A PROJECT STAGE - I

REPORT

ON

“STRUCTURAL AUDIT ON WATER TANK BY USING REBOUND

HAMMER AND ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY METHOD "
In the partial fulfillment of Project Phase - I the requirement for
the Degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Civil.
Submitted to

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

Submitted By

STUDENT NAME PRN No

SAURABH V. CHAUDHARI 72171633E
VRUSHALI R. GANGURDE 72171636K
RATNESH .K. SAH 72171650E
JYOTI P. TOPPLE 721033629F
JYOGITA S. WAGH 72171640H

Under The Guidance of

Prof. P. L. PATIL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHATABDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH
AGASKHIND, TAL-SINNER, DIST-NASHIK

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

(2022-2023)
 SHATABDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH
AGASKHIND, TAL-SINNER, DIST-NASHIK
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

STUDENT NAME PRN No

SAURABH V. CHAUDHARI 72171633E
VRUSHALI R. GANGURDE 72171636K
RATNESH K. SAH 72171650E
JYOTI P. TOPPLEE 721033629F
JYOGITA S. WAGH 72171664H

This is to certify that,

Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the Project Phase I work entitled,

“STRUCTURAL AUDIT ON WATER TANK BY USING REBOUND

HAMMER AND ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY METHOD "

It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

For the academic year 2022-2023

Prof. P. L. PATIL Prof. P. L. PATIL

(Guide) (Co-ordinator)

Prof. P.L.PATIL Dr. P.G.VISPUTE

(HOD) (Principal)
 PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

Project Entitled
“STRUCTURAL AUDIT ON WATER TANK BY USING REBOUND
HAMMER AND ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY METHOD "

Submitted By :-

1 SAURABH V. CHAUDHARI
2 VRUSHALI R. GANGURDE
3 RATNESH K. SAH
4 JYOTI P. TOPPLE
5 JYOGITA S. WAGH

It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of

SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune

For the academic year 2022-2023

InternalExaminer External Examiner

Date:
Place:
 Acknowledge

It is a privilege for us to have been associated with Prof. P.L. Patil our guide,
duringthis project work. We have been greatly benefited by their valuable suggestions and ideas. It
is withgreat pleasure that we express our deep sense of gratitude to them for their valuable
guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work.

We express our gratitude to Prof. P.L.PATIL , Head of Department of Civil

Engineering for his constant encouragement, co-operation, and support.

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. A . B. JADHAV for their

unfailinginspiration and for providing the lab facilities.

We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their company during
thecoursework and for useful discussion we had with them.

We would be failing in our duties if we do not make a mention of our family members including
ourparents for providing moral support, without which this work would not have been complete
 ABSTRACT

In case of construction the life cycle of a structure can be divided in four phases as architectural
planning, structural planning, construction and maintenance. Every structure has its own service life
and it should stand stable on its position. But because of less importance to the maintenance collapsed
mechanism has increased day by day and structure getting collapsed before its service life is completed
which leads to the loss of properties and life of human beings.

Concrete is considered as a durable material but it is potentially to deterioration, unless certain

precautions are taken. Life enhancement of distressed concrete structures depend upon number of
factors such as design, detailing, materials, used in the original construction, quality control,
environment as well as periodic inspection and regular maintenance. The assessment of concrete
structures consists of not only evaluation of the present condition but also prediction of the cause of
damage and residual life. Hence, it is essential to have accurate assessment of physical and chemical
properties to enhance the existing life of the structure. A proper assessment of the structure is made, it
may be economically feasible to repair the damage structure and prolong its life.

Number of tests need to be carried out to assess the extent of distress and to estimate the quality and
strength of concrete, before taking up any repair measures. These tests can be of non-destructive type
(NDT). This report discusses a case study, the assessment of an old overhead reservoir by the NDT
methods. A systematic approach for the test results based on NDT is presented for an economical repair
procedure and measures. Necessary repair measures are suggested to increase the service life ofthe
structure.
 INDEX

SR.NO. PAGE NO

01 CHAPTER-1:- INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Purpose of structural audit 1-7
1.3 Why structural audit is done ?
1.4 Problems identification
1.5 objects

02 CHAPTER-2 :- LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Inroduction of literature Review 8-10

03 CHAPTER-3 :- METHODOLOGI
3.1 Test descriptions
3.1.1 Visual inspection
3.1.2 Non-Destructing Testing on Concrete Structure’s
11-37
3.2 Audit report
3.2.1. Visual observation and remark
3.2.2. Result based on data (UPV)
3.2.3. Result based on rebound hammer
3.2.4. Recommendation for repairs

04 REFERENCES 38
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

In India, from 1980 onwards the infrastructure industry witnessed stepping up of public investment
and growth in infrastructure industry which results in construction of new multi-storey concrete
apartments which are now in the age of thirty plus years. There are many buildings during this period
and earlier have reduced strength in due course of time because of structural deficiency, material
deterioration, unexpected over loadings or physical damage. If, further use of such deteriorated
structure is continued it may endanger the lives of occupants and surrounding habitation.

Structural audit is an examination of the overall health of a building to ensure that it is safe, risk-free
and habitable. The purpose of a structural audit is to correctly identify parts or sections of a building
that may be in need of immediate repair, renovation or replacement. Structural audits are performed
by licensed consultants who have the required expertise in civil construction and are empaneled with
the government authorities. As the structure gets older and older as time goes it need periodical
maintains and checkup to prevent future damages. Health and performance of building depends on its
quality of maintains also to prevent the structure from environmental effect one should monitor it time
to take the professional opinion. Therefore, it is done to assess the general health of building.

The general health and performance of a building depends on its quality of maintenance as a building
grows old, ageing, use and exposure to the environment can affect the health of the building
significantly. Therefore, it is advisable to monitor it periodically by taking a professional opinion.
Structural audit is a preliminary technical survey of building to assess its general health as a civil
engineering structure. It is usually initiated as the first step for repair. This is similar to the periodic
health checkup recommended for older people. A methodology for Structural Audit was first prepared
by the Indian Society of Structural Engineers.

“Structural audit is the inspection or examination of the building, to evaluate the strength so as to
improve its appropriateness, safety, efficiency.”

Assessment of quality of concrete is necessary to ensure that the quality of execution is satisfactory
and also to identify any deficiencies so that they can be rectified. This can be achieved only by
conducting some in-situ tests on the structures besides visual inspection. These tests have been
developed with a primary objective of evaluating the condition of insitu concrete quickly. This extent

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of damage or deterioration greatly depends on the quality of work at the construction stage. The
deterioration of buildings can be result of various factors including fire damage, frost action, chemical
attack, corrosion of steel, etc. during the life span of the structure. The investigation of soundness is
thus essential for finding the present serviceability of the structure and its scope for future
developments or for the change in its utilization.
Fig. no.1.1 health monitoring

It has been learnt that concrete structures require a closer inspection, not only immediately after
construction but also periodically at a regular interval. The quality control measures during construction
generally consist of workability tests on fresh concrete and cube compressive strength of concrete
samples after some specified days of curing. It is a well-known fact that the results of the above tests
do not reflect the true quality of the concrete existing in the structure because the quality of concrete in
the structure depends on many factors such as method of mixing, transporting, placing,compacting and
curing. While concrete members with certain amount of imperfections can satisfy the requirements
relating to strength and serviceability, such concrete may not satisfy durability requirements.

The need of structural audit is for maintenance and repairs of existing structures whose life has exceeded
the age of 30 years to avoid any mishaps and save valuable human life. The concrete is widely used as
construction material being inexpensive, easy for construction, applications and because of its high
strength-cost ratio. More than ever, the construction industry is concerned with improving the social,
economic and environmental parameters of sustainability. Appropriate actions should then be

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implemented to improve the performance of structures and restore the desired functionof structures.
Thus, it is almost important to perform structural audit of existing buildings and to implement
maintenance/ repair work timely which will lead to prolonged life of the building and safety of the
occupant. To act more responsible and pre-emptive towards the dilapidated buildings, the municipal
corporation must issue notices to the buildings and co-operative societies which are more

Fig no. 1.2. 30 years old building

than 30 years old to carry out mandatory structural audit and submit the audit report. Structural audit
should highlight and investigate all critical areas and recommend immediate remedial and preventive
measures. It should cover the structural analysis of existing frame and find critical elements for all
types of loadings. It also helps in delivering a strong building structure with cost effective solutions
and appropriate maintenance program.

The periodical structural auditing and diagnosis for health of existing buildings is thus almost
important for finding the present serviceability and structural viability of structures. The structural
audit must be carried out by auditing norms, methods of non-destructive testing and code provisions.
It ensures that the building and its premises are safe and have no risk. It analyses and suggests
appropriate repairs and retrofitting measures required for the buildings to perform better in its service
life. Structural audit is done by an experienced and licensed structural consultant.

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Fig no.1.3. Cracks in building

1.2. Purpose of structural audit

• To save human life and Property.

• To understand the condition of building and to project the expected future life.

• To enhance life cycle of the building structure.

• To find critical portion.

1.3. Why structural audit is done?

• Structure showing Distress

• Proposed Addition, Alterations Extensions in building / structure

• For Damage assessment due to earthquake, fire, blast, vibration, corrosion etc.

• For insurance

• For Bank-Mortgage

• For Valuation

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1.4. Problems identification

• Types of defects.

• Cracks in building.

• Corrosion of the reinforcement.

• Leakage.

• RCC member’s defects observed.

• Growing of plants, trees.

1.5. Objectives

• To study and use NDT methods.

• To identify the defect.

• To find damaged area of the building.

Fig. 1.4 Defects in building

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Fig. 1.5 Defects in building

Fig.1.6 Defects in building

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this there is detailed study of various research work and literature related to various NDT techniques
and some structural auditing case studies also maintenance repair of it.

B.H Chafekar, O.S.Kadam, K.B.Kale

The paper covers the structural audit of the overall structures. According to the author(s), the frame
is the heart of the building. It is designed by the structural engineer with the help of bye-laws
provided for the structure. Various techniques are used to assess the old frames. The structure is a
system of interconnected element to transfer the loads safely to the soil. It is similar to a ‘table’. The
engineer will call the legs of table as columns, battens as beams and sheet ply as slab. When a no. of
tables is connected horizontally and vertically, they we get a building structure. The structural audit
is like checking a patient by a doctor. It is important to know the real status of the old buildings.

Before analyzing the structure, we should know the components of structure with inter connected
elements to carry the load safely to underground earth. The health examination of concrete building
called as structural audit.

A.B. Mahadik, M.H. Jaiswal

It creates the awareness among all the Civil Engg., the architect's, and the owner of building towards
the health inspection of the existing concrete structure. There are many buildings during the period of
15-30 years who have reduced their strengths due to time because of structural deficiency, physical
damage or overloading. There is demand of appropriate actions and measure for all such building to
improve its function and the performance of building which can increase the life of building.

S. Sorace and G. Terenzi

The paper offers a synthesis of the design study of an advanced seismic retrofit solution of a low-rise
reinforced concrete building. The structural characteristics of the case study building make it
Representative of a large stock of similar designed with earlier seismic approach.

Patil S.R., Prof. Sayyed G.A.

Civil Engineering Industry is one of the oldest industries which provide a basic infrastructure to all the human
beings. Every structure has its own service life, and within this service life it should stand
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firmly on its positioned .Ex- A Taj Mahal in Agra in India which is one of the oldest structure and a
Wonders of the World, and still stand on its position very efficiently. A collapsed mechanism has
Increased and today’s Structures are getting collapsed before there service life is completed.
Structural Audit is a preliminary technical survey of a building to assess its general health as a civil
engineering structure. It is usually initiated as the first step for repair.

J. Bhattacharjee

Structural Audit is a technical survey of an engineering structure to assess its health. This paper also
deals with the repair rehabilitation measures that are to be done after the Audit and prepare an
advanced operating procedure for Structural Audits.

Bhavar Dadasaheb

Many parts of country are suffered by earthquake also the lots of damage is occurred due to it.The
reinforcement structure are mostly like to damage in It .Normally they are design for vertical load
when such a masonry structure is subjected to lateral inertial loads during an earthquake, the walls
develop.

Swapnil U Biraris

The paper gives the information regarding the importance of structural audit and steps involved in
conducting it that should be strictly carried out for an old structure. The structures whose life span
has been more than 25 years an overall heath and performance check-up of structure should be
conducted. Structural audit is an overall health and performance check-up of buildings. It is
important to the building to check their safety and they have no risk.It is process of analyses of
building and this process suggest an appropriate repairs and for knowing the real health status of the
old buildings.

Ms. P. S. Jadhav, Ms. R.S.Chavan, Mr. G. K. MohiteR. D. Gosavi, Prof.

P.S.Shinde

The purpose of this paper is to create awareness among the civil engineers about the health
examination of the bridges. It is very necessary to do regular examination of old bridges. Thus, this
paper gives some knowledge on the tests of strength and the major factors affecting the life span of
the bridge. The life span of the bridges is too long. This means there is a great chance of reduction in
the strength, increase in challenges like deterioration, natural hazards, etc. there may also be no. of

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accidents taking place over the bridge. the structural audit ensures that the structure is safe and has
no risk.it is conducted by a professional and licensed engineer.

Sanket Sanjay Suryawanshi, Vaibhav, Reetika Sharan

They told us about the life of historical structure how it was and the difference between todays and
that structure also their mechanism. Also they told that for cooperative building the health
monitoring must be done in 15-20 years to know the condition of structure. The paper states the
faulty mechanism in the structure and different measures to overcome them. It states that the
structure can be residential, commercial or historical monument. The ancient structures had huge
impact on life because of its long-life span. But nowadays the structures become less efficient and
lose their strength before the design period. So, to prevent any further damage, regular check-ups and
health examination of the building is carried.

K.B Kale, S.R Mohite, P.A Shinde, V.P Koyle

The paper covers he structural audit of the overall structures. The structural audit is like checking a
patient by a doctor. It is important to know the real status of the old buildings. The purpose of
structural audit is

➢ 1. Determine the real-time status condition of the building

➢ 2. To calculate the remaining life.

The audit is performed by different methods or tests recommended by a professional structural

consultant. Firstly, the assessment of structure is done by visual interpretations. During this method,
a form is prepared giving rating to various damages as per their importance. The paper concludes
that for any load bearing structure, the structural audit is necessary as it is good to know the remedial
measures to any defects seen in the building. Also, the government is making compulsory to conduct
the audits for old structures or structures above 30 years old.

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1. Test descriptions

3.1.1. Visual Inspection.

Visual inspection refers to evaluation by means of eyesight either directly or assisted in some way.
The visual inspection of a structure is the “first line of defence” and typically involves the search for
large scale deficiencies and deformities, if any in the structure.

Visual observation is probably the most important of all non-destructive tests. It can often provide
valuable information to the well trained eye. Visual features may be related to the workmanship,
structural serviceability, and material deterioration and it is particularly important that the engineer is
able to differentiate between the various signs of distress which may be encountered. These include
for instance, cracks, pop outs, spalling, disintegration, color change, weathering, straining surface
blemishes and lack of uniformity. Extensive information can be gathered from visual inspection,
however, should not be confined only to the structures, the surrounding environment and the climatic
conditions.

The importance and benefits of visual survey should not be underrated. Often the omission of what
appears to be insignificant evidence can lead to a wrong conclusion being made.

3.1.2 Non-Destructing Testing on Concrete Structure’s

The structural integrity of a building is initially determined by the visual inspection, however, the
Strength and durability of concrete is an essential factor that decides its long life and safety. For, this
purpose, Non-destructive testing (NDT) should be carried out to check concrete strength, chemical
attack resistance, corrosion assessment, among other things, below are the common techniques to
assess whether your building’s concrete will stand the test of time.

A. Rebound hammer test

Code of Reference: IS 13311 Part 2

Principle of test

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When the plunger of rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the spring
controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depends upon the surface hardness of
concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive

strength of the concrete. The rebound is read off along a graduated scale and is designated as the
rebound number or rebound index.

Fig no.1.7 Rebound Hammer

Objective of test

• Assessing the likely compressive strength of concrete with the help of suitable correlations
between rebound index and compressive strength.
• Assessing the uniformity of concrete.
• Assessing the quality of the concrete in relation to standard requirements.
• Assessing the quality of one element of concrete in relation to another.

Apparatus
• The Rebound Hammer:

It consists of a spring controlled mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing. This impact
energy required for rebound hammers for different applications is given below
Table no. 1
Sr. Application Approx.Impact Energy
no Required( Nm )
1. For testing normal weight concrete 2.75
2. For light-weight concrete 0.75
3. For testing mass concrete 30

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Checking of Apparatus

It is necessary that the rebound hammer is checked against the testing anvil before commencement of
a test to ensure reliable results. The testing anvil should be of steel having hardness of about 5000
N/mm2. The supplier of the rebound hammer should indicate range of readings on the anvil suitable
for different types of rebound hammers.

Procedure

➢ For testing smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected. If loosely adhering scale is present,
this should be rubbed off with a grinding wheel or stone. Rough surfaces resulting from
incomplete compaction, loss of grout, spalled or tooled surfaces do not give reliable results and
should be avoided.
➢ The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape discontinuity.
➢ For taking measurement, the rebound hammer should be held at right angles to the surface of
the concrete member. The test can thus be conducted horizontally on vertical surfaces or
vertically upwards or downwards on horizontal surfaces. If the situation demands, the rebound
hammer can be held at intermediate angles also, but in each case, the rebound number will be
different for the same concrete.
➢ Rebound hammer test is conducted around all the points of observations on all accessible faces
of the structural element. Concrete surfaces are thoroughly cleaned before taking any
measurement. Around each point of observation, six readings of rebound indices are taken and
average of these readings after deleting outliers as per IS 8900: 1978 becomes the rebound
index for the point of observation.

Interpretation of results
A general values are given for guidelines between the surface hardness and the rebound hammer.
Table no. 2
Average rebound Quality of surface

>40 Very good

30-40 Good

20-30 Fair

<20 Poor

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Fig. 1.8 Rebound hammer machine

Influence of test results

The results are affected by factors such as smoothness of surface, size and shape of specimen,
moisture conditions of the concrete, type of cement and coarse aggregate, curing and age of concrete
and extent of calibration of concrete surface.

B. Ultra pulse velocity

Code of Reference: IS 13311 Part 1: 1992

Principal
The ultrasonic pulse is generated by an electoacoustucal transducer, when the pulse is induced into the
concrete from a transducer, it undergoes multiple reflections at the boundaries of the different material
phases within the concrete. A complex system of stress waver is developed which includes
longitudinal, shear, and surface waves. The receiving transducer detects the onset of the longitudinal
waves, which is the fastest.

Because the velocity of the pulses is almost independent of the geometry of the material through which
they pass and depends only on its elastic properties, pulse velocity methods is a convenient technique
for investigating structural concrete.

Applications:
• Evaluate the quality and homogeneity of concrete materials
• Predict the strength of concrete
• Evaluate dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete,
• Estimate the depth of cracks in concrete.

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• Detect internal flaws, cracks, honeycombing, and poor patches.

The test can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of crack repair.

Objective:

• the homogeneity of the concrete.

• The presence of cracks, voids and other imperfections.

• Changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time.

• The quality of the concrete in relation to standard requirements.

• The quality of one element of concrete in relation to another.

• The values of dynamic elastic modulus of the concrete.

Apparatus:

• Electrical pulse generator

• Transducer

• Amplifier

• Electronic timing device.

Procedure:

➢ In this test method, the ultrasonic pulse is produced by the transducer which is held in contact
with one surface of the concrete member under test. After traversing a known path length (L)
in concrete, the pulse of vibrations is converted into an electrical signal by the second
transducer held in contact with the other surface of concrete member and an electronic timing
circuit enables the transit time (T) of the pulse to be measured.

➢ The pulse velocity V is given by: V = L/T

➢ Since size of aggregates influences the pulse velocity measurements, it is recommended that
minimum path length should be 100mm for nominal size aggregate 20mm.

➢ In view of the inherent variability in the test results, sufficient number of readings are taken
by diving the entire structure in suitable grid markings of 30 x 30 cm. Each junction point of
the grid point becomes a point of observations.

➢ Transducer are held on corresponding points of observation on opposite faces of a structural

element to measure the ultrasonic pulse velocity by direct transmission.

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➢ Surface probing in general gives lower pulse velocity than in case of cross probing and
depending on number of parameters.

Interpretation of results

A general value are given for guidelines:

Table no. 3
Sr. Pulse velocity by cross probing (km/sec) Concrete quality Grading
no.
1. Above 4.5 Excellent
2. 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3. 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4. Below 3.0 Doubtful

Influence of test results

The results are affected by factors such as smoothness of surface, size and shape of specimen,
moisture conditions of the concrete, type of cement and coarse aggregate, curing and age of concrete
and extent of calibration of concrete surface.

Fig. 1.9 Ultrasonic pulse velocity method

➢

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Fig. 1.10 Ultrasonic pulse velocity instrument

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4. REFERENCES

• IS. 13311-1.1992 for Ultrasonic pulse velocity test.

• IS. 13311-2.1992 for Rebound hammer.
• A.B. Mahadik, M.H. Jaiswal- “Structural Audit”, International Journal of Innovative
Research Science and Technology. volume 6, march 2017
• J. Bhattacharjee “Repair, Rehabilitation and retrofitting of rcc for sustainable development,
Civil Engg. And Urban Planning, International journal (CiVEJ) vol.3, June 2016
• S. Sorace and G. Terenzi – “Structural Audit” International Journal of Engineering and
Technology, Vol. 5, issue no. 3, June 2013
• Patil S.R., Prof. Sayyed .G.A “Structural Audit”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering. Pg. 60-64 (2015)
• Bhavar Dadasaheb-“Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing
“International journal of research in modern engineering and emerging technology,
IJRMEET Vol. 1, Issue: 5, June: 2013
• Swapnil U Biraris “Structural Audit of Old Structures”, International Journal of Engineering
Trends Volume-43 -January 2017.
• Ms. P. S. Jadhav, Ms. R.S.Chavan, Mr. G. K. Mohite R. D. Gosavi, Prof. P.S.Shinde,
Structural Audit of Bridges, International Inventive Multidisciplinary Journal, Volume-V,
Issue-IX, pg. no.98-106,Sept- 2017,.
• Sanket Sanjay Suryawanshi, Vaibhav, ReetikaSharan “Structural Audit of Rcc Building”
IJARIIT,vol-4, issue 2 (2018).
• B.H Chafekar, O.S Kadam, K.B Kale, S.R Mohite, P.A Shinde, V.P Koyle, STRUCTURAL
AUDIT, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research (IJCSER), Vol. 1,
Issue 1, 2013,
• Sachin Shelke and Prof. Darshana Anichawar, “Structural Health Monitoring, Audit, Repair
and rehabilitation of Building in Construction industry”, International Journal of Engineering
and Technology and Research,(IJETSR) ISSN-2394-3386 Volume-5 Issue-3 March-2018.

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