country's
economic and food production and its citizens.

In 2019, the whole world faced a global disaster, the Corona Virus or the COVID-19
Virus disease. Faced with a pandemic, agriculture is once again directly affected or
afflicted. This COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted the global demand and
supply of all public market specifically, food and other agricultural supply (FAO,
2020). Causing the territorial borders of every country to shut down, which directly
affects the importation and exportation of agricultural products. The global lockdown
caused panic in the procurement and consumption of necessities for individual or
familial survival.

8|Page
Agriculture has traditionally been the primary source of income in Southeast Asian
(SEA) countries. A total of 100.7 million people in the SEA region's agricultural sector
have been affected by the pandemic, resulting in a USD 3.76 billion loss in GDP in
the first quarter of 2020. (Gregorio & Ancog, 2020). The Philippines is not immune to
this setback.

Farming

Food production is more important than ever as the world's population rises. It is
absurd to believe that farming is no longer a desirable profession. Also, they could
think that farming is a "old way" of life. This notion might have emerged as a result
of how heavily dependent on technology people are in the modern world. In
actuality, farmers continue to be quite vital, and their significance should not be
undervalued. Because there are still people who wish to be involved with farming, it
should not be viewed as obsolete. No one should generalize about the entire world's
population by saying that no one wants to live the way they do because it is their
intended lifestyle and choice(Grebitus et al., 2017).

There is a common misperception that farming does not lead to any kind of success
in life. This is untrue, though, as the majority of individuals genuinely experience a
sense of satisfaction upon harvesting their crops and contentment when they are
able to feed others. Technology may have fundamentally altered agriculture, but that
does not mean that farmers will be replaced by technology. There are people willing
to farm, as evidenced by the fact that many people retire to farms. Because they do
not fully get what farming means to farmers, many people do not comprehend how
farmers enjoy their life. They have never had the pleasure, contentment, or
accomplishment that comes from farming, thus they are unable to understand it
(Campbell and Reece, 2001).

9|Page
There are different types of farming namely:

1) Family Farming - The Family Farming Knowledge Portal compiles high-quality,

digital data on family farming from around the globe, including national laws and
regulations, public policies, best practices, pertinent data and statistics, researches,
articles, and publications.

It offers a centralized location to access information on global, regional, and national

family farming issues, integrating and organizing the available data to better inform
decisionmakers, family farmer organizations, development specialists, as well as
stakeholders on the ground and at the grass-roots level, and offering knowledge-
based assistance.

2) Industrial Farming - The commercial food supply chain. . . produces the majority
of the food that we consume in this nation, according to Michael Pollan. "Iowa, with
its extensive monocultures of corn and soy, is where it all starts. Simply put,
monoculture is. . . growing [a single crop] over an extended period of time or place,
year after year.

The issue with monoculture, according to Michael, is that when you grow too much
of the same item, you exhaust the land. Industrial agriculture, also known as
conventional or commercial farming, generates a lot of food. Hence, it is impossible
to cultivate in monoculture without employing herbicides and synthetic fertilizers.

3) Kitchen Gardening - The tiniest farm, a kitchen garden is used to supplement the
food of an individual or family. Harvesting, preparing, and eating food that you have
grown yourself is extremely rewarding, according to chef Alice Waters. "My garden is
quite small; it's probably only about 10 feet by 10 feet. Yet, I want to grow products
that are unavailable at the farmers' market.

10 | P a g e
Despite the fact that kitchen gardeners don't sell the produce they cultivate, they
employ many of the same methods as commercial farmers and play a significant role
in the food system.

4) Organic Farming - According to Michael Pollan, "the idea of 'organic' in our minds
is multitudes of little farms." The USDA National Organic Program oversees the use
of chemicals on organic farms and certifies all authorized organic food items, proving
that organic is actually a large business presently. As becoming USDA-certified can
be expensive and timeconsuming, many smaller farms decide not to pursue
certification.

Michael continues, "Big organic farms continue to perform several critical things that
are extremely distinct from industrial food production. They don't use artificial
pesticides. They generally look after the soil better. They also have criteria for the
care of animals. Those are monoculture farms, nevertheless. But, there is one strong
argument in favor of choosing organic food at the grocery store over conventional.

5) Regenerative Farming - "How can you tell if a farm is regenerative? Michael Pollan
says, "Well, I believe the important thing is a vast degree of diversity—many, many
crops. They cultivate several crops in succession, which is excellent for the land.
Whether they are certified organic or not, they grow without the use of pesticides
and pay close attention to the soil's ability to store carbon, which is excellent for
slowing the effects of climate change.

6) Ranching - Ranchers are in charge of a sizable plot of land that is used for the
breeding and rearing of various grazing livestock, such as cows, sheep, or more
unusual creatures like alpacas or bison. In addition to their private land, the federal
government occasionally permits ranchers to lease certain public land for grazing.

11 | P a g e
7) Urban Farming - Urban farmers cultivate crops on urban rooftops, deserted lots,
and parkways. Urban farms may offer regions facing food insecurity quick, healthy
food options that are sustainable. This is only one of their many advantages
(Satterthwaite et al., 2010).

Subsistence Vs. Commercial

Subsistence farming is a type of agriculture in which the farmer and his or her family
consume almost all of the crops or livestock produced, leaving little to no excess for
trade or sale. Subsistence agriculture has historically been a way of life for
preindustrial agricultural peoples all throughout the world. When they depleted the
soil at each location, some of these peoples relocated from one place to another.
Farmers began to practice commercial farming as urban areas expanded, specializing
agricultural output and producing large surpluses of certain commodities that they
either sold for cash or swapped for manufactured goods.

Commercial farming is a practice where crops and livestock are cultivated with the
intention of selling them as finished goods to gain money.

A significant amount of capital investment is required to grow commercial farming.

To Create a high yield, it also requires large-scale farms, contemporary technology,
inventive machinery, effective irrigation techniques, chemical fertilizers, etc. The
major characteristic of commercial farming is the use of contemporary inputs for
increased output, such as high-quality fertilizers, insecticides, weed killers, and other
things.

The fact that commercial agricultural crops are sold to other nations contributes to
their high demand. It is additionally utilized as a raw material in businesses that
produce food. Regional differences in commercial agriculture marketing are also
evident(Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016a).
12 | P a g e
Farmers

Modern farming systems must meet multiple demands, such as supporting

livelihoods, conserving biodiversity, offsetting emissions, and adapting to climate
change. Different countries' traditional farming systems represent multiple crops
(cereals, tree crops, vegetables, etc.) and multiple enterprises (livestock production,
fish farming, beekeeping, etc.) on a single farm. A farming system is the result of
complex interactions between a number of interconnected components such as land,
labor, capital, and management. Farming systems research (FSR) is thus a
multidisciplinary whole-farm approach that is effective in solving the problems of
smallholders and marginal farmers, who are prevalent in Asia and other parts of the
world. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research
methodology used to conduct FSR globally. Since its introduction in the early 1970s,
FSR methodologies have evolved significantly, with a greater emphasis on farmer
participation and on-farm research compared to farming systems optimization and
system modelling in the later part of the twentieth century. Attempts have been
made to provide researchers and general practitioners with perceptional clarity on
the various methodologies used to conduct FSR and how an individual or integrated
farming system can be designed scientifically to meet the goals in a single or multiple
objective framework. This will teach you how to manage a poly-cultural system by
integrating knowledge from various disciplines and taking into account interactions
for social, ecological, and economic outcomes on multiple scales(France, 2022).

Filipino Farmers

Farmers in the Philippines have a wide range of experiences, and their stories vary
greatly depending on their location, resources, and crops grown. Here are a few
common issues that many Filipino farmers face:

Lack of access to modern farming technology - Many farmers in the Philippines still
rely on traditional methods of farming, such as manual labor and hand tools. They
may not have access to modern farming technologies, such as irrigation systems or

13 | P a g e
agricultural machinery, which can make their work more efficient and productive.

Low income - Filipino farmers often struggle to earn a living wage. The prices they
receive for their crops may be low, and they may face competition from imported
goods that can be sold at lower prices.

Climate change and natural disasters - The Philippines is a country prone to natural
disasters, such as typhoons, floods, and droughts. These events can devastate crops
and damage infrastructure, making it even more difficult for farmers to make a living.

Land ownership issues - Many farmers in the Philippines do not own the land they
farm on. Instead, they may rent the land or work as sharecroppers, which can make
it difficult for them to invest in their farms or plan for the future. (Arida, 2009)

Despite these challenges, many Filipino farmers are committed to their work and to
improving their communities. They may form cooperatives or other groups to share
resources and knowledge, and they may advocate for policies that promote small-
scale farming and environmentally sustainable farming practices.

Working women

Until the recent times, before the movements for women's rights and gender
equality, there were strict, constructed boxes that caged the role and opportunities
for women. Women were more traditionally expected to be at the house, taking care
of the kids and serving the men. Women were expected to be focusing on nurturing
the children and making their spouse happy and well taken cared of (Sekścińska et
al., 2016). In opposition, men were more traditionally the “foundation” of the family,
the breadwinner, the person going to work outside of the house and providing the
financial needs of the family (Dicke, 2019). In the 20th century, more and more
women are breaking away from the stereotypes and crossing the traditional roles or
boundaries set by the previous society. More and more women are becoming career
14 | P a g e
driven. In the present time, women make up fifty percent of the labor force
participation in the world, it certainly still does not equivalate to the eighty percent
labor force rate of the male but it is substantial growth from the previous decade.
(World Bank, 2022).Despite the fact that women are growing increasingly interested
in working and building a personal commercial career for themselves, women are still
responsible for the majority, if not all, of the domestic obligations.(Germano, 2019).
But even though women are generally being more accepted in the workplace and
there are more opportunities career wise for them, there are still a lot of challenges
that they go through just because they are women. There are multiple studies
researching about the obvious gender inequality that can be observed very clearly in
the work place. Gender inequality in the workplace can be blatantly observed when
men get more opportunities and projects within the field compared to the female
employees or workers. In the workplace, numerous people still consider men as
more capable in doing tasks and are more frequently offered promotional
opportunities. Furthermore, women face a slew of workplace abuses, including
verbal, physical, and sexual harassment, as well as discriminatory treatment. In a lot
of instances, even with these disadvantages, patent inequalities and biased
opportunities, women workers still get payed less than men. (Kapur, 2022).

Women farmers

As the world is becoming more and more accepting to the idea that whatever
a man can do a woman can also do. Moreover, the society is now more accepting to
the idea of women doing jobs that are traditionally only done by men. The
agricultural industry is no exemption to this phenomenon. Across the whole global
labor force of agriculture, approximately over forty three percent of this is composed
of women, or women farmers (Woods, 2022). Agriculture and associated economic
activities employ around 54.6% of India's total workforce (Vaishnavi and
Arulmanikandan, 2022). Rural women in the agricultural sector, or the rural women
farmers play an important role in the said sector. Women compete more favorably
than males people in terms of their excessive engagement in agricultural activities
and contribution to family economics and food security would be a significant
15 | P a g e
understatement, they are the backbone of the rural agriculture (Ogunlela and
Mukhtar, 2009). Empowering women are considered beneficial for the leveraging
differences in decisions between men and women to improve household nutrition,
soil quality, and children’s nutrition and educational achievement, respectively
(Anderson et al., 2020). With all of those benefits said, it is apparent that
empowering women in agriculture is important. There are already steps made by the
respective governments all over the world but there are also a lot more that can be
[Link] empowerment can be achieved by redesigning advising services to
exclusively focus information to the female co-head of the household. Breaking down
gender preconceptions may pave the way for more women to participate in
agriculture (Lecoutere et al., 2023).

16 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 3

To provide a logical flow, this chapter is divided into five specific sections namely
(1) research design, (2) research participants, (3) research locale, (4) research
procedure; and (5) data analysis procedure. This chapter aims to clarify the mentioned
sections.

Research Design

This study utilizes the qualitative research for it’s conduction. Qualitative
research design is used to enhance and/or improve our understanding of the world.
Qualitative research employs techniques such as structured and unstructured
interviews, focus groups, and participant observation to not only generate hypotheses
that can be rigorously tested with quantitative research, but also to assist researchers in
delving deeper into quantitative research numbers, understanding what they mean, and
understanding the implications. Qualitative research allows researchers to better
comprehend what is going on, especially when things are difficult to categorize (Tenny
[Link] 2022). It is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such
as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc. (Bhandari, 2020).
Furthermore, this study will make us of phenomenological research method.
Phenomenological study designs are used by researchers to explore the universal
character of a phenomena by investigating the perspectives of people who have
experienced it. This study approach requires the researcher to set aside any
preconceived notions they may have about the event or phenomena. (Delve, 2022).
Particularly, descriptive phenomenology will be utilized for the conduction of this
research. This is when the researcher's purpose is to establish transcendental
subjectivity, which is defined as a condition in which "the researcher's impact on the
inquiry is constantly assessed and biases and preconceptions are neutralized, so that
they do not influence the object of study." (Lopez & Willis, 2004).

For this paper, the lived experiences of Filipino women farmers will be explored,
therefore, this study is loosely based on a famous and commonly used philosophy that
is
17 | P a g e
Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. He was a German philosopher whose work is arguably
most commonly connected with phenomenology and existentialism, albeit his ideas
should only be described as belonging to such philosophical groups with considerable
caution and qualification. His views have had a significant impact on the development of
current European philosophy (Wheeler, 2011). Heidegger's philosophical analysis
centered on the individual and social life of the human being in their universe. From this
perspective, the world and the being are linked (Horrigan-Kelly [Link], 2016).

Research Participants

The participants for this study are women farmers within the municipality of
Baybay City, Leyte.

It peaked our interest to interview the women farmers when we observed that
the residents of this particular area supplied their daily needs and source of income
through farming. We look to conduct face-to-face interviews with eight chosen
participants. Purposive sampling will be used as the researchers can rely on their own
judgments when selecting members of the population to participate in their surveys.
We chose this form of sampling to learn about the viewpoints of other women farmers
and to assess their contribution to the agricultural industry.

Research Locale

This research will be carried out in the municipality of Baybay City, Leyte, where
we've observed the selected eight participants farming for their daily necessities and
income. They are to be interviewed in person.

Data Gathering Procedures

In depth one-on-one interviews are to be conducted amongst the chosen Filipino

women farmer participants that are to be selected. Convenience sampling is to be used
for selecting the participants for this study. The researchers are set to conveniently
select
8 participants that are most accessible for them for the conduction of this study.
Conversations with the chosen individuals will also take place. All of the interviews are
18 | P a g e
 to be recorded using electronic devices such as voice recorders, phones ,and etc. For
the privacy of the chosen participants, all of the data gathered from the interviews and
conversations will strictly be confidential and protected with data privacy, furthermore,
the researchers are not to disclose personal information besides what is needed for the
study. Consent will also be prepared and distributed to the participants for them to sign
and formally approve of the conduction of the interviews for this particular study. The
researchers are to keep the participants informed about the purpose of the study that is
to be conducted to further avoid deception between the researchers and the
participants. After the fact of interviewing the chosen participants, the researchers will
then proceed to review, read and transcribe the data collected. Furthermore, the
researchers will practice data deduction by deducing statements that do not align to the
objectives of this research study.

Consent to the Filipino Selecting and listing eight In depth interview and
women farmers for the participants for this study conversations with the
conduction of this study selected participants.

Eliminating unnecessary Transcribing the voice Documentation of the

data. recorded data interviews through voice
recording and other electronic
devices/recorders.

Figure 1: Flow chart of Data Gathering Procedure

Interview Guide
1.) What got you into farming?
2.) What has been your experience as a Filipino woman farmer?
3.) Do you feel content with your job?
4.) What is the most gratifying part of your job?
5.) What are your struggles as a farmer?
19 | P a g e
 6.) Do you face troubles with growing your crops?
7.) Does natural calamity cause great harm to your livelihood?
8.) If so, can you detail it further?
9.) What are the hardships you face as a woman working in a man-dominant
profession?
10.) What keeps you going?
11.) Does this meet your financial needs?

Cebuano Translation:
1.) Unsay nakapatud nimo para maguma?
2.) Unsay imo mga kasinatian isip usa ka pilipina nga maguuma?
3.) Kontinto na ba ka sa imong trabaho?
4.) Unsa ang labing makapatagbaw bahin sa imong trabaho?
5.) Unsa ang imong mga kalisod nga nasinatian sa imong paguma?
6.) Naka sagubang ba ka og mga problema sa pagpatubo sa imong mga tanum?
7.) Ang natural ba nga kalamidad nakahatag ug dakong kadaot sa imong
panginabuhi?
8.) Kung mao. Pwede ba nimo isulti ug malinawon
9.) Unsa ang mga kalisdanan nga imong giatubang isip usa ka babaye nga
nagtrabaho sa propesyon nga dominante ang mga lalaki?
10.) Unsay naka aghat nimo nga mopadayon ?
11.) Nakatubag ba kini sa imong pinansyal nga panginahanglan?

Ethical Consideration:
To protect our research subjects and to ensure that this study will be done in an ethical
and safe manner, we have considered the following principles to follow:
• All selected participants will have Informed consents which has been signed, to
participate in the study and are fully aware of the risks and the data to be obtained from
them.
• Personal information of the participants will remain confidential and private.
• The data obtained will be unbiased and will be not be tarnished or have external
influence.
20 | P a g e
• We will ensure that our study design and procedures are fair and unbiased, and that all
participants will be treated equally.

Data analysis

The data analysis to be utilized for this study is the thematic analysis.
Thematic analysis is a qualitative data analysis method that involves reading through a
set of data and looking for patterns in the meaning of the data to find themes. It is an
active reflexive process in which the researcher's subjective experience is central to
making sense of the data. The thematic analysis involves an active reflexive process in
which the researcher’s personal experience is crucial to extracting meaning from the
data (Delve & Linmpaeche, 2020). This particular type of analysis has the flexibility that
allows for a wide range of analytic options and furthermore, this study is relatively easy
and quick method to learn and conduct (My research topics, 2021). This data analysis is
to be used for this study since it is the most convenient and appropriate type of analysis
in connection to the objectives of this study

21 | P a g e
 References

Advantages of Thematic Analysis for College Students. (2021, August 19). Research

Paper Topic Ideas & Suggestion for Students.

[Link]

Aguilar, E. et al (2019) Banana Suitability and Fusarium Wilt Distribution in the

Philippines Under Climate Change.

Alfonso, G. (2021) Assessing the Climate Change Adaptations of Upland Farmers: A

Case of La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines.

Anderson, C. L., Reynolds, T. W., Biscaye, P., Patwardhan, V., & Schmidt, C. (2020a).

Economic Benefits of Empowering Women in Agriculture: Assumptions and

Evidence. The Journal of Development Studies, 1–16.

[Link]

Assessment, U. E. N. C. for E. (2009a, March 15). Chapter 1 - Global Climate Change

and Its Impact on Agriculture. [Link].

[Link]

Bhandari, P. (2020, June 19). What is qualitative research? Methods & Examples.

Scribbr. [Link]

Cabasan, M. et al (2018) Economic and Ecological Perspectives of Farmers on Rice

Insect Pest Management.

Camaso, K. et al (2021) Perceived Vulnerability and Climate Change Impacts on Small-

Scale Fisheries in Davao Gulf, Philippines.

22 | P a g e
Collegenp. (n.d.). Enhancing agriculture with RTK and minichromosome technology.

[Link]. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from

[Link]

agriculture/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20main%20challenges,speed%20internet%2

0and%20GPS%20signals

Dicke, A.-L., Safavian, N., & Eccles, J. S. (2019a). Traditional Gender Role Beliefs and

Career Attainment in STEM: A Gendered Story? Frontiers in Psychology, 10.

[Link]

Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Retrieved April

5, 2023, from

[Link]

agriculture-and-food-systems

Ducusin, R. et al (2019) Vulnerability assessment of climate change impacts on a

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in the Philippines: the case of

Batad Rice Terraces, Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines.

Germano, M. (2019a, March 27). About

[Link]/sites/maggiegermano/2019/03/27/women-are-working-more-than-

ever-but-they-still-take-on-most-household-responsibilities - Google Search.

[Link]. [Link]

Griffin, M. R., & Frongillo, E. A. (n.d.). Experiences and perspectives of farmers

from upstate New York Farmers' markets - agriculture and human values. SpringerLink.

23 | P a g e
Retrieved April 5, 2023, from

[Link]

Horrigan-Kelly, M., Millar, M., & Dowling, M. (2016). Understanding the Key Tenets of

Heidegger’s Philosophy for Interpretive Phenomenological Research. International

Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15(1), 160940691668063.

[Link]

Ismali, C. et al (2019) Comparative Study on Agriculture and Forestry Climate Change

Adaptation Projects in Mongolia, the Philippines, and Timor Leste.

Kapur, R. (2022a, October). About

[Link]/publication/363405015_Understanding_Gender_Inequality_with

in_Workplace - Google Search. [Link]. [Link]

Lecoutere, E., Spielman, D. J., & Van Campenhout, B. (2023a). Empowering women

through targeting information or role models: Evidence from an experiment in

agricultural extension in Uganda. World Development, 167, 106240.

[Link]

Nature Publishing Group. (n.d.). Nature news. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from

[Link]

Pamplona, R. (2020) An Overview of Philippine Agriculture during the Transition Phase

to the New Normal.

Sasso, M. D. (2020). LibGuides: Qualitative Research Methods: Phenomenology.

[Link]. [Link]
Sekścińska, K., Trzcińska, A., & Maison, D. A. (2016a). The Influence of Different Social

24 | P a g e
 Roles Activation on Women’s Financial and Consumer Choices. Frontiers in

Psychology, 7. [Link]

Sekścińska, K., Trzcińska, A., & Maison, D. A. (2016b). The Influence of Different Social

Roles Activation on Women’s Financial and Consumer Choices. Frontiers in

Psychology, 7. [Link]

Tenny, S., Brannan, G. D., Brannan, J. M., & Sharts-Hopko, N. C. (2022). Qualitative

Study. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing.

[Link]

rch%20uses%20techniques%20including

Woods, Z. (2022b, November 22). About [Link]/blog/how-supporting-women-

farmers-can-ease-asias-food-security-crisis - Google Search . [Link].

[Link]

World Bank. (2022b, January 10). Female labor force participation. World Bank

Gender Data Portal. [Link]

story/

25 | P a g e
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e