Example 4:

A full-wave, ac/dc converter is connected to a resistive load of

5 Ω. The voltage of the ac source is 110 V(rms). It is required
that the rms voltage across the load to be 55 V. Calculate the
triggering angle, and the load power.
α
sin( 2α )
Vrms = Vsrms [1 − + ]
π 2π
α sin( 2α )
55 = 110 [1 − + ]
π 2π
π sin( 2α ) α ≈ 112.5 o
2.25 = α −
180 2
2
Vrms ( 55 )2
P= = = 605 W
R 5
Single-phase Full-wave Controlled Rectifier with
highly inductive load

π +α
1
Vdc =
π ∫α V m sin θ dθ

2Vm
Vdc = cos α
π
 • Variation of Vdc versus α
2Vm 2Vm/π
Vdc = cos α
π
2Vm Vdc
Vdc max = @ α =0
π
2Vm
Vdc min = − @ α = 180°
π -2Vm/π
0 45 90 135 180

α
Depending on the value of α, the average
output voltage could be either positive or
negative and it provides two-quadrant
operation.
 Single-Phase Dual Converters

Vdc

Load
-Idc Idc

-Vdc

 Single-phase full converters with inductive loads allow only a two-quadrant

operation.
 If two of these full converters are connected back to back, both the output
voltage and the load current flow can be reversed.
 The system provides a four-quadrant operation and is called a dual converter.
 Dual converters are normally used in high-power reversible-speed drives.
7- Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

S1
id

van
S2

vcn vbn +
S3
Vo
_
No delay α=0
1.5
vo
1
0.5
Voltages

0
van vbn vcn
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 30 15 270 390 Angle o
S1 0 S S3
2
Triggering

30 270 390
150 Angle o
Delayed Triggering For Resistive load with α ≤ (π/6)
1.5
vo
1
0.5
Voltages

0
van vbn vcn
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 30 30+α 150 +α 270 +α 390 +α Angle o
α S1 S2 S3
Triggering

95
 5π / 6 +α
3
Vdc =
2π π
∫ V
α
/ 6+
m sin θ dθ

3 3Vm
Vdc = cos α
2π
5π / 6 +α 1/ 2
 3 
= ∫ V sin θ dθ 
2 2
Vrms
 2π
m
π / 6 +α 
1/ 2
1 3 
Vrms = 3 Vm  + cos 2α 
 6 8π 
 For Resistive load with α ≥ (π/6)
1.5
1
0.5
Voltages

0
van vbn vcn
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 30 30+α 150 +α 270 +α 390 +α Angle o
α S1 S2 S3

30+α π 150 +α

3 π 3Vm π
Vdc =
2π ∫π / 6+α Vm sin θ ⋅ dθ = 2π [1 + cos( 6 + α )]
97
For highly inductive load

3 3Vm
Vdc = cos α
2π

1/ 2
1 3 
Vrms = 3 Vm  + cos 2α 
 6 8π 
8- Three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier

S1 S3 S5
van +
a
vbn
b ZL
vL
vcn
c

-
S4 S6 S2
 1.5
3-phase, 1
vo

AC/DC 0.5

Voltages
Conversion 0
vAB vBC vCA
-0.5
No delay α=0
-1

-1.5 o
-30 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 Angle
S1 S3 S5
van + S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
a S5 S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
vbn
b ZL
vL
vcn
c

-
S4 S6 S2

Triggering
Delayed Triggering α ≤ (π/3)
1.5
vo
1

Voltages 0.5

0
vAB vBC vCA
-0.5

-1

-1.5 o
-30 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 Angle

α α α
101
Triggering
 The output voltage v0 is periodical with a period of 60o
The average output voltage can be calculated over one
period from π/3+α to 2π/3+α .

v0 = v AB = 3Vm sin (θ + π / 6 ) , (π / 6 + α ≤ θ < 3π / 6 + α )

1 3π / 6+α
Vdc = ∫ 3Vm sin (θ + π / 6 )dθ
π / 3 π / 6+α
3 3
= Vm cos α
π
1 3π / 6+α
Vrms = ∫ ( 3V sin (θ + π / 6 )) 2
dθ
π /3
m
π / 6 +α

1/ 2
1 3 3 
Vrms = 3 Vm  + cos 2α 
 2 4π  102
For Resistive load with α ≥ (π/3)

1 5π / 6
Vdc = ∫ 3Vm sin (θ + π / 6 )dθ
π / 3 π / 6+α
3 3 π
= Vm [1 + cos(α + )]
π 3

103
Example 5:
For a three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier if the source
voltage is 208 V, calculate:
a- Maximum dc voltage across the load
b- The delay angle at which the dc voltage of the load
equals the peak phase voltage of the source
c- the dc load voltage for delay angle of 60°

104
Solution

3 3
Vdc = Vmax cos α
π
VL 208
V ph = = = 120 V
3 3

a- For maximum average voltage across the load α = 0

3 3
Vdc = ( 2 ×120)(cos 0) = 280.69 V
π
b- The delay angle at which the average voltage of the load equals the
peak phase voltage of the source

105
 3 3
Vdc = Vmax = Vmax cos α
π
π
cos α = = 0.6046
3 3
∴ α = 52.8
c- the average load voltage for delay angle of 60°

3 3 3 3
Vdc = Vmax cos α = ( 2 ×120) cos(60 )
π π
= 140.35 V

106
Example 6:
A three-phase full-wave converter is operated from a three-phase Y-connected
208V, 60Hz supply and the load resistance is 10Ω. If it is required to obtain a
dc output voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage, calculate
(a) the delay angle, (b) the rms and average output currents, and (c) the
rectification efficiency.

208
Vm = × 2 = 169.83V
3
3 3Vm
Vdc = cos α
π
3 3Vm
Vdc max = @ α =0
π
3 3 ×169.83
Vdc max = = 280.9V
π
 Vdc = 0.5 × 280.9 = 140.45V
3 3 × 169.83
∴ 140.45 = cos α
π
or α = cos −1 0.5 = 60°
Vdc 140.45
(b) I dc = = = 14 A
R 10
1 3π / 6+α
( )
π / 3 ∫π / 6+α
Vrms = ( 3Vm sin θ + π / 6 ) 2
dθ
1/ 2
1 3 3 
Vrms = 3 Vm  + cos 2α 
 2 4π 
1/ 2
1 3 3 
Vrms = 3 ×169.83 + cos(2 × 60) = 159.29V
 2 4π 
Vrms 159.29
I rms = = = 15.93 A
R 10
(c) Vdc × I dc 140.45 ×14.05
%η = ×100 = ×100 = 77.8%
Vrms × I rms 159.29 ×15.93