Wireless Electricity (WiTricity)
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In this era of modernization, electricity has become everyone's daily cup of
life. A moment without electricity could make our thinking go dry. The conventional
form of electricity requires wires for its transmission from one place to another which
is only 74% efficient. But the continuous Research and development has brought
forward a breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This
wonder baby has been christened as “WITRICITY” (or WiTricity). the term has been
derived from these two words “WIRELESS” & “ELECTRICITY”.
There are certain small but very useful discoveries made in history, which
changed the world forever. Newton's gravitational law, Watt's steam engine,
Thomson's bulb and many more. But a renaissance occurred with the invention of
Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose successfully
generated electromagnetic waves having wavelengths in the range of 5mm to 25 mm.
Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in transmitting
electromagnetic waves up to several miles.
Figure 1.1 Nikola Tesla.
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In fact, it dates to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used conduction-
based system to transfer power wirelessly. As it was a radiative mode, most of the
power was wasted and the method proved to have less efficiency as compared to\the
methods involving concept of resonance.
At a glance we can say that WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity.
Transmission of electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires
is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and
other power-hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of
plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the devices won't require
batteries to operate.
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CHAPTER-2
WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY: THE BASICS
WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance
without wires with the basics of electricity and magnetism and work our way up to the
WiTricity technology.
2.1 ELECTRICITY
The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or
charges through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get
from one place to another.
2.2 MAGNETISM
A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to
attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on our refrigerator and
the Earth's magnetic field, are examples of objects having constant magnetic fields.
Figure 2.1: Wire carrying current produces magnetic field.
2.3 ELECTROMAGNETISM
A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic
fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric
field, and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.
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2.4 MAGNETIC INDUCTION
Figure 2.2 Magnetic field produced by current carrying loop.
A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an alternating
current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magnetic field,
If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate
an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second conducting loop,
brought close enough to the first, may “capture” some portion of that oscillating
magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the second
coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices. This type
of electrical power transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and
referred to as magnetic induction. Some common examples of devices based on
magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric generators.
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2.5 ENERGY/POWER COUPLING
Figure 2.3 Magnetic coupling in a transformer.
Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring
energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train car the
mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train and
overcome the forces of friction and inertia that keep the train still and the train moves.
Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object interacts
with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way,
electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a powered device. In
contrast to the example of mechanical coupling given for the train, magnetic coupling
does not require any physical contact between the object generating the energy and
the object receiving or capturing that energy.
2.6 RESONANCE
Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It
can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be
added to an oscillating system.
A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving
potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is
determined by the length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if he
properly coordinates his arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing
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is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the child
efficiently transfer energy to the system.
Another example of resonance is the way in which a singer can shatter a
wine glass by singing a single loud, clear note, when the singer hits the note that
matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy, begins
vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of the glass
depends on the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.
2.7 RESONANT MAGNETIC COUPLING
Figure 2.4 Resonant coupling.
Resonant magnetic coupling is a method of wirelessly transferring
electrical energy between two coils that are tuned to the same resonant frequency. It
relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction, where an alternating current in
one coil generates a magnetic field, which in turn induces a voltage in the other coil,
allowing power to be transferred from one coil to the other without physical contact.
In resonant magnetic coupling, both the transmitting and receiving coils
are designed to vibrate at the same natural frequency, which is known as the resonant
frequency. When the coils are in proximity and resonate at the same frequency, the
energy transfer efficiency is significantly increased. This resonance phenomenon
minimizes energy loss during transmission, making it an efficient method for wireless
power transfer.
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2.8 WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY
Figure 2.5 WiTricity technology.
WiTricity technology operates on the principle of resonant magnetic
coupling, enabling wireless electricity transfer over short to moderate distances. The
process involves two coils: a transmitter and a receiver. Both coils are tuned to the
same resonant frequency.
The WiTricity technology's ability to wirelessly transmit power makes it
ideal for applications like charging electric vehicles, powering consumer electronics,
and enhancing industrial automation. Its efficiency, safety, and convenience make it a
promising solution for a wide range of wireless power transfer needs.
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CHAPTER-3
APPLICATIONS
WiTricity wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide
variety of applications and environments. The ability of this technology to transfer
power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them
more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly. This technology is designed
for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) to embed directly in their products
and systems. WiTricity technology can be used to provide:
Figure 3.1 Block diagram of WiTricity.
3.1 DIRECT WIRELESS POWER
When all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries
are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its
WiTricity power source.
3.2 AUTOMATIC WIRELESS CHARGING
When all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries
are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its
WiTricity power source.
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CHAPTER-4
EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION
Transmitting electricity within a room, namely over distances a few times
greater than the size of the receiving devices themselves (what engineers define as
mid- range distances), is a challenge for most modern applications. That was the
challenge for Soljačić and his collaborators at the MIT labs: John Joannopoulos, Peter
Fisher, Andre Kurs, and Robert Moffatt. For our wireless method, they used one of
the most basic electric circuits as a resonator: the LC circuit. This circuit is an
electromagnetic resonant circuit that consists of an inductor (L), made by a wire coil,
and a capacitor (C).
The term WiTricity was used for a project that took place at MIT in 2007.
The researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power a 60-watt light bulb
wirelessly, using two 5-turn copper coils of 60 cm (24 in) diameter, that were 2 m (7
ft.) away, at roughly 45% efficiency. The coils were designed to resonate together at
9.9 MHz (wavelength ≈ 30 m) and were oriented along the same axis. One was at 9.9
MHz (wavelength 30 m) and were oriented along the same axis. One was connected
inductively to a power source, and the other one to a bulb (and what can be a clearer
sign of the functionality of a system than the switch on of a light bulb?). They
suspended the coils from the ceiling with fishing wire, tuned them up, turned them on
and. there was light.
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Figure 4.1 Lightning a bulb using WiTricity.
The setup powered the bulb on, even when the direct line of sight was
blocked using a wooden panel. Researchers were able to power a 60-watt light bulb at
roughly 90% efficiency at a distance of 3 feet.
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CHAPTER 5
SAFETY ISSUES
WiTricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying
instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with
biological organisms. People and animals are scientifically regarded to be safe.
Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world-renowned physicist,
explains: "The body really responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can
cook a chicken in a microwave. But it doesn't respond to magnetic fields. As far as we
know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of
power it absorbs."
Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread
acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cook tops. Through
proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost completely
contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and magnetic
fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus, WiTricity technology
doesn't give rise to radiofrequency emissions that interfere with other electronic
devices and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to
people or animals. WiTricity technology is being developed to be fully compliant
with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation.
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CHAPTER 6
FEATURES & BENEFITS
6.1 Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Provides High Efficiency over
Distance
WiTricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over
distances ranging from centimetres to several meters. Efficiency may be defined as
the amount of usable electrical energy that is available to the device being powered,
divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the WiTricity source. In many
applications, efficiency can exceed 90%. And WiTricity sources only transfer energy
when it is needed. When a WiTricity powered device no longer needs to capture
additional energy, the WiTricity power source will automatically reduce its power
consumption to a power saving “idle” state.
6.2 Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and
Wrap Around Obstacles
The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent
means of transferring energy in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial
environment. Most common building and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum
wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially “transparent” to
magnetic fields—enabling WiTricity technology to efficiently transfer power through
them. In addition, the magnetic near field can “wrap around” many metallic obstacles
that might otherwise block the magnetic fields.
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6.3 Scalable Design Enables Solutions from milliwatts to Kilowatts.
WiTricity systems can be designed to handle a broad range of power
levels. The benefits of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved
at power levels ranging from milliwatts to several kilowatts. This enables WiTricity
technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or
keyboard (milliwatts) to recharging an electric passenger vehicle (kilowatts).
WiTricity technology operates in a “load following” mode, transferring only as much
energy as the powered device requires. Flexible Geometry Allows WiTricity Devices
to be embedded into OEM Products
WiTricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded
into a wide variety of products and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic
coupling enables WiTricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying
shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer
requirements in each OEM application. WiTricity has designed power capture devices
compact enough to fit into a cell phone.
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CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPES
Figure 6.1 Diagram of wireless charging.
The future of WiTricity holds vast potential. Its wireless power transfer
technology is poised to revolutionize multiple sectors. In transportation, it will drive
the growth of electric vehicles (EVs) by offering convenient, cable-free charging
solutions. This technology will also have a significant impact on consumer
electronics, enabling wireless charging for devices like smartphones and laptops,
reducing clutter and improving user convenience.
WiTricity's applications extend to industrial automation, where it will
power robots and machinery without the need for frequent recharging. In healthcare, it
will facilitate cordless medical devices and remote patient monitoring, improving
patient mobility and care quality. Space exploration will benefit from WiTricity's
reliable and efficient wireless power transfer, simplifying complex systems used in
space missions.
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Smart cities will incorporate WiTricity into public infrastructure,
enhancing efficiency and reducing clutter, while promoting environmental
sustainability by reducing the need for disposable batteries. As research and
development continue to refine the technology, its applications are likely to expand,
offering innovative solutions for a wide range of industries and improving our daily
lives. Between the transmitter and receiver do not hinder the transmission of power.
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CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES
WiTricity, or wireless electricity, offers numerous advantages. It enables
efficient power transfer over a distance, eliminating the need for physical cords and
plugs, enhancing user convenience and safety. WiTricity can charge devices and
vehicles without direct contact, reducing wear and tear and enabling new applications,
like cordless medical devices or autonomous electric vehicles that charge
automatically. This technology is eco-friendly, reducing the use of disposable
batteries and promoting cleaner energy sources. Furthermore, WiTricity has potential
in industries like manufacturing, where it simplifies automation and minimizes
downtime for recharging robotic systems. Overall, WiTricity revolutionizes power
delivery, offering convenience, versatility, and sustainability.
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CHAPTER 9
DISADVANTAGES
WiTricity, while promising, has several drawbacks. One of the primary
limitations is its range, as the efficiency of power transfer diminishes with distance.
Implementing WiTricity technology can be costly due to the need for specialized
equipment and infrastructure. Although it's more efficient than some wireless power
transfer methods, there is still some energy loss during transmission. WiTricity
systems can be vulnerable to electromagnetic interference from other devices or
materials, affecting performance. The lack of global standards can lead to
compatibility issues and hinder widespread adoption. Security concerns also arise, as
unauthorized access to WiTricity networks may compromise privacy and data.
Additionally, heat generation and potential environmental impacts associated with
production and disposal are considerations when using this technology.
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CHAPTER 10
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The economic impact of WiTricity is poised to be substantial and
multifaceted. It promises to drive innovation and create economic opportunities across
various industries. In the energy and electronics sectors, research and development
efforts related to WiTricity can result in technological advancements and the creation
of high-skilled jobs, bolstering economic growth and global competitiveness.
Consumers stand to benefit significantly as well. WiTricity's high
efficiency minimizes energy loss during power transmission, leading to reduced
electricity bills and potentially freeing up disposable income. This could stimulate
consumer spending and further economic activity.
The automotive industry is set to experience transformation. WiTricity's
wireless charging technology can accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs),
potentially revolutionizing the sector. This shift towards EVs can create opportunities
in manufacturing, sales, and service, fostering economic growth.
Nonetheless, there are initial challenges, including the cost of deploying
WiTricity infrastructure and the need for standardization. Overcoming these hurdles
may require substantial investment, potentially impacting economic growth in the
short term.
On a broader scale, WiTricity can help reduce dependency on fossil fuels,
enhancing energy security and environmental sustainability. By promoting cleaner
energy sources and reducing pollution, it can mitigate long-term economic costs
associated with climate change and pollution-related health issues. Overall, while
there are challenges to address, WiTricity's potential to drive innovation, reduce costs
for consumers, and contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable economy makes it a
technology with significant economic promise.
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere
possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted
without wires to any terrestrial distance. [Link] is the pioneer of this invention.
Wireless transmission of electricity has tremendous merits like high
transmission integrity and low loss (90-97% efficient) and can be transmitted to
anywhere in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital-
intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. It has negligible demerits like
reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible.
It has a tremendous economic impact to human society. Many countries
will benefit from this service. Monthly electric utility bills from old-fashioned, fossil-
fuelled, loss prone electrified wire-grid delivery services will be optional, much like
"cable TV" of today. This technology is a big impediment to development in the retail
sector right now.
The wireless transfer of electricity has been a sci-fi dream up to this point,
and truly, if electricity could simply be in the air, in the same way radio waves and
Wi-Fi signals are, it would change the world.
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REFERANCES
[1] IEEE Spectrum May 2009
[2] [Link]
[3] [Link]
[4] [Link]
[5] [Link]
[6] [Link]
[7] An article published in the Science Magazine as “Wireless Power Transfer via
Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances” by Andre kurs, Science 317, 83(2007); Dol:
10.1126/ science.1143254.
[8] [Link]
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