ASCIA INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS, CONSUMERS AND CARERS
Hives (Urticaria)
Hives (the common term for urticaria), are pink or red itchy rashes that may appear as blotches or raised red
lumps (wheals), on the skin. They range from the size of a pinhead to that of a dinner plate. When hives first
start to appear, they can be mistaken for mosquito bites. Swellings usually disappear within minutes to hours in
one spot, but may come and go for days or weeks at a time, sometimes longer. In most cases hives are not
due to allergy and they can be effectively treated with a non-drowsy antihistamine. When hives occur most
days for more than six weeks this is defined as chronic (ongoing) urticaria, which may require additional
medication.
Hives occur in the skin and are common
Up to 20% of people will develop hives at some time during their life. In most cases, hives are not due to
allergy. Underneath the lining of the skin and other body organs (including the stomach, lungs, nose and eyes),
are mast cells. Mast cells contain chemicals including histamine. When these are released into the skin they
irritate nerve endings to cause local itch and irritation, and make local blood vessels expand and leak fluid,
triggering redness and swelling.
Can hives occur anywhere else?
Hives can also cause deeper swellings in the skin and mucosa, this is called angioedema. These swellings are
often bigger, last longer, may itch less, sometimes hurt or burn and respond less well to antihistamines. Large
swellings over joints, for example, can cause pain that feels like arthritis, even if the joint is not involved.
Angioedema most frequently affects the face and lips. Although hives and facial swelling can be uncomfortable
and cosmetically embarrassing, they are not usually dangerous. Information on angioedema is available on the
ASCIA website.
Hives are rarely due to a serious underlying disease
Whilst a clear cause of hives in not obvious in many cases, causes may include:
• Infection from a virus is the most common cause of hives in children, especially if they last for more than 24
hours.
• Contact allergy to plants or animals may cause localized hives.
• Allergic reactions to food, medicines or insect stings can appear as hives. They usually occur within one to
two hours of exposure and disappear in most cases within six to eight hours.
An allergic cause for hives should be suspected if episodes are rare, short-lived and occur under specific
circumstances, for example:
• Only when exercising.
• Always within two hours of a meal.
• When symptoms involving other organs occur around the same time, such as stomach pain, vomiting,
difficulty breathing or dizziness.
• If hives occur with swelling of the tongue or throat, difficulty breathing or low blood pressure, anaphylaxis
should be suspected. Urgent administration of adrenaline and medical assessment is required. Information
about anaphylaxis is available on the ASCIA website.
Ongoing hives lasting days at a time are almost never allergic in origin, with the exception of some cases of
allergy to medicines. Stress is a very rarely the cause of hives but may make the symptoms worse.
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ASCIA INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS, CONSUMERS AND CARERS
In some people hives are caused by physical triggers, including cold (such as cold air, water or ice), heat,
sunlight (solar), vibration, rubbing or scratching of the skin (dermatographism), and delayed pressure (such as
after carrying heavy bags. In other people, exercise (sweating), stress, alcohol, spicy food or coffee may cause
symptoms.
Chronic urticaria is defined when hives occur most days for more than six weeks
Symptoms of chronic urticaria usually resolve, although this can take months or several years. Most people
with chronic urticaria manage with appropriate doses of non-drowsy antihistamines. People with severe
symptoms interfering with quality of life may be referred to a clinical immunology/allergy specialist or
dermatologist for assessment and consideration of additional medications.
Most people with hives do not need tests
Tests are sometimes done when hives go on for long periods, or when unusual symptoms are occurring
around the same time. This is to exclude other diseases, which may appear as hives first, and other conditions
later. If hives are associated with high fever, bruising, bleeding into the skin, purple lumps that last for several
days, or sore joints, a doctor’s appointment should be arranged promptly.
Allergy testing is performed when the history suggests an allergic cause.
Treatment of hives
Whilst most hives resolve within a couple of weeks without any specific treatment, the following treatments
may be useful:
• Avoid aggravating factors such as avoiding excessive heat, spicy foods or alcohol.
• Aspirin and other NSAIDs should be avoided as they often make symptoms worse.
• Medications like non-drowsy antihistamines are often used to reduce the severity of the itch. Severe throat
swelling requires early use of adrenaline and attention by your doctor or treatment in hospital.
• Severe chronic urticaria sometimes requires a trial of medicines which reduce inflammation, often called
immune modulators or immunosuppressive medications. Recurrent courses of cortisone/steroid tablets
need to be avoided due to a significant risk of side effects.
• Special diets appear to have a limited role to play in the management of hives. Unfortunately, it is difficult
to predict who will, or will not respond to diet on the basis of history or allergy testing. A temporary
elimination diet under close medical supervision, followed by challenges may be useful in a small number
of cases.
For patient support organisations go to www.allergy.org.au/patients/patient-support-organisations
© ASCIA 2019
ASCIA is the peak professional body of clinical immunology/allergy specialists in Australia and New Zealand.
ASCIA resources are based on published literature and expert review, however, they are not intended to
replace medical advice. The content of ASCIA resources is not influenced by any commercial organisations.
For more information go to www.allergy.org.au
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