Vaidyah vidhyalaya Academy

SUBJECT: Bio-Chemistry(short answer)

MARKS: 2 Marks
TOTAL NO. OF QUESTIONS: Ninety-Three
AUTHOR:
Pen name: ASHA
SHORT ANSWERS:
1.Write about the Sources of Iron?
• Iron is a micronutrient component
effectively used in the process of
Erythropoiesis.
• It is essential component of Haemoglobin.
• Rich sources: Meats( liver, Heart, Kidney)
• Good sources: Leafy vegetables, Pulses,
cereals, Dried fruits.
2.Write about Gouty Arthritis?
• Gouty Arthritis is caused by the deposition
of needles like crystals of Uric acid(
Monosodium urate crystals) in a joints.
Causes:
• Kidney dysfunction.
• Consumption of diet with high purines.
• Alcohol
Symptoms: Redness, Swollen joints, Pain,
Crackling sounds while walking.

Notes for the BNYS people- Vaidyah vidhyalaya…

3.Difference between Kwashiorkar and
Marasmas?
Characteristics Kwashiorkar Marasmus
Causes: Deficiency of Deficiency of
Protein both proteins
and calories.

Age factors Age between 6 Age between

months to3 6 months to 1
years year

Odema Present Absent

Subcutaneous Present Absent
Fat
Weight loss Mild severe
Appetite More appetite Poor appetite

Symptoms Thinning of Bone is

Limbs and covered by
Belly Fat is Muscle.
present
Fatty liver Enlargement No
of liver cells enlargement
liver cells.

4.RDA for Vitamin- C?

• Vitamin- C is Water soluble vitamin.
• It is also known as “Ascorbic Acid”.
• RDA: About 40- 50 mg vit-c intake per
day will meet the adult requirements.
• It is used to Prevent Scurvy and Promote
the overall health.
5.Eicosanoids?
• These are the compounds which is closely
related to prostaglandin.
• It consists of Prostacyclin, Leucotropins,
Thromboxane.
• They are the 20 carbon atoms.
6.Amphipathic lipids:
• Molecules contains both Hydrophobic and
Hydrophilic group are known amphipathic
Lipids.
 • Example: Fatty acids, Phospholipids,
Sphingolipids, bile salts, Cholesterol etc.
7.Protamines?
Protamines are one of the most
characteristic proteins of the cell nucleus.
• Protamine are the basic proteins, which are
apparently combined with the DNA in the
chromatin of the chromosomes.
• It replaces the histones late in the haploid
phase of spermatogenesis.
8.Ribosomal RNA( r- RNA)?
• The Ribosomes plays an major role in the
synthesis of protein.
• These are the ribosomes of the
endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm.
• The rRNA molecules direct the catalytic
steps of protein synthesis .
9.Peptides:
• A Peptides is a short chain of amino acids.
• Peptides are the double – bond in
which amino acids held together.
 • It may be of classified into
Monopeptides, Dipeptides, Tripeptides,
etc.
10.Acid- Base buffer?
• Buffer may be defined as weak acid with
its conjugated base.
• Buffer alter the PH concentration and
maintain the Acid base balance.
• Common Buffer system present in our
body; Bicarbonate – carbonic acid buffer.
• Organs involved in pH maintenance is
lungs and Kidney.
• It maintains the Homeostasis of the body.
• Major buffer system present in our body
are, Blood buffer, Respiratory buffer,
Renal buffer.
11.Nucleic acids?
• Nucleic acids are the polymers of
nucleotides or Polynucleotides.
• It is of 2 types: Deoxyribonucleic acids
and Ribonucleic acids.
 • Nucleotides components:
-Nitrogenous base- Purine and pyrimidine
-Pentose sugar- Ribose and Deoxy ribose
sugar.
-Phosphate.
12.Vitamins?
• Vitamins may be regarded as a Organic
compounds called as “Micronutrients”.
• It is used to perform specific biological
functions for normal maintenance of
normal growth and health of the
organisms.
• It is divided into 2 types:
Water soluble Fat soluble
Vitamin- B, C Vitamin- A,
D, E, K

13.Triglycerides?
• Triglycerides are the Esters of Glycerol
with fatty acids.
• Fatty acids gets broken down into
Triglycerides and ketones.
Notes for the BNYS people- Vaidyah vidhyalaya…

• They are insoluble in water and non-polar

in character and commonly known as
“Neutral fats”.
• Chemical composition of triglycerides
chains are carbon and hydrogen atom.
14.Deficiency of Vitamin- A?
• Vitamin- A is a fat soluble vitamin, also
known as Anti- Xerophthalmic vitamin or
Retinol.
• Its deficiency causes Nyctalobia,
Xerophthalmia, Bitot spot, Conjunctivitis,
Corneal ulceration.
15.Write about Plasma proteins?
• The Plasma is the liquid medium of the
blood, in which cell components namely,
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, Platelets are
suspended.
• It’s haematocrit value is about 45%.
• It consists of 3 groups: Plasma = Albumin
+ Globulin – Fibrinogen.
- Albumin
 - Globulin
- Fibrinogen
16.Urea cycle?
• The process by which “Bio- synthesis of
Urea from ammonia” is called Urea cycle.
• It is also known as ‘Ornithine cycle’
• Another name: krebs-Hanseleit cycle.
• It consists of 5 steps:
- Synthesis of Carbamyl phosphate
- Formation of citrulline
- Formation of Arginosuccinic acid
- Cleavation of Arginosuccinic acid
- Cleavation of Arginine.
2NH3 + CO2+ 3 ATP= Urea+ 3 ADP + H2O.
17.Types of Amino Acids?
• Amino acids are the Functional unit of
protein.
• They are classified: 4 based on,
-Polarity
- Nutrition
- Metabolism
 - Structure
18.Amino acids based on Polarity?
• Non- polar amino acids- Alanine, leucine,
Isoleucine
• Polar aminoacids- Glycine, glutamine
• Polar aminoacids with positive R- group-
Arginine, Histidine.
• Polar aminoacids with negative R group-
Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid.
19.Amino acids based on nutrition?
Essential Non-essential
Arginine Valine Glycine
Histidine Alanine
Isoleucine Serine
Leucine Cysteine
Lysine Aspartate
Methionine Asparagine
Phenylalanine Glutamate
Threonine Glutamine
Tryptophan Tyrosine
Proline
 Notes for the BNYS people- Vaidyah vidhyalaya

20. Amino acids based on Structure?

Sulphur Hydroxyl Aliphatic Imino Aromatic

group group group group group
Cysteine Serine Glycine Proline Thyrosine
Methionine Threonine Alanine Tryptophan
Tyrosine Valine Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
leucine

21.Write about Polysaccharides?

They are the components of Carbohydrates
• It consists of 10 molecules of
monosaccharides.
• It can be broken down by hydrolysis.
• It can be divided into 2 ,
Homopolysaccarides Hetero
• Starch Polysaccharides
• Glycogen • Heparin
• Dextron
 • Dextrin • Hyaluronic
acid

22.write the Structure of

Cyanogobalamine?
• The structure of B12 is based on a corrin
ring, which is similar to the porphyrin ring
found in heme.
• Cyanogobalamine is also known as ‘vit
B12'. Its deficiency causes ‘Pernicious
anaemia'.

23.Define Glycolysis?
• It is a Process in which molecules of
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate or
lactic acid.
• It is also known as “ EMP pathway”-
Embden meyerhof pathway.
• Totally 10 number of ATPs are produced.
• Site: Cytoplasm.
24. Define Galactose?
• Galactose are the components of
Carbohydrates classified under
Monosaccharides group
• It’s chemical formula - C6 H12 O6
• It is an 6 carbon atom.

25.Hay's test?
• These are the test done to determine the
excretory functions of liver.
• It is used to estimate the level of bile salts
in urine.
Take 5 ml of urine sample in a test tube + Add
pinches of sulphur flowers.
Results: Flowers gets sink to the bottom of the
test tube = Presence of Bile salts
Indicates- Early stage of Obstructive jaundice
26. Structure of Insulin?
• Insulin is a dimeric protein which is
having two chains interconnected by
disulphide bridges.
• Insulin is also known as “Anti-
Diabetogenic hormone”.
• It can be released from the B- cells of the
Pancreas.
• It plays an important role in the
Regulations of blood glucose level.
• Hyperglycaemia-> Insulin->
Hypoglycaemia
27.What is Oxidation and Reduction?
• Oxidation is a process of removal of
electron, where as reduction is the process of
gain of electrons.
• Eg: oxidation of Ferrous to ferric ions
removal of an electron from ferrous.
• In another word, Every oxidation is
accompanied by reduction. All such
reactions are termed as “ Oxidation –
reduction reactions “ .

28.Define Stereoisomerism?
• The spatial arrangement of certain
constituent group such as hydrogen and
hydroxyl group.
• They Possess same structural formula and
differ in spatial arrangements.
Eg: Glucose CHO-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-
CHOH-CH2OH
29.What is Prostaglandin?
• These are the compounds which closely
related to Eicosanoids.
• It is 20 carbon, Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
• It plays important role in the uterine
contraction, production of sperms and
Stimulates Pain.
• It consists of 3 components, Prostacyclin,
Leucotropins, Thrombaxanes.
30.What is Mucopolysaccharides?
• Monopolysaccharides are the heteroglycan
made up of repeating units of sugar
derivatives namely amino sugars and Uronic
sugars.
• It is also known as “Mucoproteins” or
Mucin.
• It consists of 95% of carbohydrates and 5%
of Protein.
31.Write about High density lipoproteins?
Or HDL
• It is also known as “Good cholesterol “,
Because it carries the cholesterol from other
parts of the body to the liver.
• It is mainly used in the process of digestion
and utilization of lipids.
• It prevents the fat deposition in the liver.
• It promotes the Fat mobilization and
prevents Atherosclerosis.

32.Enzymes?
• Enzymes may be defined as a biocatalyst
synthesized by the living cell.
• They are Protein in nature, Thermoliable and
Colloidal in character.
• They are classified into 6 groups;
- Oxidoreductases
- Transferases
- Hydrolases
- lyases
- Isomerases
- Ligases
33. What is Collagen?
 • Collegen is the abundant Protein in
mammals, Comprising approximately one
third of the total body protein.
• Collagen is the Predominant compound of
the Connective tissue.
• It forms, 90% of the Organic matrix of
bones, 85% of the tendons, 70% of skin
and 40% of Liver.
34. Explain Beri- Beri?
• The deficiency of Thiamine or B1 causes
“Beri- Beri”
• The disease is characterized by three
varieties of manifestation, namely
Cardiovascular, neurological and
Gastrointestinal with oedema in some
cases.
• Cardiovascular – Palpitations, Cardiac
hypertrophy.
• Neurological- skin numbness, weakness of
the limbs.
• Gastrointestinal- Anorexia and Diarrhea.
35.Malnutrition and Starvation?
 • Malnutrition- It is defined as a Insufficient
intake of nutrition, absorption and
utilization of Nutrients for the prolonged
duration of period.
• It cause both Micronutrients deficiency
and Macro-nutrient deficiency.
• Eg: Protein Energy Malnutrition-(PEM)
Marasmus and kwashiorkar.
• Starvation- It is defined as a Involuntary
abstinence of food for the longer period of
time.
• It may occurs due to Poverty, Food
scarcity, long duration of Fasting.
• It is a metabolic stress associated with
decreased insulin level and increased
glucagon level.
• Ketone bodies gets produced during the
period of starvation.
36.Write about Phospholipids?
• It is also known as “Phosphatides”.
• They are the components of compound
lipids
 • It is used in the Prevention of fatty liver
and in the process of blood coagulation.
• It consists of Lecithin, Cephalin,
Sphingomyelin.
37.Biosynthesis of lecithin?
• Phosphatidylcholines are otherwise known
as lecithins.
• Site for the biosynthesis of Lecithin is
Endoplasmic reticulum.
• Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is the
rate-limiting reaction is that catalyzed by
cytidylyltransferase.
• Lecithin can be used in the
Neurotransmission of Impulses.
Notes for the BNYS people- Vaidyah vidhyalaya….

38.write about Cephalin?

• Cephalin is also known as
“Phospotidylethanalamine”.
• It consists of 3 components, namely
Ethanolamine, Serine and Inositol.
 • It is similar to lecithin, they present in all
plants and animals.
39.Write about lecithin?
• Lecithin is types of phospholipids.
• Lecithin consists of one molecule of
Glycerol which gets esterified to 2 molecule
of fatty acids.
• They are unsaturated and saturated fatty
acids.
• There are 2 forms of lecithin, alpha –
lecithin and beta – lecithin.
• Lecithin are hydrolysed by the enzyme
called Lecithinase.
40.Write about Choline?
• Choline is a lipotropic factor is also known
as “Trimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium
hydroxide “.
• It is synthesized from Ethanolamine by
transmethylation reaction.
• Function: Prevents Fatty liver,
Neurotransmission of impulses.
41.Write about Ketoacidosis?
• Ketoacidosis is also known as “Diabetic
ketoacidosis “.
• It is a process in which Mobilization of
fatty acids results in overproduction of
ketone bodies which results in
ketoacidosis.
• It occurs due to deficiency of insulin.
42.write about Aliphatic amino acids?
• An aliphatic aminoacids containing an
Aliphatic side chain functional group.
• Aliphatic amino acids are non- polar in
nature.
• Example: Alanine, Isoleucine, leucine,
proline.

43.write about Aminoacids pool?

• Amino acid Pool is defined as the Labile
store of free amino acids from different
 sources together constitutes amino acid
pool.
• Glutamate and Glutamine together
constitute about 50% and essential acids
about 10% of the body pool.
• The amino acid pool of the body depends
upon uptaken and elimination of protein.
44.Write about Iodine deficiency?
• Iodine is considered as a Micronutrients,
its deficiency causes ‘Goiter’.
• Sometimes it causes, congenital
hypothyroidism.
• RDA for Iodine,
Adults- 100-150mg/ day
Pregnant women – 200mg/day

Notes for the BNYS PEOPLE- Vaidyah vidhyalaya

45. Write about Arachidonic acids?

 • Arachidonic acids is a “Polyunsaturated
omega 6 fatty acids”, present in animal
fats.
• It is a Precursor of Prostaglandin.
• Its chemical formula – C20 H32 O2.
46. Write about Colorimetry ?
• Colorimeter Or Photoelectric colorimeter
is an instrument used for the measurement
of colored substances.
• It is used to measure the Visible range of
spectrum of electromagnetic light.
• Colorimeter working mechanism based on
“Beer- Lambert’s law”.
47. Write about Electrophoresis?
• Electrophoresis is an analytical technique
used for the separation of biological
molecules such as Plasma proteins,
lipoproteins and immunoglobulin.

48. Write about Neutral Fat?

 • Lipids which are uncharged are referred to
as ”Neutral Fat”.
• They are Mono, Di and Triglycerols,
cholesterol and cholesterol esters.
49. Co- Factors and Co- enzymes?
Coenzyme Cofactors
-It is a chemical -It is a Non- protein
substances that chemical
carries chemical components, they can
group between the bind to an enzymes.
enzymes. -They are also known
-They are also known as ‘Helper molecules'.
as 'Co- substances'. -It can be removed by
-It can be easily denaturation.
removed. -They are inorganic
-They are organic in in nature.
nature. -Eg: Metal such as
-Eg- Biotin, vitamin. K+ and Zinc.
50.Degradation of Heme?
• Degradation of Heme begins in the
reticulo-endothelial cells of the spleen.
• Mainly it occurs in Red-bulb of the spleen
 • Life span of RBC- 120 days, after that
senile RBC gets destructed.
• Haemoglobin= Heme + Globin+ Iron
Heme Degradation→Biliverdin+ Carbon
monoxide.
Heme Oxygenase

NAD+ NADPH
Biliverdin -------------------→ Billirubin

51.Difference between Translation,

Transcription and Replication.
Definition:
Translation: Translation is a process that
involves the synthesis of an amino acid
chain from an mRNA blueprint.
Transcription: Transcription is the process
of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA
molecules
 DNA- Replication: In the process of DNA
replication, the DNA makes multiple copies
of itself.
It is a biological polymerisation, which
proceeds in the sequence of initiation,
elongation, and termination.

52. Write about Ketosis?

• Ketosis is a metabolic process characterized
by the elevated levels of ketone bodies in the
blood and urine.
• Ketone bodies gets produced by the liver
during catabolism reaction such as
Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis.
• During, starvation condition ketogenesis
occurs.
53.Write about Sphingolipids?
• Sphingolipids are also known as
“Glycosphingolipids”.
• There are three main types of sphingolipids:
ceramides, phosphosphingolipids
(sphingomyelins), and glycosphingolipids.
54. Write about Electrolytes?
• Electrolytes are the compounds which
readily dissociate in Solution and exist as
ions.
• It consists of both cations and Anions Eg:
Nacl .
• It maintains the homeostasis and pH of the
blood.
• Electrolytes deficiency causes Acidosis.
55.Write about Osmosis?
• Osmosis is Bio- chemical process in which
movement of solvent from higher
concentration to lower concentration
through a semipermeable membrane.
Types of osmosis: Endosmosis, Exosmosis.
Types of Osmotic solution:
Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic.
56.Myoglobin and it’s structure ?
• Myoglobin is a heme protein found in both
skeletal and cardiac muscle.
• Myoglobin contains only one subunit of
globin, while hemoglobin has four
subunits.
• Myoglobin is a globular protein whose
function is to store molecular oxygen in
muscles (myo = muscles).
• It has two main components: a single
polypeptide chain, and heme ligand.

57. Hypervitaminosis?
• Hypervitaminosis is an Excessive
consumption and Deposition of vitamins
in our body.
 • It creates an harmful effects and leads to
toxicity.
• Eg. Hypervitaminosis of Vitamin-A is
Dermatitis, Enlargement of liver,
Tenderness of long bones.
58.Lipotropic factors?
• Lipotropic factors are the substance which
prevents the accumulation of fats in the
liver.
• It promotes the mobilization of fats.
• It increases the utilization and digestion of
fats.
• Eg : Choline, Methionine
59. Write the Action of Vitamin-
antagonist?
• Vitamin -Antagonist are the substance
which decreases the activity or Alter the
function. Therefore it is also known as
'Anti-Vitamin'.
Eg:- Warfarin for Vitamin-K
 - Oxythiamine and Thiaminase for
Vitamin B1
- Galactoflavin for Riboflavin
- Avidin for Biotin
60. Write about Wilson disease?
• Wilson disease is also known as
“Hepatocellular degeneration “.
• Copper is deposited in abnormal amounts
in Liver and lenticular nucleus of brain.
• This may Lead to hepatic cirrhosis and
brain necrosis.
• Intestinal absorption of copper is very
high, about 4-6 times higher than normal.
61. Write about Dextrin?
• Dextrin are the components of
Carbohydrates belonging to the
homopolysacarides group.
• Dextrins are the breakdown products of
starch.
• Types of Dextrins: Amylodextrins,
Erythrodextrins, Achrodextrins.
62. Write about Fructosuria?
• It is a condition in which fructose gets
excreted in the urine.
• It occurs due to the deficiency of enzyme
called “Hepatic fructokinase”.
• Because of this, Fructose will not be
converted into Fructose 1,6 phosphate.
Therefore, fructose gets excreted in the
urine.
63. Write about Gangliosides?
• Gangliosides are the complex forms of
Glycosphingolipids.
• They are predominantly present in
ganglions.
• It contains one or more molecules of N-
acetyl neuroaminic acids.
64. Write about Genes?
• A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in
DNA or RNA .
 • Gene is an encoded form of genetic
information which gets transferred from
one generation to other.
Types of Genes:
-complementary gene
- Supplementary gene
- Sex-linked gene
- Polymeric gene
-Duplicate gene
65. Why Vitamin- A is considered a
Hormone?
• Vitamin -A is considered as a Hormone,
because Retinoic acid and Retinol is acts a
steroid hormones.
• They regulate the protein synthesis and and
involved in cell growth.
• It regulate the expression of a number of
genes.
66. Iodine number?
“Iodine number is directly proportional to
the number of unsaturated fatty acids”
• It is defined as a gram of iodine absolutely
by 100 gm of fat or oil.
• Iodine deficiency causes “Goiter “
67. write about Avidin ?
• Avidin is a “Tetrameric biotin binding
protein“ produced by the oviduct of birds
which gets deposited in the white of
chicken eggs.
• Avidin forms 0.05% of total proteins.
68. Write about Oncogens?
• Oncogens are the chemical substances that
causes cancer.
• It is involved in the Cell division.
• It results in Neoplasia.
• Eg: Radiation, free radicals and Chemicals
etc.
69.Write about BMR ?
• Basal metabolic rate is defined as the
“Minimum amount of energy required by the
 body to maintain life at complete physical
and mental rest” in post absorptive state.
• BMR value between –15% and +20% is
considered as normal.
70.Write about Haemoglobin structure?
• Haemoglobin is a red pigment which is
responsible for the red colouration of the
Blood.
Hemoglobin = Iron + Globin+ Porphyrin
Structure of Hemoglobin Or Heme:
• A heme is made from 4 pyrroles, which are
small pentagon-shaped molecules made
from 4 carbons and 1 nitrogen.
• Four pyrroles together form a tetrapyrrole.
71. Write about Leukotrienes?
• Leukotrienes are synthesized by
leucocytes, Mast cells, lung, heart, spleen
etc., by lipoxygenase pathway of
arachidonic acid.
• Leukotrienes cause contraction of smooth
Muscles, bronchoconstriction,
vasoconstriction, Adhesion of white blood
cells and release of Lysosomal enzymes.
72. Coagulation and Denaturation of
protein?
Features Coagulation Denaturation
 Definition It is the Denaturation
process of is the process
Clumping of of changing
small the properties
molecules of the
together and molecules
form from its
aggregates. original state.
Process It is It is
irreversible. reversible.
Causes Clotting Acids, Bases,
factors chemicals etc.

Notes for the BNYS people- Vaidyah vidhyalaya

73. Write about Invert Sugar?

• Sucrose is otherwise known as “Invert
sugar”.
• Invert sugar is defined as a capability of
the sugar to convert Dextro rotatory to
levorotatory Or vice versa on hydrolysis.
• Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
 • The whole process is known as
“Inversion”.
• Sucrose can be broken down by Sucrase
Or Invertase.
74. Write about Specificity of enzymes?
• Enzymes are the proteins which catalyzes
the chemical reaction.
Specificity of enzymes: It is of different
types:
• Substrate specificity
• Group specificity
• Bond specificity
• Optical specificity
• Geometrical specificity
75. Write about Sickle cell anaemia?
• Sickle cell anaemia is a hereditary
disorder characterized by Sickle shaped
RBC cells in the blood.
• It causes Hemolytic anaemia.
• In the condition,
Destruction of RBC is > than the
Production of RBC
76. Write about Thalassemia?
• Thalassemia is the genetical disorder
characterized by the structural alternation
in cells of the RBC cells.
• In this, structural changes occurs in the
alpha and beta chains on the RBC cells.
• It occurs most commonly in Mediterranean
region.
77. Write about Acidosis and Alkalosis?
Acidosis:
• It is a condition in which pH of the blood
becomes less than 7.35
• Here, the concentration of Hydrogen ion
will more in the blood.
• It occurs due to imbalance in the buffer
system.
Eg: Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory acidosis
during the Condition like Hypoventilation.
Alkalosis:
 • It is a condition in which pH of the blood
becomes greater than 7.35 .
• Here the concentration of Hydrogen ion
will be less in the blood.
• It occurs due to over production of
bicarbonate ions.
Eg: Metabolic alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis
during the condition like Hyper ventilation.
78.Write about Van den Bergh reaction?
• These are the test used to determine the
excretory function of the liver.
• It is used to estimate the bile pigments in
the blood.
Take the serum sample+ Freshly prepared
diazotised sulphanilic acids reagent
Results: Formation of Reddish-Violet colour
within 1 minute . It indicates Obstructive
jaundice.
79.Write about Bitot's spots?
• Bitot’s spots are a specific manifestation
of Vitamin A deficiency .
 • These are triangular dry, whitish, foamy
appearing lesions which are located more
commonly on the temporal side.
80. Write about Rancidity?
• Rancidity is a chemical change that results
in an unpleasant odors and taste in a fat.
• The oxygen of the air attacks the double
bond of fatty acids to form the peroxide
linkage.
Types of Rancidity:
• Hydrolytic rancidity
• oxidative rancidity
• Microbial rancidity.
81.What is normal serum level of the
following?
a.) Cholesterol – 125 to 200mg/dL
b.) Bilirubin – 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL
c.) Fasting glucose – 100 to 125 mg/dL
d.) Creatinine – 0.5–1.2 mg/dl
82.Write about Immunoglobins ?
• Immunoglobins are the Antibodies gets
produced by T- lymphocytes.
• They are Protein in nature.
• They are of 5 types,
- IgA – Immunoglobin ( alpha)
- IgD- Immunoglobin ( Delta)
- IgE – Immunoglobin ( Epsilon)
- IgM – Immunoglobin ( Mu)
- IgG – Immunoglobin ( Gamma)
83. What are chylomicrons?
• Chylomicrons are the triglycerides derived
from the intestinal absorption of lipids.
• They are secreted from the intestinal
mucosal cells into the intracellular fluid.
• They are responsible for the transportation
of dietary fibers into the circulation.
84. What is Anti- oxidants?
• Anti-oxidants are the substance which
prevents the Free- radical formation.
 • Antioxidants are the plant based chemical
substances which prevents the disease such
as Heart disease, Cancer formation.
• Ex: Tocopherol, Flavonoids, Lycopene,
etc.
85. Write about Mutation?
• Mutation is defined as a Error in the DNA
replication which results in DNA –
Damage
• Mutation is the Process in which
Alteration
Types of Mutation:
• Sense -mutation
• Missense- mutation
• Nonsense - mutation

86.Write about Anion gap?

• Anion gap is a quantity of anion not
balanced by cations.
 • Anion gap is a measure of acid – base
balances.

87.Write about Cardiac markers?

• Cardiac markers are the Protein molecules
released into blood stream from damaged
heart muscle.
• It is used to determine the abnormal
functions of the body.
Eg: AST and ALT level in the blood
indicates the liver function.
88. Write about Hydrolysis?
• Hydrolysis can be defined as a reaction
with water constituents (H+ or OH-)
resulting in the formation of solids or
stable complexes in solution.
Eg: CaCo3 + H2O= Ca+HCO3- + OH.

89. Write about Histamine?

 • On Carboxylation reaction, Histidine gives
histamine.
• Histamine regulates the HCl secretions,
lowers the blood pressure and
Vasodilatation.
• It is responsible for the Inflammation.

90. Write about Lactose Intolerance?

• Lactose is a components of disaccharides
which is also known as “Milk sugar”.
• Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
• Lactose tolerance tests measure the ability
of your intestines to break down a type of
sugar called lactose.

91. Write about the Hemosiderosis?

• It is the Condition in which excessive
accumulation of Iron in the body.
• Iron gets deposited in the form of
hemosiderin ( Non- heme iron).
• Excessive iron is deposited as Ferritin and
hemosiderin.
• Hemosiderin gets accumulated spleen and
liver.
92. Write about the Hemochromatosis?
• This is a rare disease in which Iron gets
deposited directly in the tissues (like
spleen, liver, Pancreas).
• Hemochromatosis causes a condition
called “Bronze diabetes “.
• In this condition, Bronzed -pigmentation
of the skin, Cirrhosis of liver are present.

Notes for the BNYS PEOPLE- Vaidyah vidhyalaya

93. Write about Purines and Pyrimidines

bases?
Purine bases: Adenine,Guanine,
Hypoxanthine.
Pathway: Salvage pathway
Pyrimidine bases: Orotic acid, Uracil,
cytosine, Thymine.
Pathway: Denovo pathway.

FOR MORE INFO:

[email protected]
Reference: Sembulingam – Biochemistry,
Ambhiga shanmugam.

“ONCE AGAIN RAISE TO CLEAVE THE SUN

AND SHINE”
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Notes for the BNYS people- Vaidyah vidhyalaya….Thank you