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Kompresor Turbo - Centrifugal

The document discusses various types and classifications of centrifugal compressors. It describes compressors classified based on their geometry of flow path as radial flow, axial flow, or mixed flow. They are also classified based on the pressure developed as ventilators/fans, blowers, or compressors. Further classifications include the number of stages, casing split method, impeller arrangement, bearing configuration, and more. Key components of centrifugal compressors like casings, impellers, seals, and bearings are also explained. Performance parameters such as specific speed, efficiency, discharge temperature, head developed, and power required are discussed.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
38 views42 pages

Kompresor Turbo - Centrifugal

The document discusses various types and classifications of centrifugal compressors. It describes compressors classified based on their geometry of flow path as radial flow, axial flow, or mixed flow. They are also classified based on the pressure developed as ventilators/fans, blowers, or compressors. Further classifications include the number of stages, casing split method, impeller arrangement, bearing configuration, and more. Key components of centrifugal compressors like casings, impellers, seals, and bearings are also explained. Performance parameters such as specific speed, efficiency, discharge temperature, head developed, and power required are discussed.

Uploaded by

Hari Mukti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

KULIAH

DASAR PENGENALAN

COMPRESSOR

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Kompresor Turbo/ Rotodynamic
Classification of Turbo Compressor :
1. According to Geometry of the Flow Path :

Radial Flow Axial Flow Mixed Flow

• Radial Flow Machines lintasan aliran fluida masuk secara


aksial (sejajar poros), kemudian seiring dengan perubahan
radius, aliran berubah kearah radial.
• Axial Flow arah aliran masuk dan keluar secara aksial (sejajar
poros).
• Mixed Flow adalah kombinasi dari keduanya.

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Classification of Turbo Compressor :
2. According to Pressure Developed:
1. Ventilator/ Fan [ 1 < Pd/Ps < 1,3 ]

2. Blower [1,3 < Pd/Ps < 3 ]

3. Compressor [ Pd/Ps up to 3 ]

Centrifugal Fan Centrifugal Blower Compressor

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Clasifications of Centrifugal Compressor

A. According number of stage :

1. Single Stage 2. Multi stage

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Clasifications of Centrifugal Compressor

B. According To Casing Split Method :

1. Horizontal Split 2. Vertical Split (Barrel Type)

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Clasifications of Centrifugal Compressor

Multistage Radial Compressor Vertical Split (Barrel type)


Inner casing
• Discharge pressure (4-35 Mpa);
(Volute in half)
• Capacity (up to 250,000 m3/hr)
• Perawatan lebih sulit

Outer casing
( Barrel)
Compressor rotor
(8 stages)
Barrel Cover

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Clasifications of Centrifugal Compressor
C. According To Impellers Arrangement :

1. Straight Flow 2. In-out with intercooler

3. Back to Back 4. Double Flow

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Clasifications of Centrifugal Compressor

D. According To Bearing Configuration

1. Overhung 2. Beam type 3. Integrally Gear


Multi Stage Centrifugal Compressor

Typical Integrally Geared, Centrifugal Compressor

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Multi Stage Centrifugal Compressor

Horizontal split with two sidestream

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

1. Casing.
2. Inlet cover
3. Back plate
4. Impeller
5. Shaft
6. Seal
7. Journal bearing
8. Thrust bearing
9. Coupling hub
10. Balance plane Inlet Guide Vanes

11. Inlet Guide Vanes


Single stage compressor

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

Detail A out in

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

Closed or Shrouded Semi open / back plate


Double entry

Detail A

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama
Type Impeller

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama
Labyrinth seal

Labyrinth with oksigen port

• Labyrinth seal adalah non contact seal.


• Terdiri sejumlah sealing strip pada stator
• Konstruksi Horizontal split & mudah dilepas
• Kadang2 dipasang di poros
• Bisa lurus atau bertingkat

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

Mechanical seal

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

Karakteristik mechanical seal


• Dimensi besar
• Mampu menyekat lebih baik
• Dapat mengamodasi misalignment
• Mampu beroperasi pada temperatur tinggi
• Tahan terhadap fluida yang korosi

Kekurangan Mechanical Seal


• Perlu pendingin yang bersirkulasi
• Material khusus
• Tingkat kerapatan seal fungsi temperatur

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

Bearing :

Thrust bearing
Radial bearing

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Komponen Utama

Hydraulic coupling

Runner
Input Shaft Impeller Impeller Casing

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Specific speed
Nilai Efisiensi vs Type Impeller

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor
Density Udara :

p
R.T
kg / m 
3
  SG. udara

Kecepatan suara :
Ro
R
a  k.R.T mw
Ro  8,314 KJ /(kg.K)
T = Temperatur (K)
R = Konstanta gas (KJ/kg.K)
Ro = Konstanta gas ideal
a = kecepatan suara (m/sec)
k = eksponen adiabatik (cp/cv)

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor

Proses Kompresi

P1 V1  P2 V2
k k
• Kompresi Adiabatis

P1 V1  P2 V2
n n
• Kompresi Polytropik

n 1 k 1

n k . p
P = Tekanan absolut (N/m2)
n k V = Volume (m3)
 . ηP k = eksponen adiabatik (cp/cv)
n 1 k 1
n = eksponen politropik
p = Efisiensi politropik

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor

Estimasi Efisiensi Vs Kapasitas Centrifugal Compressor


Misal :
Kapasitas 10.000 m3/hr, maka
Eff = 0,77

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor

Discharge Temperature
n 1
Td  TS rp n
( K)0

Head :
 (n 1)

R . Ts rp  .n  1 (Joule/kg)
n
H
n  1  
Td = Temperatur keluar (absolut) 0K
TS = Temperatur masuk (absolut) 0K
rp = ratio absolut pressure = Pd
R = Konstanta gas (KJ/kg.K) S
P

g = gravitasi (m/s2)

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor

Gross Horse Power :


Q.H.g
GHP  (KWatt)
3,6 . η p

Brake Horse Power :

BHP  GHP  M L
Q = Kapasitas (m3/hr)
ML = Mechanical losses
ML = 1 % GHP

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor

Apabila Kompresor menggunakan intercooler :

Head :
z . n R . Ts  (n 1)
 (m)
H  1000 rp  z.n  1
n  1 g  

z= jumlah intercooler+1

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Performance of Centrifugal Compressor
ω2
c2
Where :
U1 & U2 = peripheral velocity
u2 W1 & W 2 = relative velocity
ω2 C1 & C 2 = absolute velocity
β1 & β2 = inlet & outlet blade angle
c1 α1 & α2 = inlet & outlet of fluid angle
1 & 2 = inlet dan outlet

u1 Daya teoritis :

W m  U 2 C2u  U1 C1u  . m
c1
w1 Head teoritis :
u1 U 2 C2u  U1 C1u
H t 
g
Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri
Plant Auxiliaries-DS-R0
Performance of Centrifugal Compressor
Karakteristik Kompresor

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Type Impeller Blower

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Kurve Karakteristik Blower

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Pengaruh Head sistem

• Apabila kapasitas discharge dikurangi melalui variasi bukaan valve


maka head sistem akan naik, dan sebaliknya.
• Perubahan head sistem akan mempengaruhi titik kerja, dimana
head dan kapasitas dihasilkan kompresor.

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Example :

The compressor has following given data :


Gas : Nitrogen
Molecular weight : 29
k : 1,4
Inlet pressure : 20 psia
Outlet pressure : 180 psia
Inlet Temperature : 80 F = 540 R
Weigth flow : 100 lb/min

Calculate the theoretical power for each case :


1. without inter cooling
2. One intercooler

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Solution :

Without intercooler (m = 1) :

Ro 1545 ft lb
R   53,3
mw 29 lb.R
pd 180
 9
ps 20

 k1

k  pd  k   1,4 53,3 540  9 1,14, 41  1  88107 lb  ft
w R Ts   1  
k 1  ps   1, 4  1   lb
 

 lb lb  ft 1 HP min
W  100 x 88107 x  267 HP
min lb 33.000 lb  ft

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Solution :

One intercooler (z = 2) :
 k 1

zk  p  zk 
W  R Ts   d   1
k 1   ps  
 

 1,41
 lb  ft
53,3 540  9 1  74291
2 1,4
W 2 1, 4
1,4 1   lb

 lb lb  ft 1 HP min
W  100 x 74291 x  225,1 HP
min lb 33.000 lb  ft

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Unstable Operation

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Surge

Suatu phenomena dimana tekanan yang dihasilkan


oleh kompresor berfluktuasi, akibat beroperasi
kurang dari batas kapasitas minimum.

Akibat yang ditimbulkan antara lain :


• Kompresor beroperasi pada kondisi tidak stabil
• Terjadi fluktuasi aliran dengan frekuensi yang
tinggi dan bergetar
• Timbulnya suara yang gaduh
• Temperatur yang meningkat dengan cepat
• Kerusakan pada bantalan.
• Efisiensi turun drastis.

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Akibat SURGE antara lain :

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Penyebab Surge & Choke

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Inlet Guide Vanes

Inlet Guide Vanes Efek IGV thd surge Efek IGV thd power

Keuntungan IGV :
• Mempunyai beberapa karakteristik
• Dapat beroperasi pada kondisi efisien
• Power lebih hemat
• Mengurangi potensi surge

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


Perbandingan Pengaturan Kapasitas

Inlet Guide Vanes Throtling Speed = inverter

Departemen Teknik Mesin Industri


TERIMA KASIH

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