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Energy System Efficiency Formulas

This document contains formulas related to energy, efficiency, thermodynamics, and economics. It defines formulas for total energy, changes in different forms of energy, efficiency of combustion, power plants, mechanical devices, heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, entropy, cost of energy, and simple payback period. Key terms included are total energy, changes in internal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, efficiency, heat, work, combustion, power plants, pumps, turbines, motors, generators, heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, entropy, cost of energy, and simple payback period.

Uploaded by

Maja Danovska
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • energy storage,
  • energy systems analysis,
  • energy optimization,
  • steady state,
  • energy management,
  • energy consumption,
  • heat transfer,
  • total energy change,
  • energy economics,
  • energy audits
38 views5 pages

Energy System Efficiency Formulas

This document contains formulas related to energy, efficiency, thermodynamics, and economics. It defines formulas for total energy, changes in different forms of energy, efficiency of combustion, power plants, mechanical devices, heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, entropy, cost of energy, and simple payback period. Key terms included are total energy, changes in internal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, efficiency, heat, work, combustion, power plants, pumps, turbines, motors, generators, heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, entropy, cost of energy, and simple payback period.

Uploaded by

Maja Danovska
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • energy storage,
  • energy systems analysis,
  • energy optimization,
  • steady state,
  • energy management,
  • energy consumption,
  • heat transfer,
  • total energy change,
  • energy economics,
  • energy audits

MODULE N.

2:
FORMULAS
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
− =
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 0, for steady state
𝑑𝑡
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + (𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸

∆𝑈 = 𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )

1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑉22 − 𝑉12 )
2

∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 = 𝜼 =
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
Amount of heat released during combustion Q
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
Heating value of the fuel burned HHV

Net shaft work output of the turbine Wሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐


𝜂𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = =
Heat input to the working fluid HHV ∙ 𝑚ሶ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

Mechanical energy output Emech,out


𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = =
Mechanical energy input Emech,𝑖𝑛

Mechanical energy increse of the fluid ΔEሶ mech,fluid


𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = =
Mechanical energy input Wሶ shaft, 𝑖𝑛

Mechanical energy output Wሶ shaft, 𝑜𝑢𝑡


𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = =
Mechanical energy decrease of the fluid ΔEሶ mech,𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

Mechanical power output Wሶ shaft,𝑜𝑢𝑡


𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
Electric power input Wሶ elect, 𝑖𝑛

Electric power output Wሶ elect, 𝑜𝑢𝑡


𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
Mechanical power input Wሶ shaft, 𝑖𝑛
ΔEሶ mech, fluid
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝−𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Wሶ elect, 𝑖𝑛
Wሶ elect, 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒−𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
ΔEሶ mech, fluid
Wnet,out Q out
Heat engine: 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =1 − η𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 1 − 𝑇𝐿 /𝑇𝐻
Qin Qin

𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿 1 1
Refrigerator: COPR = = = COP𝑅,𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
W𝑛𝑒𝑡,in 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐻 /𝑄𝐿 −1 𝑇𝐻 /𝑇𝐿 −1

𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 1 1
Heat pump: COPHP = = = COPHP,𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
W𝑛𝑒𝑡,in 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 1 − 𝑄𝐿 /𝑄𝐻 1 − 𝑇𝐿 /𝑇𝐻

COPHP = COPR + 1
𝑄
Internally reversible isothermal heat transfer processes Δ𝑆 =
𝑇0
2
𝛿𝑄
Δ𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = න + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
1 𝑇

𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = Δ𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Δ𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + Δ𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ≥ 0

Cost of energy input


Unit cost of utlized energy =
Efficiency

Excess initial cost


Simple payback period =
Annual cost savings

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