1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

The Highway Patrol Group is a highway patrol with a national scope. It is tasked to enforce traffic safety

roles and provides general supervision to local police forces regarding the enforcement of traffic laws. It also

helps the Land Transportation Office, formerly the Bureau of Land Transportation. The HPG furthermore also

enforces driver's licenses and motor vehicle registration and regulations about public carriers.

The Highway Patrol Group was established as the Traffic Control Group (Trafcon) in 1955 as a response

to a high-profile vehicular accident along a highway in Pampanga, now known as the MacArthur Highway. The

accident which occurred on November 4, 1954, killed House of Representatives members Gregorio Tan of

Samar and Lorenzo Ziga of Albay. President Ramon Magsaysay urged the Cross to establish a "specialized and

dedicated" police unit to maintain road traffic safety across the Philippines. The Trafcon was a unit under

the Philippine Constabulary, which in turn was part of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The Trafcon later

became known as the Constabulary Highway Patrol Group. The HPG was absorbed in 1991 when the Philippine

National Police was formed through the merger of the Constabulary and the Integrated National Police. The

HPG became the Traffic Management Group. However, the traffic law enforcement powers of the patrol group

were given to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and local government units (LGUs)

some years later.

The Highway Patrol Group returned to EDSA in 2015 and was tasked to enforce traffic laws due to worsening

traffic conditions in the Metro Manila thoroughfare at the time. This is to augment MMDA traffic constables

and LGU enforcers. The HPG last patrolled EDSA in 1994

Patrol office responsibilities are unique each day. Highway patrolmen spend much of their time

enforcing laws on public highways, assisting motorists in need of help, and working with other emergency
 2

officials to help manage and eventually clear accident scenes. They also assist local police forces in

apprehending criminals or assisting in emergencies. Highway patrol officers often meet dangerous situations.

They are trained to know how to spot potential danger and how to properly handle dangerous situations.

The duties of the highway patrol go beyond just handling accidents and assisting local law

enforcement. They also help with areas that do not pertain to the roadways. Many highway patrolmen work in

courthouses helping with the processing and transfer of prisoners. They might also have to testify in court as

an official of the state. This requires remembering events that took place, reporting such events to superiors,

and keeping proper documentation.

Today, especially in our country, traffic accidents are big problems that cause trouble. They cause

financial problems and even also they can cause deaths of the people. Of course, many causes result from

accidents. he can be about the faults of drivers that is, violation of the rules, they can be about road factors and

because of lack of knowledge. Therefore, these cause traffic accidents.

One of the most important factors in traffic accidents is violation of the rules which can be with

exceeding the speed limit, using alcohol, or driving while the driver is sleepless. Exceeding the speed limit

causes great accidents because with this exceeding driver loses control of his driving and then occur accidents

which even result in deaths. Violation of the rules can also be with using alcohol before driving. Although the

strict legal punishments for abhorring his issue, drivers keep using it. Unfortunately, this also causes traffic

accidents because, after getting alcohol, drivers do not pay attention to the road. The other factor is the sleepless

drivers. They like the others, cannot pay attention to the road and they even fall asleep while they are driving.

The other important factors in traffic accidents are road factors. As one can see in our country, the roads

are in very bad condition, and this also has contributed to the accidents. One can observe the negative side of

bad-conditioned roads especially when the weather is bad. If the weather is rainy or snowy, the vehicles slip on

the road and there occur accidents.

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Drivers’ lacking knowledge is the other factor that causes accidents. Efficient untrained drivers who are

not experienced enough cause real problems in traffic. The drivers who have got their licenses from bad driving

courses cause traffic accidents because they become drivers without having enough knowledge about driving

and traffic rules. Therefore, this makes them responsible for undesired conditions on the road.

Therefore, traffic accidents do not occur without any reason. They come into being after some factors,

these can be the factors about drivers, roads, or about some rules. As one can see, traffic accidents are mainly

based on man’s faults; so, people should be educated fully both about driving and about the traffic rules, and

they should be warned about the legal punishments for their violation of the rules.

Another cause of car accidents is road faults. Potholes and uneven pavements, which are constructed

along the road, are the real cause of these accidents altogether. Drivers must learn and master where the potholes

are on the roads to avoid the possibility of any form of accident. However, strategies for mastering faulty roads

are not in any way effective modes of controlling accidents since there are possibilities of new drivers in the

area. Roads should, therefore, have signs, which will help the drivers to comprehend the different terrains ahead

(Coller, 1969).

The province of Abra, especially the capital town of Bangued, however, is not exempted from vehicular

accidents due to its location and road construction. Therefore, the researchers wanted to go over this to

determine the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

Statement of the Problem

This study determined the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality

rates.

Specifically, sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of;

a. Age,
 4

b. sex,

c. civil status; and

d. educational attainment?

2. What is the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the e-profile of the respondents and the Effectiveness of

enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates?

Scope and delimitations

This study was delimited to the one hundred (100) randomly selected vehicle operators. It further looks

at the profile of the respondents which includes age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment, and their

perception of the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

Theoretical Framework

Under this section, the researchers supported the research with similar related studies.

Road accident is the most unwanted thing to happen to a road user, though they happen quite often. The

most unfortunate thing is that we don't learn from our mistakes on the road. Most users are quite aware of the

general rules and safety measures while using roads, but it is only the laxity on the part of road users, which

causes accidents and crashes main cause of accidents and reclaims due to human errors. We are elaboration ome

somof somemmon behaviors of humans wththat result an a accidentus national and international researchers

have found these e as most cothe mmon behavior of Road drivers, which leads to accidents such as follows;

Over Speeding, Drunken Driving, Distractions to Driver, Red Light Jumping, AvoidinGearety Gears like Seat

belts and Helmets, and Non-adherence to lane driving and overtaking in a wrong manner.

Most of the fatal accidents occur due to overspeeding. It is a natural psyche of humans to excel. If given

a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. But when we are sharing the road with other users we will

always remain behind some or another vehicle. Ian increasein speed multiplies the risk oan f accidentthe and

severity of injury during accident. Faster vehicles are more accidents acci than the soneser one and the
 5

severaccidentsof accident will also be more in case of faster the the severity of accident will also be more in

case of faster vehicles. Hithe gher the speed, greater the risk. At high speea d the vehicle needs greater distance

to stop i.e., braking distance. A sla ower vehicle comes to halt immediately while a faster one takes long way to

stop and also skidsthe a long distance due to law at notion. A vehicle moving on high speed will have greater

impact during the crash and hence will cause more injuries. The ability to judge the forthcoming events also gea

ts reduced while driving at faster speed which causes error in judgment and finally a crash.

Drunken Driving:

Consumption of alcohol to celebrate any occasion is common. But when mixed with driving it turns

celebration into a misfortune. Alcohol reduces concentration. It decreases the reaction timetheof a human body.

Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear

and incite humans to take risks. All these factors while driving cause accidents and many a times it proves fatal.

For every increase of 0.05 blood alcohol concentration, the risk of accident doubles. Apart from alcohol many

drugs, medicines also affect the skills and concentration necessary for driving. First, we recommend not to

consume alcohol. But if you feel your merrymaking is not complete without booze, do not drive under the

influence of alcohol. Ask a teetotaler friend to drop you home.

Distraction to Driver:

Though distraction while driving could be minor but it can cause major accidents. Distractions could be

outside or inside the vehicle. The major distraction now a days is talking on mobile phone while driving. Act of

talking on phone occupies major portion of brain and the smaller part handles the driving skills. This division of

brain hamper’s reaction time and ability of judgement. This becomes one of the reasons of crashes. One should

not attend to telephone calls while driving. If the call is urgent, one should pull out beside the road and attend

the call. Some of the distractions on road are: Adjusting mirrors while driving, Stereo/Radio in vehicle, Animals

on the road and Banners and billboards. The driver should not be distracted due to these things and reduce speed

to remain safe during diversions and other kind of outside distractions.

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Red Light jumping:

It is a common sight at road intersections that vehicles cross without caring for the light. The main

motive behind red light jumping is saving time. The common conception is that stopping at red signal is wastage

of time and fuel. Studies have shown that traffic signals followed properly by all drivers saves time and

commuters reach destination safely and timely. A red-light jumper not only jeopardizes his life but also the

safety of other road users. This act by one driver incites other driver to attempt it and finally causes chaos at

crossing. This chaos at intersection is the main cause of traffic jams. Eventually everybody gets late to their

destinations. It has also been seen that the red-light jumper crosses the intersection with greater speed to avoid

crash and challan, but it hampers his ability to judge the ongoing traffic and quite often crashes.

Avoiding Safety Gears like seat belts and helmets:

Use of seat belt in four-wheeler is now mandatory and not wearing seat belt invites penalty, same in the

case of helmets for two-wheeler drivers. Wearing seat belts and helmet has been brought under law after proven

studies that these two things reduce the severity of injury during accidents. Wearing seat belts and helmets

doubles the chances of survival in a serious accident. Safety Gears keep you intact and safe in case of accidents.

Two-wheeler deaths have been drastically reduced after use of helmet has been made mandatory. One should

use safety gears of prescribed standard and tie them properly for optimum safety.

Several things cause accidents on the road. These are in no order: Too much speed, inattention,

fatigue/dozing, alcohol/drugs, telephones and other distractions, lack of knowledge, lack of adequate training,

not understanding what happens to the road surface under different kinds of conditions (hydroplaning, black ice,

etc) lack of courtesy (nice way of saying 'road rage') poor planning leading to a perceived need for haste,

inadequate vehicle maintenance.

However, these are Some of the Preventive Measures are : Avoiding alcohol before driving prevents

road traffic accidents. The use of remediation therapy for drink driving offenders will reduce the number that

reoffend. A far more extensive use of random breath testing , accompanied by a high level of publicity will lead
 7

to a reduction in injuries. To be most effective breath testing should be intensive and applied to everybody at a

checkpoint and not depend on "due cause". Strategies that increase the use of seat belts or child restraints will

result in fewer injuries. Stricter enforcement of speed limits will result in fewer injuries. The overall

contribution of speed to accidents is not known but is widely quoted to be one third of all fatalities. Roadside

guardrails (crash barriers) and crash cushions will reduce injury severity. Safer design of roads and roadside

environments will result in fewer injuries.

Conceptual Framework

The research study was revolved around the paradigm presented below:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile of the respondents

a. age.
b. sex. Effectiveness of enforcement
c. civil status; and resources in highway patrol in
d. educational attainment reducing fatality rates

Figure 1.

Research Paradigm

The paradigm shows the profile of the respondents served as the independent variables along age, sex,

civil status and educational attainment. These variables were either be directly or indirectly facts the dependent

variables particularly the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.
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Definition of Terms

To establish a clearer understanding, the researcher defined the terms according on how it was used

operationally.

Profile of the respondents. This refers to the personal characteristics of the respondents which includes

the following.

Age. This refers to length of time or number of years which the respondents have lived or existed from

birth to the time study was conducted.

Sex. Refers to the condition or gender of the respondents whether male or female.

Civil status. Refers to the marital condition of the respondents either single, married, separated or

widowed/widower.

Educational Attainment. This refers to the level of educational obtained by the respondents, high school,

undergraduate, college graduate and postgraduate.

Highway Patrol Group- as used in this study it refers to a highway patrol with a national scope. It is

tasked to enforce traffic safety roles and provides general supervision to local police forces with regard to the

enforcement of traffic laws.

Causes of Vehicular accident-as used in this study it refers to the factors that causes the vehicular

accident.

Accident- as used in this study refers to a happening along the road which is against the will of the

driver that can lead to death.

Road accident- as used in this study it refers to any accident involving at least one road vehicle,

occurring on a road open to public circulation, and in which at least one person is injured or killed.
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Assumptions

The researchers assumed that:

1. The respondents perceived the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing

fatality rates based on their own free will without any outside influence.

2. The data gathering instrument in the form of a questionnaire is valid and reliable used for the purposes

of this research.

3. The respondents in this study were knowledgeable enough to perceive the Effectiveness of enforcement

resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

Hypothesis

This study was premised in the following hypothesis:

*There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their perception on the

Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This presents the methodology, research design, population of the study, the instrument used, the data

gathering technique and statistical techniques in analyzing data.

Research Design

The descriptive method was used by the researchers for this is the best way to determine the

Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates. The descriptive method

includes the process of analysis, classification, and enumeration.

Particularly, correlation was utilized using a questionnaire as a source of information which is necessary

to accomplish the purpose of this research.

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Population

This study was delimited to the one hundred (100) randomly selected vehicle operator and randomly

selected community residents. And further look into the profile of the respondents which includes age,

sex, civil status, and educational attainment and their perception on the Effectiveness of enforcement

resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates.

Data Gathering Instrument

A questionnaire which was personally developed by the researchers and served as the primary source of

data and information needed in this study. Said questionnaire consists of 2 parts. Part 1 elicits information on

the profile of the respondents while part 2 elicits information on the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in

highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

Data Gathering Technique

The researchers sought permission from authorities such as the mayor of the municipality of Bangued

and the HPG-Abra Provincial Director PMAJ MARIA ALICIA B VALERA before the conduct of the study. It

was done through a request letter prepared by the researchers, approved by the adviser, and endorsed by the

Dean of the College of Criminology. When permission grant wanted by the mayor of the municipality of

Bangued and the HPG-Abra Provincial Director PMAJ MARIA ALICIA B VALERA,a float of questionnaires

and administered to the respondents to gather the data needed in the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered was grouped, tabulated, interpreted, and analyzed by the researchers using tested

statistical tools as follows;

1. Frequency counting and percentage were used to determine the profile of the respondents.

2. Mean was used to determine the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing

fatality rates.
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3. T-test was used to determine the relationship between the profile of respondents and the Effectiveness of

enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

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CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The study intends to look into the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing

fatality rates.

Particularly, it sought to answer the following problems:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age;

b. sex;

c. civil status; and

d. educational attainment?

TABLE 1
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
PROFILE OF THE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
AGE
25 years old below 12 12

26-35 years old 30 30

36-45 years old 28 28

46-55 years old 17 17

56 years old and above 13 13

TOTAL 100 100%

SEX

Female 7 7

Male 93 93

TOTAL 100 100%

CIVIL STATUS

Single 25 25
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Married 57 57

Widow/Widower 11 11

Annulled/Separated 7 7

TOTAL 100 100%

EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT

Elementary level 8 8

Elementary Graduate 14 14

High School level 20 20

High School Graduate 35 35

College level 17 17

College Graduate 6 6

TOTAL 100 100%

Table 1 presents the profile of the respondents.

On Age. The study found that the greatest number of respondents are 26-35 years of age (f=30)(p=30%)

which means that they are already of age to appreciate and perceive the Effectiveness of enforcement resources

in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates. Further, the other respondents are 36-45 years of age (f=28)

(p=28%), 46-55 years of age (f=17)(p=17%), 56 years of age and above (f=13)(p=13%) and least is 25 years of

age and below (f=12)(p=12%).

On sex. There is a greater number of male respondents (f=93)(p=93%)compared to female respondents (f=7)

(p=7%) however, they are both outsources of information on the needed data for this study.

On civil status. The study revealed that most respondents are married (f=57)(p=57%)while some

respondents are single (f=25)(p=25%)separated/annulled (f=11)(p=11%)and Widowed/Widower (f=7)(p=7%)

On Educational Attainment. The study revealed that most of the respondents are High School graduates

(f=35)(p=35%)which suggests the capability of the respondents to comprehend the questions raised in the study

and gauge the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates. Anent to this,
 14

there were (f=20)(p=20%) high school level, (f=17)(p=17%)College level, (f=14)(p=14%)Elementary Graduate,

(f=8)(p=8%)elementary level, (f=6)(p=6%)College Graduate.

2. What is the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates?

TABLE 2

Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway Mean Descriptive

patrol in reducing fatality rates Rating

a. Intensive conduct of checkpoint. 4.22 VME

b. Issuance of tickets or fines to all violators. 4.69 VME

c. Strict implementation and violation of rule can 3.65 ME

be with exceeding speed limit.

d. Violation Driving under the influence of liquor 3.31 ME

or drugs.

e. The driver is lack of knowledge regarding 3.23 E

traffic rule.

f. Appropriate punishment to Reckless drivers 4.21 VME

g. Inadequate vehicle maintenance of the owners 4.13 E

h. Violations on the illegal accessories installed 4.76 VME

in motor vehicle.

i. Conduct of Lectures on road safety 4.54 VME

j. Distribution of Flyers/Information notes 4.10 ME

regarding road safety

OVERALL MEAN 4.08 ME

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Legend:

Numerical value Scale Descriptive rating

5 4.21-5.00 Very Much Effective (VME)
4 3.41-4.20 Much Effective (ME)
3 2.61-3.40 Effective (E)
2 1.81-2.60 Slightly Effective (SE)
1 1.00-1.80 Not Effective (NE)
Table 2 presents the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

As the overall findings indicate, the overall Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in

reducing fatality rates is Much Effective (mean=4.08). This means that the strategies in reducing fatality rates

employed by the Highway Patrol personnel yields positive result especially in hindering the occurrence of

fatality rates, concerns, and issues.

In view of the above, Violations on the illegal accessories installed in motor vehicle with the highest

mean of 4.76 described as Very Much Effective(VME). This means that through this strategy of the Highway

Patrol personnel of Abra, they can reduce fatality rates and hinder the involvement of these community residents

in the traffic accidents. It has also been found that Issuance of ticket or fine to all violators is Very Much

Effective (VME) (mean=4.69), while Conduct of Lectures on road safety is Very Much Effective (mean=4.54),

Intensive conduct of checkpoint is Very Much Effective (mean=4.22), Appropriate punishment to Reckless

drivers is Very Much Effective (Mean=4.21), Inadequate vehicle maintenance of the owners is Much Effective

(mean=4.13), Distribution of Flyers/Information notes regarding road safety Much Effective (mean=4.10), Strict

implementation and of violation of rule which can be with exceeding speed limit is Much Effective

(mean=3.65), The driver is lack of knowledge regarding traffic rule is Effective (mean=3.23). Meanwhile, the

least perceived Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates is Violation

Driving under the influence of liquor or drugs as Effective (mean=3.31). This might be the least perceived

enforcement resource because of the lack of appropriate programs that address the drivers under the influence of

drugs or liquor therefore, there is a recurrence or drivers under the influence of drugs or liquor that impairs the

ability to drive and increases the risk of causing an accident.

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3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and Effectiveness of

enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates?

TABLE 3
Significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the Effectiveness of enforcement
resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates

Profile of the respondents Effectiveness of enforcement Decision

resources in high way patrol in
reducing fatality rates

t-computated t-tabular
a. age; -3.85 P <.01 Accept Ho

b. sex; -2.92 P <.01 Accept Ho

c. civil status; -3.45 P <.01 Accept Ho

d. educational +3.85 P <.01 Reject Ho

attainment

OVERALL MEAN -6.37 P <.01 Accept Ho

*significant @ 0.01 probability level of significance

Table 3 shows the t-test result on the insignificant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of

the respondents and their perception as to the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in

reducing fatality rates wherein the overall is -6.37 at t-value which is lower compared to t- prob of P<.01 at 0.01

probability level of significance.

On age and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates. The

study found insignificant relationship between age and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way

patrol in reducing fatality rates which is justified by lower computed t-value of -3.85 compared to the t-prob of

P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis is hereby accepted. This means
 17

further that age has no bearing to the perception of the respondents on the Effectiveness of enforcement

resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

On sex and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates. The

study found insignificant relationship between sex and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way

patrol in reducing fatality rates which is justified by lower computed t-value of -2.92 compared to the t-prob of

P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis is hereby accepted. This means

further that sex has no bearing to the perception of the respondents on the Effectiveness of enforcement

resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates.

On civil status and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates.

The study found insignificant relationship between civil status and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in

high way patrol in reducing fatality rates which is justified by lower computed t-value of -3.45 compared to the

t-prob of P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis is hereby accepted. This

means further that civil status has no bearing to the perception of the respondents on the Effectiveness of

enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates.

On highest educational attainment and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in

reducing fatality rates. The study found that there is a significant relationship between highest educational

attainment and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates which is

justified by higher computed t-value of +3.85 compared to the t-prob of P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of

significance. This means further that highest educational attainment bearing to the perception of the respondents

on the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates.
 18

Chapter 3

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation derived from the study.

This study focused on the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing

fatality rates.

Summary

The findings of the study are summarized as follows:

Problem [Link] is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age;

b. sex;

c. civil status;and

d. educational attainment?

On Age. The study found that the most number of respondents are 26-35 years of age (f=30)(p=30%)

which means that they are already of age to appreciate and perceive the Effectiveness of enforcement resources

in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates. Further, the other respondents are 36-45 years of age (f=28)

(p=28%), 46-55 years of age (f=17)(p=17%), 56 years of age and above (f=13)(p=13%) and least is 25 years of

age and below (f=12)(p=12%).

On sex. There is greater number of male respondents (f=93)(p=93%)compared to female respondents

(f=7)(p=7%) however, they are both good source of information on the needed data on this study.

On civil status. The study revealed that most respondents are married (f=57)(p=57%)while some

respondents are single (f=25)(p=25%)separated/annulled (f=11)(p=11%)and Widowed/Widower (f=7)(p=7%)

On Educational Attainment. The study revealed that most of the respondents are High School Graduate

(f=35)(p=35%)which suggests the capability of the respondents to comprehend the questions raised in the study
 19

and gauge the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates. Anent to this,

there were (f=20)(p=20%) high school level, (f=17)(p=17%)College level, (f=14)(p=14%)Elementary Graduate,

(f=8)(p=8%)elementary level, (f=6)(p=6%)College Graduate.

Problem [Link] is the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality

rates?

As the overall findings indicate, the overall Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in

reducing fatality rates is Much Effective (mean=4.08). This means that the strategies in reducing fatality rates

employed by the Highway Patrol personnel yields positive result especially in hindering the occurrence of

fatality rates, concerns, and issues.

In view of the above, Violations on the illegal accessories installed in motor vehicle with the highest

mean of 4.76 described as Very Much Effective(VME). This means that through this strategy of the Highway

Patrol personnel of Abra, they are able to reduce fatality rates and hinder the involvement of these community

residents in the traffic accidents. It has also been found that Issuance of ticket or fine to all violators is Very

Much Effective (VME) (mean=4.69), while Conduct of Lectures on road safety is Very Much Effective

(mean=4.54), Intensive conduct of checkpoint is Very Much Effective (mean=4.22), Appropriate punishment to

Reckless drivers is Very Much Effective (Mean=4.21), Inadequate vehicle maintenance of the owners is Much

Effective (mean=4.13), Distribution of Flyers/Information notes regarding road safety Much Effective

(mean=4.10), Strict implementation and of violation of rule which can be with exceeding speed limit is Much

Effective (mean=3.65), The driver is lack of knowledge regarding traffic rule is Effective (mean=3.23).

Meanwhile, the least perceived Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality

rates is Violation Driving under the influence of liquor or drugs as Effective (mean=3.31). This might be the

least perceived enforcement resource because of the lack of appropriate programs that address the drivers under

the influence of drugs or liquor therefore, there is a recurrence or drivers under the influence of drugs or liquor

that impairs the ability to drive and increases the risk of causing an accident.
 20

Problem [Link] there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and Effectiveness of
enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates?

The t-test result on the insignificant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents and their perception as to the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing

fatality rates wherein the overall is -6.37 at t-value which is lower compared to t- prob of P<.01 at 0.01

probability level of significance.

On age and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates. The

study found insignificant relationship between age and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway

patrol in reducing fatality rates which is justified by lower computed t-value of -3.85 compared to the t-prob of

P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis is hereby accepted. This means

further that age has no bearing to the perception of the respondents on the Effectiveness of enforcement

resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

On sex and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates. The

study found insignificant relationship between sex and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway

patrol in reducing fatality rates which is justified by lower computed t-value of -2.92 compared to the t-prob of

P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis is hereby accepted. This means

further that sex has no bearing to the perception of the respondents on the Effectiveness of enforcement

resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

On civil status and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

The study found insignificant relationship between civil status and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in

highway patrol in reducing fatality rates which is justified by lower computed t-value of -3.45 compared to the

t-prob of P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis is hereby accepted. This
 21

means further that civil status has no bearing to the perception of the respondents on the Effectiveness of

enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

On highest educational attainment and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in

reducing fatality rates. The study found that there is a significant relationship between highest educational

attainment and Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates which is

justified by higher computed t-value of +3.85 compared to the t-prob of P<.01 at 0.01 probability level of

significance. This means further that highest educational attainment bearing to the perception of the respondents

on the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are derived:

1. The greatest number of respondents are 26-35 years old, males, married and High School Graduate.

2. The study found that the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality

rates is Much Effective wherein the most perceived is Violations on the illegal accessories installed in

motor vehicle while the least perceived is Violation Driving under the influence of liquor or drugs.

3. The study revealed no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the perception

of the respondents as to the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality

rates.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the researchers suggest the following

recommendations:

1. The Highway patrol personnel should sustain their Conduct of checkpoints within the area of

responsibility through continuous monitoring of the illegal accessories installed in motor vehicles that

may trigger the road accident possibilities.

 22

2. Implementation of Violation Driving under the influence of liquor or drugs should be intensified by the

highway patrol personnel to avoid the occurrence of accidents along the road.

3. Another study should be proposed and conducted by future researchers to provide more information

related to this topic.

Bibliography

GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national

age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis

for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-

2. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442

Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators (22 August 2015). "Global, regional, and national

incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188

countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995):

743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509 . PMID 26063472.

"WHO | World report on road traffic injury prevention".

Global status report on road safety 2013: Supporting a decade of action (PDF)(in English and Russian). Geneva,

Switzerland: world health organization WHO. 2013. ISBN 978 92 4 156456 4. Retrieved 3 October 2014.

Harry Lum; Jerry A. Reagan (Winter 1995). "Interactive Highway Safety Design Model: Accident Predictive

Module". Public Roads Magazine.

Robertson, LS. Injury Epidemiology: Fourth Edition. Free online at [Link].

St. FLEUR, NICHOLAS (24 February 2016). "Reading This While You Drive Could Increase Your Risk of

Crashing Tenfold". New York Times. Retrieved 29 February2016.

"I'm a good driver: you're not!". [Link]. 11 February 2000.

 23

The Good, the Bad and the Talented: Young Drivers' Perspectives on Good Driving and Learning to

Drive (PDF) (Road Safety Research Report No. 74 ed.). Transport Research Laboratory. January 2007.

Archived from the original (PDF)on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 4 January 2008.

 24

APPENDICES

ABRA VALLEY COLLEGES

Bangued, Abra

June 21,2023

Hon. Mila Valera

Municipal Mayor
Bangued, Abra

Dear ma’am:
Greetings!
The undersigned Senior BS Criminology Student is presently conducting a research study entitled,
“Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in reducing fatality rates,” in partial fulfillment
of the requirements of Criminological Research leading to the degree Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
In this regard, may I respectfully seek permission from your good office to allow me to float questionnaires to
100 randomly selected residents in the Municipality of Bangued as respondents in this study in order to obtain
the needed data to complete my academic requirement.
Rest assured that whatever information to be gathered will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will only
be utilized for the purpose of this study.
Thank you very much, ma’am, and looking forward for your favorable response on this matter.
Very Respectfully Yours,
JOHN ASHLEY D. BAUTISTA
RUBEN JUN F. BRINGAS
LAILA JOY E. PASCUA
JANELA M. PESCOZO
JAMES JORDAN D. PINEDA II
(Researchers)

Noted:

Ms Alma Tesoro,RCrim
Adviser
Approved:
Hon. Mila Acosta Valera
Municipal Mayor
 25

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I. Profile of the Respondent
This survey questionnaire focused on “Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in
reducing fatality rates”. It will determine the Effectiveness of enforcement resources in highway patrol in
reducing fatality rates.

DIRECTION: Please respond to the following statements or questions by writing/ checking the
information called for. Rest assured that your responses will be kept with strict confidentiality and will be used
for academic purposes only.

Name: ___________________________________________________
(Optional)

Age
_______25 years old below
_______26-35 years old
_______36-45 years old
_______46-55 years old
_______56 years old above

Sex
_______male
_______female

Civil Status
_______single
_______married
_______widow/er
_______annulled/ separated

Educational Attainment
____Elementary Level
____Elementary Graduate
____High School Graduate
____High School level
____College Level
____College Graduate

Part II. “Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates”
Directions: This portion of the questionnaire is designed to gathered information on the “Effectiveness of
enforcement resources in high way patrol in reducing fatality rates”. Please give your assessment by
marking/checking the number on the right side of each item.
Effectiveness of enforcement resources in high way 5 4 3 2 1
patrol in reducing fatality rates
a. Intensive conduct of checkpoint.
 26

b. Issuance of ticket or fine to all violators.

c. Strict implementation and of violation of rule
which can be with exceeding speed limit.

d. Violation Driving under the influence of liquor or

drugs.

e. The driver is lack of knowledge regarding traffic

rule.

f. Appropriate punishment to Reckless drivers

g. Inadequate vehicle maintenance of the owners

h. Violations on the illegal accessories installed in

motor vehicle.

i. Conduct of Lectures on road safety

j. Distribution of Flyers/Information notes regarding

road safety

THANKYOU AND GODBLESS

 27

Curriculum Vitae

___________________________________________________________
Pascua
Age:
Birthday:
Gender:
Civil Status:
Religion:
Citizenship:
Name of Mother:

Occupation:
Name of Father:
Occupation:
___________________________________________________________
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

TERTIARY:
COURSE:
SECONDARY:
Year Graduated:
PRIMARY:
Year Graduated:

Motto: “ “