Unit 2.
Matter and Energy
SCI 401: General Chemistry
Unit 2. Matter and Energy
A. Characteristics of Matter and Calculations in Chemistry
A.1. Classification, Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
A.2. Changes of Matter
A.1. Classification, Physical and Chemical Properties of
Matter
Classifications of Matter
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter
includes things we can see and touch (such as water, earth, and
trees), as well as things we cannot (such as air).
Classifications of Matter
● Substances
● Mixtures
● Elements
● Compounds
Substance
● A substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant)
composition and distinct properties.
○ Water
○ Ammonia
○ Table sugar (sucrose)
○ Gold and
○ Oxygen.
● Substances differ from one another in composition and can be
identified by their appearance, smell, taste, and other properties.
Mixtures
● Mixture is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
● Some familiar examples are air, soft drinks, milk, and
cement.
● Mixtures do not have constant composition.
Mixtures
● Homogenous - uniform or same throughout (eg. sugar
dissolved in water)
● Heterogenous - not uniform (eg. sand and iron filings)
This can be created and separated by physical means into
pure components without changing the identities of the
components.
Elements
● Substances can be either elements or compounds.
● An element is a substance that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by chemical means.
● Most of them occur naturally on Earth. Others have been
created by scientists via nuclear processes.
Elements
● For convenience, chemists use symbols of one or two letters
to represent the elements. The first letter is always
capitalized but any following letters are not.
● Co is for Cobalt whereas CO is for Carbon monoxide.
Compounds
● Atoms of most elements can interact with one another to form compounds.
● Hydrogen gas, for example, burns in oxygen gas to form water, which has
properties that are distinctly different from those of the starting materials.
● Water is made up of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.
● Compound is composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically
united in fixed proportions. Unlike mixtures, compounds can be separated
only by chemical means into their pure components.
States of Matter
● Solid
● Liquid
● Gas
States of Matter
The three states of matter can be interconverted without changing
the composition of the substance.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
● Physical Properties
○ Can be measured and observed without changing the
composition or identity of a substance
○ Color, melting point, and boiling point are physical
properties.
Physical Change
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
● Chemical Properties
○ The characteristic of a substance that is observed
during a reaction in which the chemical composition
or identity of the substance is changed. After such
change, the original chemical substance vanished,
and all that will be left is a different chemical
substance.
Chemical Change
○ “Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen
gas to form water”
○ Hard-boiled egg
Two Additional Properties
● Extensive Properties
○ The measured value of an extensive property depends on how much
matter is being considered. The value of an extensive quantity
depends on the amount of matter. Mass, length, and volume are
examples of extensive properties.
○ Mass, which is the quantity of matter in a given sample of a
substance, is an extensive property. More matter means more mass.
Values of the same extensive property can be added together.
Two Additional Properties
● Intensive Properties
○ Intensive property does not depend on how much
matter is being considered. Color, odor, taste, density,
and temperature such as boiling point and melting point
are examples of intensive properties.
○ Density, defined as the mass of an object divided by its
volume, is an intensive property.
