In This Chapter You Will:
● Write fractions and decimals as percents ● Solve percentage, rate, and base problems
and vice versa; order fractions, decimals, involving consumer applications
and percents ● Find the percent of change (increase or
● Use patterns to relate fractions, decimals, decrease)
and percents; estimate with percents ● Solve problems using a variety of strategies
● Find the percentage of a number, rate, ● Look for new vocabulary words
and base (original number) by using a highlighted in each lesson
formula and a percent proportion
Do You Remember? For Practice Exercises:
● A ratio is a way to relate two PRACTICE BOOK, pp. 243–266
numbers, a and b.
● A proportion is an equation that
For Chapter Support:
shows two ratios or rates are equal.
● Divide the numerator by the [Link]
denominator to rename a fraction
as a decimal. ● Skills Update Practice ● Calculator Activities
● Practice Activities ● Enrichment Activities
● The Cross-Products Rule:
ac ● Audio Glossary ● Electronic SourceBook
ad bc, b ⬆ 0, d ⬆ 0
b d ● Vocabulary Activities
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Chapter 8 215
8-1
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
Objective To write fractions and decimals as percents and vice versa • To use patterns to
relate fractions, decimals, and percents • To order decimals, fractions, and percents
In 2005, the population of the Greater Tokyo area was
about 35 million. Approximately 35 out of 100 people
in Japan live in the Greater Tokyo area. How can you
express this ratio in three different forms?
You can express this ratio in the following three ways:
fraction decimal percent
35 0.35 35%
100
Rational numbers are often written as a percent. A percent is a ratio
of a number to 100. Percent also means hundredths, or per hundred.
The symbol for percent is %. A percent proportion can be used to
write a fraction or a decimal as a percent.
To write a fraction or a decimal as a percent, you can write and
solve a proportion.
• Write 5 as a percent. • Write 0.123 as a percent.
12
5 x 0.123 x
12 100 100
500 12x Use the Cross-Products Rule. 100 • 0.123 x • 100
100
2
413 x Divide both sides by 12. 12.3 x
41 23
So 5 4123%. So 0.123 12.3 12.3%.
12 100 100
Think
You can use the meaning of percent to write a percent x% x
100
as a fraction or a decimal.
• Write 3712% as a fraction in simplest form. • Write 64.7% as a decimal.
37 12 64.7% 64.7 0.647 Remember: Dividing
3712% 3712 100 100 by 100 is the same as
100 or moving the decimal
3
75 • 1 38 64.7% .6 4.7 0.647 point two places to
2 100 the left.
4 So 64.7% 0.647.
So 3712% 3
8.
• Write 350% as a fraction or a decimal.
Divide by 100 and simplify the fraction. Divide by 100 or drop the percent symbol and
move the decimal point two places to the left.
350% 350 350 50 7 or 3 1
100 100 50 2 2
350% 350 3.50 or 350% 3 .5 0. 3.50
7 100
So 350% as a fraction is or 2 312.
So 350% as a decimal is 3.50.
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• Write 14% as a fraction or a decimal.
1 1
1 4 1 4
4% 1
4 100 4% .25
0100
100 100
14 • 100
1 1
400 0.0025
So 14% as a fraction is 400
1
. So 14% as a decimal is 0.0025.
Patterns can be used to find percent equivalency. Start with a related fraction
or decimal that has a percent equivalent you know, and then follow a pattern.
1
Write 4000 as a percent. Write 58% as a decimal.
1 1
4 25% Start with a related fraction. 8% 0.125% 0.00125 Start with a related decimal.
1 2
40 2.5% 8% 0.250% 0.00250
Find other
1 3
400 0.25% equivalents, 8% 0.375% 0.00375 Find other
following a pattern. equivalents,
1 4
4000 0.025% 8% 0.500% 0.00500 following a pattern.
1 5
So as a percent, 4000 0.025%. 8% 0.625% 0.00625
So as a decimal, 58% 0.00625.
To order fractions, decimals, and percents, rename
all of them as percents (or all fractions or all decimals).
Order from least to greatest: 4.1, 43%, 11
4 , 400%.
11
11 4 4.1
4 2.75 275% Write as
percents. 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500%
4.1 410% 43% 275% 410%
43% 275% 400% 410% Compare.
So from least to greatest, the order is 43%, 11
4 , 400%, 4.1.
Write as a percent.
1. 38 1
2. 5000 3. 235 4. 0.0013 5. 3.127 6. 0.7
Write as a fraction and a decimal.
1
7. 23.6% 8. 0.9% 9. 100% 10. 50 % 11. 12% 12. 314%
Order from least to greatest.
13. 49, 4%, 0.4, 4.3% 7
14. 3.4%, 0.04, 20 , 0.3 15. 82%, 45, 8.0, 11
10
16. Discuss and Write Explain how to use a pattern to express
7 1 1
9 as a percent, given that 9 119%.
Lesson 8-1 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
8-2
Estimate Percents
Objective To estimate with percents • To estimate the percentage of a number using the
break-apart and 1% methods
According to a study in one state, 0.27% of varsity
team players in high school become professional
athletes. If there are 8380 varsity players in the state,
about how many will eventually play as professionals?
To find about how many varsity players, estimate the
percentage of a number: 0.27% of 8380.
To estimate the percentage, or part, of a number, p, first Remember: Compatible
round the percent to a common percent and round the numbers are numbers that are
number to a compatible number. Then multiply. easy to work with mentally.
0.27% of 8380 0.25% of 8000 Round 0.27% to a common percent
and 8380 to a compatible number.
14 % of 8000 400
1
of 8000 Rename 0.25 as a fraction;
1
rename % as a fraction.
20 4
1 • 8000 20
400 Simplify.
1
About 20 of the state’s varsity players will play as professionals.
To estimate the percent, or rate, r, first round both terms of the ratio
to compatible numbers. Then write the ratio as a common percent.
A new sports complex advertised 338 jobs, but 920 people responded
to the ad. About what was the percent, or rate, of response to the ad?
To find about what percent, or rate, responded to the ad, estimate the
percent equivalent to the ratio 920 using compatible numbers.
338
920 900 Round 920 and 338 to compatible numbers.
338 300
3 3.00 = 300% Divide; rename 3 as a percent.
The response rate was about 300%, or 3 times the number of jobs available.
To estimate the original number, or base, b, round the rate to a common
percent and the percentage to a compatible number. Then compute mentally.
A team lost 41, or about 19%, of the total number of games played.
About how many games in all were played?
To find about how many games in all were played, estimate the original
number, or base, b, using compatible numbers: 41 19% of b.
41 19% of b 40 20% of b Round 41 to a compatible number,
and 19% to a common percent.
40 15 b Write 20% as a fraction.
40 • 5 200 b Compute mentally.
About 200 games in all were played.
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Estimating percents is a useful skill for computing tips on restaurant bills,
calculating sales tax on a purchased item, and understanding surveys or statistics.
1 Shirley wants to leave a tip of about 15% on a lunch check of $38.75.
About how much money is the tip?
To find about how much the tip is, use the break-apart method to
estimate 15% of $38.75.
15% of $38.75 15% of $40 Round $38.75 to a compatible number.
(10% 5%) • $40 Break apart 15% into two common percents, 10% 5%.
(10% • $40) (5% • $40) Use the Distributive Property.
$4 $2 10% • $40 0.1 • $40 $4; Think
1 1 If 10% of $40 is $4, then 5%
5% • $40 2 (10% • $40) 2 • $4 $2
$6 Add. would be half of that, or $2.
A 15% tip on a lunch check of $38.75 is about $6.
2 About how much is the sales tax on a stereo that costs $894
if the rate of sales tax is 6%?
To find about how much the sales tax is, use the 1% method
to estimate 6% of $894.
• First find 1% of $894. • Then, to find 6%, multiply 6 • 1%.
1% of $894 0.01 • $894 Write 1% as a 6% of 894 6(1% of $894)
decimal 0.01.
6($9) Substitute $9 for
$8.94 Multiply. 1% of $894.
$9 Round $8.94 to a $54 Multiply.
compatible number.
A 6% sales tax on a stereo that costs $894 is about $54.
Estimate the percentage, p. Estimate the percent, or rate, r.
1. 190% of 230 2. 1 78 % of 999,000 1
3. 48 is r of 52. 4. 5.3 is r of 5.32.
Use the break-apart method to estimate a
Estimate the base, b. 15% tip for each restaurant bill.
5. 29% of b is 26.5. 6. 69 13 % of b is 29. 7. $27.95 8. $145.72
9. Discuss and Write About how much is the sales tax on a DVD player that
costs $206 if the rate of sales tax is 5%? Explain how you will estimate the
sales tax using the 1% method.
Lesson 8-2 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
8-3
Percentage and Applications
Objective To find the percentage (or part) of a number, given the base and percent rate
• To solve consumer application problems involving sales tax, total cost, discount, and sale price
In a survey for Inside Space, a school paper,
15% of 188 sophomores said they wanted a Part Whole
number 0 S 188
career in theater, TV, or movies. About how
many sophomores wanted a career in percent 0% 15% 100%
theater, TV, or movies?
To find about how many sophomores, find the
percentage, p 15% of 188.
• First estimate using the break-apart method.
15% of 188 (10% 5%)188
(10% • 188) (5% • 188) 18.8 9.4
19 9 28 Key Concept
Percentage Formula
• Then use the percentage formula or write and solve a percentage rate • base (p rb)
percent proportion to find the percentage, p, of a number.
Method 1 Use the percentage formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
part p
p rb p 15% • 188 0.15 • 188 15
whole 188 100
28.2 100p 2820
or
3
47
3 • 188
p 28.2
p 20 • 188 20
5
141
5 28 15
There were about 28 sophomores who wanted a Think
career in theater, TV, or movies. The number of sophomores must be a whole
number, and 28 is equal to the estimate of 28.
When percents are greater than 100%,
the part will be greater than the whole.
This year the school librarian ordered 130% of Whole Part
the books she ordered last year. Last year the number 0 46 Q
number of books ordered was 46. How many percent 0% 100% 130%
books did the librarian order this year?
To find how many books were ordered this year,
find the percentage of a number: p 130% of 46.
• First estimate using the 10% method. • Then use the percentage formula.
10% of 46 0.1 • 46 4.6 5 p rb p 130% • 46
130% of 46 13(10% of 46) 1.3 • 46 Think
13(5) 65 59.8 60 The number of books
must be a whole number,
The librarian ordered 60 books this year. and 60 is close to the
estimate of 65.
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Some consumer applications of percents are encountered
when finding sales tax, total cost, discount, and sale price.
Key Concept
Sales Tax and Total Cost Sales Tax Rate of Sales Tax • Marked Price
T R • MP
What is the total cost, including tax, of a box Total Cost Marked Price Sales Tax
of makeup with a $69.95 price tag if the rate TC MP T
of sales tax is 6%? or
To find the total cost, TC, use one of the Total Cost (1 Rate of Sales Tax) • Marked Price
given methods. TC (1 R) • MP
Method 1 Find the sales tax first. Then find Method 2 First add the rate of sales tax to
the total cost. 100%. Then multiply the result by the marked
• T R • MP price to find the total cost.
6% • $69.95 0.06 • $69.95 • 6% 100% 106%
$4.197 $4.20 Think
100% corresponds to the marked price.
• TC MP T
$69.95 $4.20 • TC 106% • $69.95 1.06 • $69.95
$74.15 $74.147 $74.15
The total cost, including tax, of a box of
makeup with a $69.95 price tag is $74.15.
Discount and Sale Price Key Concept
Find the sale price of a $47 clock Discount Rate of Discount • List Price
after a 40% discount. D R • LP
Sale Price List Price Discount
To find the total cost, SP, use one SP LP D
of the given methods.
Method 1 Find the discount first. Then find Method 2 First subtract the rate of discount
the sale price. from 100%. Then multiply the result by the
• D R • LP list price to find the sale price.
40% • $47 0.4 • $47 • 100% 40% 60%
$18.80 Think
100% corresponds to the list price.
• SP LP D
$47 $18.80 • SP 60% • $47 0.6 • $47
$28.20 $28.20
The sale price of a $47 clock radio, with a discount
of 40%, is $28.20.
Use the formula to find the percentage. Use a proportion to find the percentage.
1. 250% of 300 2. 9.8% of 200 3. 12 % of 32 4. 33 13 % of 36
5. Discuss and Write Describe two ways of finding the sale price of a $120 item
after a 25% discount and a 4% sales tax. Show your solutions.
Lesson 8-3 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
8-4
Rate and Applications
Objective To find the rate (or percent) given the percentage and the base • To solve consumer
application problems involving rate
The Children’s Clinic has introduced a new 36-hour training
program for interested high school student volunteers.
Students will spend 27 hours training on patient care. What
percent of the training program is spent on patient care?
To find what percent (or rate), r, of the training
program, find the percent of 36 equal to 27.
• First estimate using compatible numbers.
27 30 3 75%
36 40 4 Part Whole
number 0 27 36
• Then use the percentage formula, or write and
solve a percent proportion, to find the rate, r. percent 0% r 100%
Method 1 Use the percentage formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
p part
p rb rb 27 n
whole 36 100
27
36 0.75 2700 36n
75% 75 n
n 75 75%
100 100
So 75% of the training program is spent Think
on patient care. 75% is equal to the estimate of 75%.
When the percentage (part) is greater
than the base (whole), the rate (percent)
will be greater than 100%.
The Girl Scouts want to collect 500 lb of old newspapers. They have
collected 735 lb. What percent of their goal have they reached?
Whole Part
number 0 500 735
percent 0% 100% r
To find what percent of their goal they have
reached, find the percent of 500 equal to 735.
• First estimate using • Then use a formula. • Check.
compatible numbers. p 735 147% of 500 1.47 • 500
r b r 500
735 750 3 150%
500 500 2 1.47 735
147%
Think
The Girl Scouts have reached 147% 147% is close to the estimate of 150%.
of their goal.
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Practice & Activities
Finding commission rates and comparing discount rates ADVENTURE TRAVEL
are also percent applications. COMMISSION SCHEDULE
Commission (in dollars)
Commission Rate
A travel company gives its agents special commissions on
sales over $2 million, as shown in the given graph. What
is Al’s rate of commission if he makes sales of $5 million?
To find Al’s rate of commission,
find the percent of $3 million
equal to Al’s commission. Think
• Al’s ticket sales over $2 million:
• First estimate using
$5 million $2 million $3 million
compatible numbers. Sales Over $2 Million
(in millions of dollars)
$42,000 $45,000 0.015 1.5%
$3,000,000 $3,000,000
• Then use a formula or write and solve a percent proportion.
Method 1 Use a formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
part
R C $42,000 n
TS whole $3,000,000 100
$42,000 0.014 $4,200,000 $3,000,000n
$3,000,000
1.4 n
1.4%
n 1.4 1.4%
100 100
For $5 million in sales, Al’s rate of commission Think
will be 1.4%. 1.4% is close to the estimate of 1.5%.
Discount Rate
Of the two items on sale, shown in the window TODAY
sign at the right, which has a better discount rate? RII$//
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To find which item has a better discount rate,
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find the rate of discount for each item to the nearest tenth,
and then compare.
Jeans: r discount Backpacks: r discount
regular price regular price
$4 0.133 13.3% $4 0.095 9.5%
$30 $42
Since 13.3% 9.5%, the jeans have a better discount rate.
Find the rate using a formula and a proportion.
1. amount sold: $6500 2. regular price: $34 3. marked price: $59.75
commission: $292.50 discount: $8.50 sales tax: $2.39
4. Discuss and Write Which has a better discount rate: $5 off a $33
headset or $20 off a $130 radio? Explain. Show your solution.
Lesson 8-4 for exercise sets. Chapter 8 223
8-5
Base and Applications
Objective To find the original number (or base), given a percentage of the number and a
percent rate • To solve base-number problems involving consumer applications
Heather is helping her chemistry teacher
prepare solutions for next semester’s lab
course. One solution calls for 2% acetic
acid. If 1390 mL of acetic acid is available, Part
1390
how much solution can be prepared? Whole
number 0 b
To find how much solution (or base), b, can be
percent 0% 100%
prepared, find the amount of which 2% is 1390.
• First estimate using compatible numbers. 2%
2% of b 1390 2% of b 1400
b 1400 1400
2% 0.02 70,000
• Then use the percentage formula, or write and solve
a percent proportion, to find the base, b.
Method 1 Use the percentage formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
p part 1390 2
p rb b
r whole b 100
1390 1390 139,000 2b
2% 0.02
69,500 b
69,500
So 69,500 mL of solution can be prepared Think
with 1390 mL of acetic acid. 69,500 is close to the estimate of 70,000.
Sometimes it is more convenient to use the common
equivalent fractions when computing with percents.
A school team spends $415 for uniforms, which is 33 13 % of
its annual budget. How much is the team’s annual budget? Think
To find the team’s annual budget, b, find the amount of 33 1 % 1
3 3
which 33 13 % is $415.
• First estimate using compatible numbers.
33 13 % of b $415 33 13 % of b $400
b $415
1 $400
1 $400 • 3 $1200
33 3 % 3
• Then use the percentage formula to solve for the base, b.
p
b b $415 $415
r 1
33 3 % 1
3
$415 • 3 $1245
Think
The annual budget of the school team is $1245. $1245 is close to the estimate of $1200.
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Finding the base can be applied when solving consumer-application problems.
1 The sales tax in a city is 8 14 %. One day a store collected $384 in tax.
What were the store’s total sales on that day?
To find the store’s total sales, find the amount of which 8 14 % is $384.
• First estimate using compatible numbers.
8 14 % of b $384 10% of b $400 Think
$384 $400 and 8 1 % 10%
b $400 $4000 4
0.1
• Then use the percentage formula or write and solve
a percent proportion to find the base, b.
Method 1 Use a formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
p 1
b b $384 part $384 8 4
r 8 14 % whole b 100
$38,400 8 14 b
$384 $4654.55
0.0825
$4654.55 b b $4655
$4655
Think
The store’s total sales on that day were about $4655. $4655 is close to the estimate of $4000.
2 Mrs. Graham receives 2 12 % commission on her total sales at Colony Furniture.
In order to earn $300 in commission, what would her total sales have to be?
To find her total sales, find the amount of which 2 12 % is $300.
• First estimate using compatible numbers. • Then use a formula, or write and solve a
percent proportion, to find the base, b.
2 12 % of b $300 Think
p
2 % 3%
1 b b $300 $300
3% of b $300 2 r 2 2 % 0.025
1
b $300 $10,000 $12,000
0.03
Think
Mrs. Graham’s sales would have to be $12,000. $12,000 is close to the estimate of $10,000.
Use a formula to find the base, b. Use a proportion to find the base, b.
1. 10% of b 950 2. 66 23 % of b 400 3. 12 12 % of b 84 4. 0.5% of b 77
5. Discuss and Write Describe two ways of finding Alicia’s monthly salary, given
that she saves $180, or 16 23 %, of her salary each month. Show your solutions.
Lesson 8-5 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
8-6
Percent of Change
Objective To find the percent rate of increase, gain, or markup • To find the percent rate
of decrease, loss, or markdown • To find an original amount, given a percentage change and
a rate of change
Sand Shack marked up the price of its large iced tea
from $1.89 to $2.19. What percent of increase was this?
To find the percent of increase, find the percent of change.
A percent of change is the percent, or rate, a quantity
increases or decreases from its original amount.
To find the percent (or rate) of increase ,
compare the increase to the original amount.
• Find the amount of increase.
amount of increase new amount original amount Key Concept
Percent of Change
$0.30 $2.19 $1.89 amount of change
percent of change original amount
• Then use one of two methods to find the rate of
increase, I.
Method 1 Use a formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
p part $0.30 n
r I amount of increase
b original number whole $1.89 100
$0.30 0.159 $30 $1.89n
$1.89
16 n n 16 16%
0.16 16% 100 100
The percent of increase for the price of the iced tea was about 16%.
To find the percent (or rate) of decrease, compare the decrease to the original amount.
The Beach Wear Boutique marked down its swimsuits from $38
to $24. What percent of decrease, to the nearest tenth, was this?
• Find the amount of decrease.
amount of decrease original amount new amount
$14 $38 $24
• Then use one of two methods to find the rate of decrease, D.
Method 1 Use a formula. Method 2 Write and solve a percent proportion.
p part $14 n
r D amount of decrease
b original amount whole $38 100
$14 0.3684 $1400 $38n
$38
36.8 n n 36.8 36.8%
0.368 36.8% 100 100
The percent of decrease for the swimsuits was about 36.8%.
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When the amount of change and the percent of change are given,
you can find the original amount and the new amount.
There were 42 fewer votes cast, or 14 % less, in a recent local election than
had been cast in the previous election. How many votes were cast in the
previous election, and how many were cast in the most recent election?
• To find how many votes were cast in • To find how many votes were cast in the most
the previous election, b, find the number recent election, e, subtract the amount of change
of which 14 % is 42. from the previous election, or original amount.
p recent election previous election amount of change
b r b 142 421
4
% 400 e 16,800 42
42 • 400 16,800 16,758
There were 16,800 votes cast in the previous election and
16,758 votes cast in the recent election.
1 This spreadsheet page shows expenses
paid by a store. What are the amounts
Expenses Last Year This Year
and percents of increase or decrease
1 Rent $27,600 $31,200
for each of the expenses? 2 Electricity $5,850 $5,550
3 Telephone $6,400 $9,000
Rent: Electricity: Telephone:
• amount of increase, i • amount of decrease, d • amount of increase, i
increase new original decrease original new increase new original
i $31,200 $27,600 d $5850 $5550 i $9000 $6400
$3,600 $300 $2600
• percent of increase, I • percent of decrease, D • percent of increase, I
$3,600 increase $300 decrease
I $27,600 original D $5850 original I $2600
$6400
increase
original
0.13 13% 0.05 5% 0.41 41%
Find the percent of change. Identify Find the original amount and the new amount.
whether it is an increase or decrease. 3. decrease: $9 4. increase: $486
1. original: 245 2. original: $1022 percent of decrease: percent of increase:
new: 1470 new: $715.40 20% 12 12 %
5. Discuss and Write An investment fell from $1000 to $750; that is, by
25%. If the investment then increased by 25% from $750, would it reach
its original value of $1000? Explain why or why not. Show your work.
Lesson 8-6 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
8-7
Simple and Compound Interests
Objective To compute simple interest and rate of interest • To compute compound interest
by successive calculations of interest per period plus principal • To compute compound interest
with a calculator in consumer applications
Paul is taking a college science course over the summer.
The tuition is $775, which he borrows from the college at a
simple interest rate of 3 12 %. If Paul pays the money back
in 9 months, how much will he owe in all, including interest?
Interest , I, is an amount paid for the use of money.
Principal , p, is the money borrowed or deposited.
Simple interest is money paid only on the principal. Key Concept
The rate of interest , r, is the percent of interest paid, Simple Interest Formula (I prt)
or earned, per year. Time, t, is the number of years
Interest principal • rate • time (in years)
the money is borrowed or deposited.
• First find the interest, I, using the • Then find the total amount due, or balance, B,
simple interest formula . by adding the principal, p, and the interest, I.
I prt BpI
$775 • 3 12 % • 12
9
Think $775 $20.34
9
$775 • 0.035 • 0.75 9 months
12
year $795.34
$20.34
Paul will owe $795.34 in all, including interest.
You can also use the formula to find the rate of interest or investment time.
Mr. Posio borrows $5000 for home improvements. He plans to repay the loan in
3 years at simple interest. If he repays a total of $6125, what is the interest rate?
• First find the interest, I, by subtracting the • Then find the interest rate, r, using the
principal, p, from the balance repaid, B. simple interest formula.
IBp I prt
$6125 $5000 $1125 $5000 • r • 3
$1125 $1125 $15,000r
0.075 r
7.5% r
The interest rate for Mr. Posio’s loan is 7.5%.
• Jack invested $2000 in a mutual fund at a yearly rate of 6% and
earned $240 in interest. For how long was the money invested?
I prt $240 $2000 • 6% • t
$240 120t
2t
Jack invested the money for 2 years.
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When interest is earned or charged on principal and any previously
earned or charged interest, it is called compound interest.
Vita deposited $900 in a bank account that pays 6% interest, compounded
semi-annually. How much will her account balance be after 2 years?
To find how much the account balance , B, will be Think
Semi-annually means 2 periods per
after 2 years, use one of the methods below.
year, so divide the rate by 2 and
Method 1 Make a table. multiply the number of years by 2.
Period Interest per Period
Principal Balance ( p I )
(6 months) (6% 2 3%)
1 $900 $900 • 0.03 $27 $900 $27 $927
2 $927 $927 • 0.03 $27.81 $927 $27.81 $954.81
3 $954.81 $954.81 • 0.03 $28.64 $954.81 $28.64 $983.45
4 $983.45 $983.45 • 0.03 $29.50 $983.45 $29.50 $1012.95
Method 2 Use the compound interest formula. Key Concept
nt 2•2 Compound Interest Formula
B p(1 nr ) B $900(1 6%
2 ) r nt
( )
B p 1 n , where B is the final
$900(1 0.03)4 $900(1.03)4 balance, p is the principal, r is the interest
900 1.03 4 per year, n is the number of yearly
compounds, and t is the number of years.
The account balance will be about $1012.95 after 2 years,
compounded semi-annually.
Think
Credit card companies charge cardholders who borrow money a Monthly means
monthly finance charge (compound interest). How much will you owe 12 periods per year
if you borrow $1000 for 6 months at an annual 18 12 % interest rate? and 6 months 1 year.
2
To find the account balance, use the formula and a calculator.
⎛ 18 12 %⎞
12 12
r nt ⎜ ⎟
B p(1 ) B $1000 ⎝ 1 1000 1 0.185 12 6
n 12 ⎠
6
$1000(1 0.185
12 )
The account balance will be about $1096.14
after 6 months, compounded monthly.
Find the simple interest. Find the balance. Use a calculator.
1. principal: $850; rate: 9 12 %; time: 2 years 2. principal: $600; rate: 7%
compounded monthly; time: 6 months
3. Discuss and Write Which would pay more interest on a $500 deposit after
2 years: 8%, compounded quarterly, or a simple interest rate of 9%? Explain.
Lesson 8-7 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
8-8 Problem Solving: Review of Strategies
Objective To solve problems by using a variety of strategies
Ellen uses dots to make the diamond-
shaped figures shown at the right.
She uses 4, 9, and 16 dots to make
diamond-shaped figures that have 3,
5, and 7 horizontal rows of dots,
respectively. How many dots does
she use to make a diamond-shaped
figure that has 25 horizontal rows? 3 horizontal rows 5 horizontal rows 7 horizontal rows
4 dots 9 dots 16 dots
Read to understand what is being asked.
List the facts and restate the question.
Facts: Dots are arranged to form diamond-shaped figures.
The number of horizontal rows in a figure must be odd. (Can you see why?)
The number of dots per row starts with 1 at the top and increases by 1 with
each horizontal row until the “middle” horizontal row. Then it decreases
by 1 with each horizontal row with 1 at the bottom.
Question: How many dots are in a figure with Problem-Solving Strategies
25 horizontal rows? 1. Make a Drawing
2. Organize Data
Select a strategy. 3. Guess and Test
You could draw a figure with 25 horizontal rows 4. Find a Pattern
and count the dots, but this would be tedious. 5. Reason Logically
Instead, you might try these strategies: 6. Solve a Simpler Problem
• Find a Pattern in the arrangement of dots. 7. Adopt a Different Point of View
• Organize Data to see if you can discover anything 8. Work Backward
useful about the dot patterns. 9. Account for All Possibilities
10. Consider Extreme Cases
Apply the strategy.
Method 1: Find a Pattern
Look at the diagonal rows of dots.
• The diamond with 3 horizontal rows has
2 diagonal rows with 2 dots each.
• The diamond with 5 horizontal rows has
3 diagonal rows with 3 dots each.
• The diamond with 7 horizontal rows has
4 diagonal rows with 4 dots each.
3 layers 5 layers 7 layers
2 “rows” of 2 3 “rows” of 3 4 “rows” of 4
&KDSWHU
Enrichment:
Fractals
Objective To generate fractals by iteration rules • To predict and represent
algebraically the number of elements in fractal stages
A fractal is a fragmented geometric shape that is subdivided into parts,
each of which is similar to the entire shape. Fractals can be seen in the
leaf pattern of a fern, in the jagged coastline of a fjord, and in many other
naturally occurring phenomena.
One of the most famous mathematicians to have studied
fractals is Benoît Mandelbrot. He created the fractal shown
at the left. If you were able to zoom in on a section of this design,
you would see the larger design occurring at smaller and smaller
levels. In fact, if you tried to zoom in to find a basic structure of
the design, you would never find one.
The fractal at the right below was designed by Waclaw Sierpinksi, a Polish mathematician.
The fractal, known as Sierpinski’s Triangle, is created in stages. The first few stages are
shown at the left below. Let’s look at how each stage is created.
6WDJH 6WDJH 6WDJH 6WDJH
• Stage 0 is a shaded triangular region.
• To create Stage 1, connect the midpoints of the sides of the Stage 0 triangle,
and “remove” the “middle” triangle. Notice that Stage 1 has 3 shaded triangles.
• To create Stage 2, connect the midpoints of the sides of each shaded triangle in Stage 1,
and remove the middle triangle. Notice that there are 9 shaded triangles in Stage 2.
• To create Stage 3, connect the midpoints of the sides of each shaded triangle in Stage 2,
and remove the middle triangle. You should count 27 shaded triangles in Stage 3.
You could continue the process above to create more and more stages.
The process can be summarized with the following rule.
To create each stage, connect the midpoints of the sides of the shaded
triangles at the previous stage, and remove the middle triangles.
Look at the number of shaded triangles at each stage to see if you can find a pattern.
Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Shaded triangles 1 3 9 27
3 0 3 1 3 2 33
Notice the exponential pattern. If you continued to draw stages, there would be 34 shaded
triangles at Stage 4, 35 at Stage 5, and so on. In general, Stage n has 3n shaded triangles.
&KDSWHU
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Let’s look at another fractal. The fractal at the right is known
as Sierpinski’s Carpet. Below are the first four stages in the
creation of the carpet.
6WDJH 6WDJH 6WDJH 6WDJH
• Stage 0 is a shaded square region.
• To create Stage 1, divide Stage 0 into a 3 by 3 grid, and “remove” the
middle square. Notice that Stage 1 has 8 shaded squares.
• To create Stage 2, divide each shaded square in Stage 1 into a 3-by-3 grid, and
remove the middle square. Notice that there are 64 shaded squares in Stage 2.
• To create Stage 3, divide each shaded square in Stage 2 into a 3-by-3 grid,
and remove the middle square. If you were to count the shaded squares,
you would find that there are 512.
The process above can be summarized with the following rule.
To create each stage, divide each shaded square from the previous stage
into a 3-by-3 grid, and remove the middle square.
Let’s look for a pattern in the number of new shaded squares
created at each stage.
Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Shaded squares 1 8 64 512
8 0 8 1 82 83
As with Sierpinski’s Triangle, there is an exponential pattern. If you
continued to draw stages, there would be 84 shaded squares at Stage 4,
85 at Stage 5, and so on. In general, Stage n has 8n shaded squares.
In exercises 1–3, refer to the stages below.
6WDJH 6WDJH 6WDJH 6WDJH
1. Make a table to track the number of new squares added at each stage.
2. How many new squares are added at Stage n?
3. Discuss and Write Describe the rule for creating the stages of the fractal above.
pages 259–260 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU
Test Prep: Multiple-Choice Questions
Strategy: Apply Mathematical Reasoning
When solving multiple-choice questions, you can sometimes Sample Test Item
estimate the answer and then use your estimate to determine Marco’s family ate dinner at a
which answer choices can be eliminated and which are restaurant. The bill was $46.00.
reasonable. Even if only one answer choice seems reasonable, Marco’s parents left a 20% tip.
you should check that answer to be sure it is correct. How much did they leave as
Look at the sample test item. a tip?
F. $0.92
Read the whole test item, including the answer choices. G. $4.60
• Underline important words. H. $9.20
The bill was $46.00. Marco’s parents left a 20% tip. J. $20.00
How much did they leave as a tip?
A tip is an amount left in addition to the bill.
• Restate the question in your own words.
What is 20% of $46? Test-Taking Tips
• Underline important words.
Solve the problem. • Restate the question.
• Estimate to determine which answer choices are reasonable. • Apply appropriate rules,
• Use the rule for renaming a percent as a fraction. definitions, or properties.
20% 10020
15 • Analyze and eliminate
answer choices.
Estimate using compatible numbers.
46 45
1
Think
5 • 45 9 If an exact answer is required, be sure
to check all reasonable choices.
Choose the answer.
• Analyze and eliminate answer choices. Watch out for distractors.
F. $0.92 This amount is much less than $9. The choice is not reasonable.
G. $4.60 This amount is still far from $9. Eliminate this choice.
H. $9.20 This is very close to the estimate. Check: $46 • 0.20 $9.20. This is the correct choice!
J. $20.00 This amount is much greater than $9. This choice is not reasonable.
Choose the correct answer. Explain how you eliminated answer choices.
1. Ms. Wilson is a realtor. She sells a house for 2. The original price of a portable DVD player
$180,000 and earns a 7% commission. How was $89.00. It is on sale for 25% off. What is
much commission does Ms. Wilson earn? the sale price?
A. $1260 C. $126,000 F. $6.68 H. $66.75
B. $12,600 D. $1,260,000 G. $22.25 J. $111.25
&KDSWHU page 261 for exercise sets.
