READINGS IN PHILIPPINE Different Sources in History

HISTORY Primary Source – is a source of historical

data or information described as first-hand.
History and Historical Sources o A source free from anyone’s
History – History is the “chronological interpretation.
record of past significant events”. o It is raw and unprocessed in other
words.
o the “mother” of all disciplines in the
field of the social sciences. Secondary Source - a source of historical
o Means narrating one’s own data or information that has already
experience. underwent a process of filtration.
o Account of one’s own interpretation o the information it carries has been
of his experiences in the past. screened, interpreted, organized,
rephrased, judged and simplified by
a certain individual or group of
3 Historiography Approaches individuals through the historical
methods to produce a particularly
o History from above – A matter of easy-to-read materials in making
what the powerful, the ruling class, sense of the past.
the famous, the colonizers, and the
Other Sources (Mixed Sources) – are
wealthy people thought of and what
documents that contain both eyewitness
they did.
accounts of the participant but may also
o History from below (common
include statements from family members of
people) - An approach that asserts
the eyewitness who told of the details of the
workers, women, immigrants, and
story.
minorities have their own respective
stories or history. Historians aim to
uncover the stories of those who
have historically been marginalized, Historiography – is the study of how
oppressed, or overlooked by history is researched, written, and
traditional historical narratives. interpreted over time. It examines the
o Pantayong Pananaw – (equal methods and perspectives used by historians
and how historical narratives evolve.
perspective) It is focused
on writing the development of the Relics – are typically objects or items that
Filipinos alone. It is written by are considered sacred, holy, or imbued with
Filipinos about Filipinos, using spiritual significance.
the standards of the Filipino, written
in Pilipino language, and interpreted Artifacts – are objects or items that are of
‘exclusively’ by a Filipino. historical, cultural, or archaeological interest
due to their age, origin, and significance in
human history.
Testimonies of witnesses to the past –form 5 Ships
of oral history wherein a historian interviews
o Trinidad
face-to-face a person who may either be a
participant to a past event, or he had o San Antonio
witnessed first-hand a particular activity that o Santiago
had bearing to meaningful one. o Victoria
o Concepcion
Ars historica – Latin term for "the art of
history", referring to the practice and study People
of history as an academic discipline.
Ferdinand Magellan:
Geschichte – German term means "history" (Feb 3, 1480 - Apr 25, 1521) Portuguese
or "story" that refers to the discipline of explorer and leader of the expedition.
history and the creation of historical
Antonio Pigafetta: (1491-1531) Italian
narratives and accounts about past events,
chronicler and documented the events of
societies, and cultures.
the voyage, written in his account known
as the "Relazione del primo viaggio
intorno al mondo" (Report on the First
First Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan Voyage Around the World).
(1521)
Rajah Humabon: Ruler of Cebu.
March 16: The expedition makes landfall on
the island of Guam in the Mariana Islands or Hara Amihan: The wife of Rajah
Ladronas Islands. Humabon, played a key role in the
conversion to Christianity.
March 16 to March 25: Reach the isle of
Zamal (Samar). They saw nine men on 18th Lapu-Lapu: Chieftain of Mactan Island,
and saw a Ballangai (balangay) on 25th. near Cebu. He opposed Magellan's
attempts to assert Spanish authority and
March 31: Easter Sunday Christianity.
April 7: Reached port of Cebu with the help
of Raia Calumba
Objectivity and Subjectivity
April 14: King of Cebu were baptized and
burning of idols. Objectivity

April 27: Ferdinand Magellan died in the o Objective historical writing aims to
hands of Lapulapu. provide a balanced and accurate
account of past events and
May 8: The surviving ships, Trinidad and individuals, free from personal
Victoria, leave the Philippines and continue opinions or judgments.
westward. o In history means telling the facts
September 6, 1522: Only Victoria, under without personal bias.
the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, o Historians aim for objectivity by
returns to Spain, completing the first using evidence and facts to provide a
circumnavigation of the globe. balanced and fair account.
 o Minimizing the impact of the Economic and Trade History –
historian's own beliefs, values, and Artifacts offer clues about trade
perspectives. networks, economic activities, and
connections between societies.
Subjectivity
History as the Subjective Process of
o Subjective historical writing involves
Recreation
the introduction of personal biases,
emotions, opinions, and The concept of "History as a Subjective
interpretations into historical Process of Recreation" implies that
narratives. historical narratives are not objective and
o It is when personal feelings or complete records of the past but rather
opinions affect how history is told. subjective interpretations and
o Historians may unintentionally let reconstructions shaped by the perspectives
their own ideas influence their of historians.
explanations.
Subjective Interpretation: Historians
o Recognizing subjectivity is important
interpret and recreate historical events based
in historical research and not on evidence, which may be incomplete or
necessarily negative, as it allows biased. Their personal perspectives and
historians and readers to critically beliefs can influence their interpretations.
assess the potential influence of
personal bias on the interpretation of Multiple Perspectives: Different historians
historical data. may produce varying interpretations of the
same historical events, leading to a plurality
of historical narratives.
Artifacts as Sources of History
Ongoing Process: Historical recreation is an
Artifacts serve as invaluable sources of ongoing process, as new evidence and
history by providing direct physical perspectives can lead to revisions of
evidence of past civilizations and cultures. established historical narratives.
Tangible Evidence – Artifacts are Historical Method and Historiography
physical objects from the past, providing
direct historical evidence. Historical method is the approach
historians use to investigate and interpret
Cultural Insights – They reveal the past, and provides the practical tools
customs, traditions, and aesthetics of for researching and constructing history.
past societies.
Historiography, on the other hand, is
Chronological Context – Artifacts help the study of how historians have written
establish timelines and trace the history over time, considering changing
development of cultures. perspectives, theories, and the influence
Technological Advancements – They of societal factors on historical
show advancements in technology and narratives. Together, they form the
craftsmanship. foundation for historical research and
writing.
 Docere, Terminus non ante quem, o Determine if there is any
Terminus non post quem, and anachronistic reference.
Verisimilitude o Determine the provenance or custody
of the evidence.
Docere is a Latin term that means "to
o Determine the meaning of a text or
teach" or "to instruct." In educational
contexts, it often refers to the act of word (Semantics).
teaching or imparting knowledge to o Determine the ambiguities of the
others. meaning of the word (Hermeneutics).

Terminus Non Ante Quem is a Latin

phrase that translates to "limit not before  Semantics looks at the meanings of
which." Indicating the earliest possible words and symbols in language,
date or limit before which a historical  while hermeneutics is about
event or artifact must have occurred, understanding and interpreting things
used in establishing lower chronological like texts and symbols in different
bounds. situations.
Terminus Non Post Quem is another
Latin phrase that means "limit not after Internal Criticism – an approach that
which." In historical research, it signifies focuses on analyzing the credibility or
the latest possible date or limit after reliability of an evidence.
which a specific historical event or
artifact must have occurred. It helps Tests:
establish an upper bound for dating. o Look into the identification of the
Verisimilitude is a term used in author.
literature and storytelling describing the o Determine the approximate date.
quality of appearing true or realistic, o Find out the author’s ability to tell
particularly in literature and historical the truth.
writing, where it denotes the degree to o Look into the author’s willingness to
which a historical account seems tell the truth.
believable and accurate based on o Look for similar claims to establish
available evidence. corroboration.
Historical Criticisms, Tests, and
Historical Hoax
 Corroboration is a piece of
External Criticism – an approach that evidence by providing additional
focuses on analyzing the authenticity of evidence or information that supports
an evidence. or substantiates it
Tests:
o Determine the author of the
document.
o Look for the anachronistic style.