Mechanical

10 Properties of Fluids
FLUIDS Hydrostatic pressure : The hydrostatic pressure at a depth h
Fluid is something that can flow. All liquids and gases are fluids. below the surface of a fluid is given by
The force exerted normally at a unit area of the surface of a fluid P = hrg
is called fluid pressure. where r is the density of the fluid, g acceleration due to gravity
and h is the depth of the liquid column.
F Gauge pressure : The pressure at any point in a fluid is equal to
i.e., P =
a the sum of the atmospheric pressure acting on its surface and the
Its S.I. unit is Nm–2 or Pascal. Its dimensions are [ML–1T–2]. hydrostatic pressure due to the weight of the fluid above that
point which is at a depth h below the surface of the fluid.
PASCAL'S LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS
The gauge pressure is given by
Pascal's law : Pressure in a fluid in equilibrium is the same P = P0 + hrg
everywhere, if the effect of gravity is neglected. or, P – P0 = hrg
Another form of Pascal's law : The excess pressure, applied BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
anywhere in a mass of confined incompressible fluid is Buoyancy
transmitted by the fluid in all directions without being If a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences
diminished in magnitude. an upward force due to the fluid surrounding it. The phenomenon
Applications of Pascal's Law of force exerted by fluid on the body called buoyancy and the
Hydraulic lift : Its working is based on Pascal's law. A piston of force is called buoyant force or upthrust.
A body experiences buoyant force whether it floats or sinks, under
small cross-sectional area (a) exerts a force (f) on the liquid.
its own weight or due to other forces applied on it.
Archimedes' Principle
Applied force = f When any body is immersed (totally or partially) in a liquid it
Area = A Area = a appears to lose part of its weight and the apparent loss of weight
is equal to the weight of liquid displaced.
Let a body of weight W is immersed in a fluid and W' is upthrust
F = pA on it then
f = pa (i) if W > W', then body will sink.
(ii) if W = W', then the body floats with whole or some part of
its volume inside the fluid.
The pressure is transmitted undiminished to the larger cylinder Let V be the volume of a body of density d and V' be the
of cross-sectional area A. volume of liquid of density r displaced. If the body floats
f F A then Vd = V¢r
P= = ÞF = f
a A a d V'
\ = gives the fraction of the volume inside the liquid
Hydraulic brakes also work on pascal's law. r V
in which the body floats.
ATMOSPHERIC, HYDROSTATIC AND GUAGE PRESSURE
Also, body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant
Atmospheric pressure : The atmosphere exerts pressure on the
force equivalent to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
earth's surface. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is given by
The proof of this principle is very simple. Imagine a body of
P0 = 1.01 × 105 Pa arbitrary shape completely immersed in a liquid of density r as
shown in the figure (a). A body is being acted upon by the forces (ii) If two bodies have equal upthrust when just immersed
from all directions. Let us consider a vertical element of height h in a liquid, both will have the same volume.
and cross-sectional area dA (as shown in the figure (b)). (iii) If a person floats on his back on the surface of water,
the apparent weight of person is zero.
13. The hydrometer can be used to measure density of the
h1 F1
dA liquid or fluid.
h2
h
Relative Density (or Specific Gravity)
F2
Liquids may be treated as incompressible. Hence their density
may be assumed to be constant throughout.
(a) (b) Weight of substance in air
Relative density =
The force acting on the upper surface of the element is F 1 Weight of equal volume of water
(downward) and that on the lower surface is F2 (upward). Since
F2 > F1, therefore, the net upward force acting on the element is Weight of substance in air
=
dF = F2 – F1 Loss of weight in water
It can be easily seen from the figure (b), that Density of substance
=
F1 = (rgh1 )dA and F2 = (rgh 2 )dA so dF = rg(h)dA Density of water at 4º C
Also, h2 – h1 = h and d (dA) = dV Density in SI system = 1000 × density in the cgs system.
\ The net upward force is F = ò rgdV = rVg (i) The density of liquid of bulk modulus B at a depth h is
æ rgh ö
Hence, for the entire body, the buoyant force is the weight of the given by rh = r0 ç 1 + where r0 is the density of
volume of the fluid displaced. è B ÷ø
The buoyant force acts through the centre of gravity of the liquid on its surface and r is the average density of liquid.
displaced fluid. (ii) The density of liquid changes with pressure as
Keep in Memory æ DP ö
Ph = P0 ç 1 + ÷
è B ø
1. The pressure is perpendicular to the surface of the fluid. where DP = change in pressure and B = bulk modulus of
2. The upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid does not liquid.
depend on the mass, density or shape of the body. It only (iii) If two liquids of masses m1, m2 and densities r1, r2 are
depends on the volume of the body. mixed together, then the density of the mixture is given by
3. The weight of the plastic bag full of air is same as that of
the empty bag because the upthrust is equal to the weight m1 + m2
r=
of the air enclosed. m1 m2
+
4. The cross-section of the water stream from a top decreases r1 r2
as it goes down in accordance with the equation of And if m1 = m2 but different densities are mixed together,
continuity. then the density of the mixture is harmonic mean of the
5. We cannot sip a drink with a straw on the moon, because densities.
there is no atmosphere on the moon.
6. The line joining the centre of gravity and centre of 2r1r 2 1 1é1 1 ù
i.e., r = or = ê + ú
buoyancy is called central line. r1 + r 2 r 2 ë r1 r 2 û
7. Metacenter - is a point where the vertical line passing (iv) If two drops of same volume but different densities are
through the centre of buoyancy intersects the central line. mixed together, then the density of the mixture is the
8. The floating body is in stable equilibrium when the arithmetic mean of the densities.
metacenter is above the centre of gravity (centre of gravity
is below the centre of buoyancy). r1 + r 2 r1V0 + r2V0
i.e., r = (as r = )
9. The floating body is in the unstable equilibrium when the 2 V0 + V0
metacenter lies below the centre of gravity (centre of gravity SURFACE TENSION
is above the centre of buoyancy).
It is defined as the force per unit length acting at right angles
10. The floating body is in the neutral equilibrium when centre
on either side of an imaginary line drawn on the free surface of
of gravity coincides with the metacenter (centre of gravity
the liquid.
coincides with the centre of buoyancy).
F
11. The wooden rod cannot float vertically in a pond of water i.e., S =
because centre of gravity lies above the metacenter. l
12. (i) If a body just floats in a liquid (density of the body is The surface tension is also defined as the work required to
equal to the density of liquid) then the body sinks if it increase unit area of that liquid film.
is pushed downwards. Its SI unit is N/m or J/m2 and dimensions are [ML0T–2].
 Keep in Memory ANGLE OF CONTACT
1. The liquid surface always acquires minimum surface area The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface and the
due to surface tension (ST). So, the small droplet of any tangent to the solid surface at the point of contact (inside the
liquid is always spherical. liquid) is known as angle of contact.
2. The ST is a molecular phenomenon as ST is due to
'cohesion' between the molecules of a liquid.
3. The force of attraction between the molecules of the same Glass Glass
substance is called a cohesive force and that between
molecules of different substance is called adhesive force. q q
4. The molecular range is the maximum distance (10–9 m) upto Mercury
Water
which the molecules attract each other.
5. In general the ST of liquids decreases with increase in
temperature but the ST of molten Cadmium and Copper q < 90º q > 90°
increases with increase in temperature.
6. If the impurity is completely soluble then on mixing it in the
Some values of angle of contact of solid and liquid :
liquid, its surface tension increases. For example on
dissolving ionic salts in small quantities in a liquid, its
surface tension increases. On dissolving salt in water, its Pair of s urface Angle of contact
surface tension increases. Pure water and glas s 0°
7. If the impurity is partially soluble in a liquid, then its surface Silver and glas s 90°
tension decreases. For example on mixing detergent or
phenol in water its surface tension decreases. A lcohol and glass 138°
8. On increasing temperature surface tension decreases. At Normal water & glas s 8°
critical temperature and boiling point it becomes zero. Surface
Mercury & glas s 135°
tension of water is maximum at 4°C.

S.T.
of water

S.T.=0
4°C Temp. C

Adhesion > cohesion Adhesion = cohesion Adhesion < cohesion

1. Liquid will wet the solid Critical Liquid will not wet the solid
2. Meniscus is concave Meniscus is plane Meniscus is convex
3. Angle of contact is acute (q < 90°) Angle of contact is 90º Angle of contact is obtuse (q > 90°)
4. Pressure below the menisucs is lesser Pressure below the meniscus Pressure below the meniscus is more
2T 2T
than above it by (2T/r), i.e. p = p0 – is same as above it, i.e. p = p0 then above it by (2T/r), i.e., p = p0 +
r r
5. In capillary tube liquid will ascend. No capillary rise In capillary tube liquid will descend.

Keep in Memory 4. For all those liquids which neither rise nor get depressed in
a capillary tube, the angle of contact is right angle (q = 90°),
1. The value of angle of contact lies between 0º and 180º. For
e.g. silver and water.
pure water and glass it is 0º, for tap water and glass it is 8º
5. Angle of contact depends on impurities, water proofing
and for mercury and glass it is 135º.
agent, surface in contact and temperature. Angle of contact
2. For all those liquids which wet the solid surface and which
qC µ T where T is the temperature.
rise up in a capillary tube, the angle of contact is an acute
angle (q < 90°), e.g. water and glass.
3. For all those liquids which do not wet a solid surface and Capillarity :
which depress in a capillary tube, the angle of contact is an The phenomenon of rise or fall of liquids in capillary tube is
obtuse angle (q > 90°), e.g. glass and mercury. known as capillarity.
The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is given by Keep in Memory
r
2T cos q 2T 1. Work done in breaking a liquid drop of radius R into n
h= = q R
rrg Rrg equal small drops = 4pR 2 (n1 / 3 - 1) T ; where
T = surface tension.
2T q 2. Work done in breaking a soap bubble of radius R into n
Þ hrg =
R water equal small drops = 8pR 2 (n1 / 3 - 1) T ; where
T = surface tension.
where T = surface tension, q = angle of contact, r = density of
liquid, r = radius of capillary tube, R = radius of meniscus. Example 1.
(i) If capillary tube is of insufficient length (i.e. < h), then the A solid uniform ball having volume V and density r floats at
liquid rises to a full height h with radius R' such that hR = R' the interface of two unmixable liquids as shown in fig. The
(ii) When the capillary tube is tilted from vertical by an angle densities of the upper and the lower liquids are r1 and r2
a, then the vertical height h of liquid column remains the respectively, such that r1 < r < r2. What fraction of the
same. The length of liquid in capillary increases such that volume of the ball will be in the lower liquid ?

h h
cos a = or h ¢ = . r1
h¢ cos a r
1 r2
According to Zurin's law capillary rise h µ
where r is the radius of the capillary tube. r
Keep in Memory Solution :
Let V1 and V2 be the volumes of the ball in the upper and
1. Work done in forming a liquid drop of radius R, surface lower liquids respectively. So V1 + V2 = V.
tension T is, W = 4pR2T. As ball is floating in the two liquids ; weight of the ball =
2. Work done in forming a soap bubble of radius R, surface upthrust on ball due to two liquids
tension T is, W = 2×4pR2T = 8pR2T. i.e., V r g = V1 r1 g + V2 r2 g ;
3. When n no. of smaller drops of liquid, each of radius r, or V r = V1 r1 + (V – V1) r2 ;
surface tension T are combined to form a bigger drop of
radius R then R = n 1/3 r . æ r - r2 ö
or V1 = çç ÷÷ V
4. The surface area of bigger drop = 4pR2 = 4pn2/3 r2. It is less è r1 - r 2 ø
than the area of n smaller drops.
V1 r - r 2
\ Fraction in the upper liquid = =
SHAPE OF LIQUID MENISCUS : V r1 - r2
The pressure on the concave side is always greater than the V1
pressure on the convex side. Fraction in the lower liquid = 1-
V
P0 = Atmospheric
r- r2 r1 - r
P0 = Atmospheric pressure = 1- =
r1 - r 2 r1 - r2
pressure
Example 2.
A A A piece of cork is embedded inside of block of ice which
Mercury
Water floats on water. What will happen to the level of water
when all the ice melts?
Solution :
q < 90º q > 90º Let , M = mass of the block of ice, m = mass of piece of cork
Concave meniscus Convex meniscus and V = Volume of water displaced.
PA=P0–2T/r PA=P0+2T/r Now (M + m) = V × 1 = V ...(1)
(r is radius of meniscus) When the ice melts, let it be converted into V ' c.c. of
Excess pressure of liquid drop and soap bubble : water.
(i) Excess of pressure for spher ical soap bubble is
Also M = V ' ´ 1 = V '
p = 4T/r and excess of pressure for liquid drop and air bubble
The piece of cork floats on the surface of water when all ice
in a liquid is p = 2T/r.
(ii) (a) Excess of pressure within a cylindrical liquid drop p = melts. Let the cork displaces a volume V '' c.c. of water..
T/R Then m = V" ´ 1 = V"
(b) Excess of pressure within a cylindrical soap bubble p If V1 be the volume of water displaced by melted ice and
= 2T/R cork, then
where T = surface tension, R = radius of the cylindrical
drop.
( M + m ) = V ' + V" = V1 ...(2)
 From eqns. (1) and (2), V = V1 The pressure at a depth d, in liquid P = hdg. Therefore, the
Hence, no change in the level of water. total pressure inside the air bubble is
Example 3. 2T
Two substances of densities r1 and r2 are mixed in equal Pin = Patm + hdg +
r
volume and the relative density of mixture is 4. When they
are mixed in equal masses, the relative density of the or Pin = 1.013 × 105 + 10 × 10–2 × 103 × 9.8 + 1460
mixture is 3. Determine the values of r1 and r2 . = 101300 + 980 + 1460
Solution : = 103740 = 1.037 × 105 Pa.
When the substances are mixed in equal volumes, then
Example 6.
Vr1 + Vr 2 = 2 V ´ 4 ... (1) A capillary of the shape as shown is dipped in a liquid.
When the two substances are mixed in equal masses, then Contact angle between the liquid and the capillary is 0°
m m 2m and effect of liquid inside the meniscus is to be neglected. T
+ = ...(2) is the surface tension of the liquid, r is radius of the meniscus,
r1 r 2 3
g is acceleration due to gravity and r is density of the
From eq. (1), r1 + r 2 = 8 ... (3) liquid then determine the height h in equilibrium.
1 1 2 r1 + r 2 2
From eqn. (2) r + r = or
r1 r 2
=
1 2 3 3
h
8 2
or = or r1 r 2 = 12 . ...(4)
r1 r 2 3
2 1/ 2
Now r1 - r2 = [(r1 + r 2 ) - 4 r1 r 2 ]
= [64 - 48]1 / 2 = 4 ...(5) Solution :
Solving eqns. (3) and (5), we get r1 = 6 and ρ 2 = 2 ] As weight of liquid in capillary is balanced by surface tension,
Example 4. then T ´ 2pr = pr 2 h1rg (for a tube of uniform radius r)
r
A sealed tank containing a liquid of density r moves with
a horizontal acceleration a, as shown in fig. Find the
2T h1
difference in pressure between the points A and B. h1 =
rrg
l
But weight of liquid in tapered tube is more than uniform tube
C A
a of radius r, then in order to balance h < h 1.
h
B r
2T
h<
Solution : rrg
Since points A and C are in the same horizontal line but
separated by distance l and liquid tank is moving
horizontally with acceleration a, hence Example 7.
PC – PA = lra or PC = PA + lra A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift car with a
Points B and C are vertically separated by h maximum mass of 3000 kg. The area of cross-section of the
\ PB – PC = h r g
piston carrying the load is 425 cm2. What maximum pressure
or PB – (PA + l r a) = h r g
or PB – PA = h r g + l ra would the smaller piston have to bear ?
Solution :
Example 5.
Calculate the excess pressure within a bubble of air of Here mass of car = 3000 kg.
radius 0.1 mm in water. If the bubble had been formed 10 cm Area of cross section of larger piston
below the water surface when the atmospheric pressure = 425 cm2 = 425 × 10–4 m2.
was 1.013 × 105 Pa, then what would have been the total \ The maximum pressure that the smaller piston would
pressure inside the bubble? have to bear
Solution :
Excess pressure within air bubble Weight of car 3000 ´ 9.8
= =
Area of cross-section 425 ´ 10 -4
2T 2 ´ 73 ´ 10-3
= = = 1460 Pa
r 0.1 ´ 10 -3 = 6.92 ´ 10 5 Nm - 2
FLOW OF LIQUIDS where h is called the coefficient of viscosity.
The motion of fluids are of following four types : Its S.I. unit is poiseuille or decapoise. The C.G.S. unit is called
(i) Streamline motion : When fluid in motion, if fluid particles poise.
preceeding or succeeding a fluid particle follow the same 1 decapoise =10 poise.
path, then the path is called streamline and the motion of
Effects on Viscosity :
the fluid is called streamline motion. This type of motion
takes place in non-viscous fluids having very small speed. (1) Effect of temperature : On increasing temperature viscosity
Principle of continuity : When incompressible, non-viscous liquid of a liquid decreases.
flows in non-uniform tube then in streamline flow product of (2) Effect of pressure : On increasing pressure viscosity of a
area and velocity at any section remains same. liquid increases but viscosity of water decreases.
The mass of liquid flowing in equals the mass flowing out. Keep in Memory
i.e., m1 = m2
1. The viscosity of gases increases with increase of
or, v1A1r1 Dt = v2 A2r2Dt ..... (1) temperature, the rate of diffusion increases.
Q 2. The viscosity of liquids decrease with increase of
v2 temperature, because the cohesive force between the liquid
molecules decreases with increase of temperature.
P A2
Critical Velocity :
It is the maximum velocity of a fluid above which a stream line
v1
flow changes to a turbulent flow, i.e. it is the maximum velocity
of a liquid below which its flow remains streamline.
(i) Reynold's formula for critical velocity is
A1 Nη V rr
Vc = or N = c
As we have considered the fluid incompressible thus, ρr h
v1 A1 = v2 A2 or Av = constant ....(2)
where N = Reynold's no., h = coefficient of viscosity,,
(Since r1 = r2) r = density of liquid; r = radius of tube, N = 1000 for narrow
Equations (1) and (2) are said to be as equation of continuity. tube.
(ii) Steady state motion : In a liquid in motion, when liquid (ii) (a) If 0 < N < 2000 then the flow is laminar
particles, crossing a point, cross it with same velocity, then (b) If 2000 < N < 3000 then flow of liquid is unstable and
the motion of the liquid is called steady state motion. This may change from laminar to turbulent
type of motion takes place in non-viscous liquids having (c) If N > 3000, then the flow is turbulent.
very small speed. (iii) When velocity of fluid is less than its critical velocity then
(iii) Laminar motion : Viscous liquids flow in bounded region the flow of liquid is determined by its viscosity, its density
or in a pipe, in layers and when viscous liquid is in motion, has no effect on its flow.
different layers have different velocities. The layers in (iv) When the velocity of liquid is more than its critical velocity
contact with the fixed surface has least velocity and the then its flow is determined by its density, where viscosity
velocity of other parallel layers increases uniformly and has little effect on its flow. For example lava from volcano is
continuously with the distance from the fixed surface to highly thick, despite that it comes out with high speed.
the free surface of the liquid. This is called laminar motion
(v) When V £ Vc the flow of liquid is streamline and when V
of the liquid.
(iv) Turbulent motion : When the velocity of a liquid is irregular, > Vc then the flow of liquid is turbulent.
haphazard and large, i.e. Beyond a limiting value called Vc1 r 2
critical velocity the flow of liquid loses steadiness then =
Vc2 r for same liquid, which is flowing in two tubes of
1
the motion of the liquid is called turbulent motion.
radii r1 and r2 respectively.
Kh
Critical velocity Vc = (vi) The critical velocity of a liquid with high viscosity and
rr smaller radius is higher than that of a liquid with low
Here h is called coefficient of viscosity. viscosity and greater radius.
VISCOSITY Reynold's Number (N) :
The internal friction of the fluid, which tends to oppose relative It is pure number which determines the nature of flow of liquid
motion between different layers of the fluid is called viscosity. through a pipe.
The viscous force between two layers of a fluid of area A having
dv V dr V2 Inertial force/area
a velocity gradient is given by N= c = c =
dx η æ ηVc ö Viscous force/area
dv ç r ÷
F = -h A è ø
dx N is a dimensionless quantity and carries no unit.
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM STOKE’S LAW
For non-viscous, incompressible, streamline flow of fluids the When a solid moves through a viscous medium, its motion is
sum of pressure per unit volume, potential energy per unit volume opposed by a viscous force depending on the velocity and shape
and Kinetic energy per unit volume remain constant. and size of the body. The energy of the body continuously
decreases in overcoming the viscous resistance of the medium.
p 1 This is why cars, aeroplanes etc. are shaped streamline to minimize
i.e., + gh + v2 = constant
r 2 the viscous resistance on them.
where r = density of fluid. The viscous drag on a spherical body of radius r, moving with
velocity v, in a viscous medium of viscosity h is given by
p 1 2 Fviscous = 6phrv
When h = 0 then + v = constant
r 2 This relation is called Stokes' law. .
Bernoulli's theorem is strictly applicable for an ideal fluid. Importance of Stoke’s law :
An ideal fluid is one which is (a) incompressible (b) streamline (i) It is used in the determination of electronic charge with the
(c) irrotational and (d) non-viscous. help of milikan’s experiment.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle (ii) It accounts the formation of clouds.
(iii) It accounts why the speed of rain drops is less than that of
Dynamic lift :
a body falling freely with a constant velocity from the height
(i) Wings of aeroplane : The wings of the aeroplane are having
of clouds.
tapering. Due to this specific shape of wings when the (iv) It helps a man coming down with the help of a parachute.
aeroplane runs, air passes at higher speed over it as compared
Terminal Velocity :
to its lower surface. This difference of air speeds above and
below the wings, in accordance with Bernoulli's principle, When a spherical body is allowed to fall through viscous
medium, its velocity increases till the viscous drag plus upthrust
creates a pressure difference, due to which an upward force
is equal to the weight of the body. After that body moves with
called 'dynamic lift' (= pressure difference area of wing) acts
constant velocity, called terminal velocity.
on the plane. If this force becomes greater than the weight of
the plane, the plane will rise up. 2R 2
The terminal velocity is given by v = ( d - s) g
v large, 9h
p small
where d = density of body,
s = density of medium,
h = coefficient of viscosity of medium,
R = radius of the spherical body.
v small, p large 1
From terminal velocity, Va , i.e. greater the viscosity, smaller
(ii) Ball moving without spin: The velocity of fluid (air) above h
and below the ball at corresponding points is the same is the terminal speed.
resulting in zero pressure difference. The air therefore, exerts Flow of liquid through tube /pipe :
no upward or downward force on the ball.
(iii) Ball moving with spin: A ball which is spinning drags air ppr 4
(i) Poiseuille's equation is Q = , where p is the pressure
along with it. If the surface is rough more air will be dragged. 8h
The streamlines of air for a ball which is moving and spinning difference between the two ends of the tubes, r is the
at the same time. The ball is moving forward and relative to it radius, is the length of the tube and h is the coefficient
the air is moving backwards. Therefore, the velocity of air of viscosity, Q = rate of flow of liquid.
2
above the ball relative to it is larger and below it is smaller. 8h 1 8h 2
Equivalent liquid resistance = + , when tube
The stream lines thus get crowded above and rarified below. pr14 pr24
This difference in the velocities of air results in the pressure are joined in series.
difference between the lower and upper faces and their is a net It means that liquid flow through capillary tube is similar
to flow of electric current through a conductor i.e., Q (rate
upward force on the ball. This dynamic lift due to spinning is
of liquid flow) corresponds to I (rate of flow of charge),
called Magnus effect. pressure difference similar to potential difference.
Some other applications of Bernoulli’s principle : (ii) When two tubes are joined in series then the volume of
(i) The action of carburator, sprayer or atomizer based on fluid flowing through the two tubes is the same but the
Bernoulli’s principle. pressure difference across the two tubes is different. The
(ii) The action of bunsen burner, exhaust pump etc. total pressure difference, P = P1 + P2.
(iii) If two tubes are joined in parallel then the pressure
(iii) Air foil or lift on aircraft wing works on Bernoulli’s principle. difference across the two tubes is the same but the volume
(iv) Motion of a spinning ball i.e., magnus effect. of fluid flowing through the two tubes is different. The
(v) Blowing of roofs by wind storms etc. based on Bernoullis total volume of the fluid flowing through the tube in one
principle. second is Q = Q1 + Q2.
VELOCITY OF EFFLUX AND TORRICELLI'S THEOREM
(i) Torricelli's theorem : For liquid filled in a tank upto a
height H having a hole O at a depth h from free level of
=
A
a
æ 2ö
´ ç ÷´
è gø
( H1 - H 2 )
liquid through which the liquid is coming out, velocity of Example 9.
efflux of liquid v = 2gh . In a test experiment on a model aeroplane in a wind tunnel,
(ii) Time taken by the liquid in falling from hole to ground the flow speeds on the upper and lower surfaces of the
wing are 70 m/s and 63 m/s respectively. What is the lift on
2( H - h) the wing if its area is 2.5 m2 ? Take the density of air to be
level t =
g 1.3 kg m–3.
Free
surface Solution :
Let v1 be the speed and P1 be the pressure on the upper
h surface of the wing, and corresponding values on the lower
H
surface be v2 and P2 respectively.
\ v1 = 70 m/s, v2 = 63 m/s, A = 2.5 m2,
(iii) The horizontal range covered by the liquid P = 1.3 kg m–3.
x = horizontal velocity (v) ×time (t) According to Bernoulli’s theorem
2( H - h) 1 1
= 2 gh ´ = 2 h( H - h) . P1 + rv12 = P2 + rv 22
g 2 2
For maximum horizontal range, differentiating both side w.r.t. 1 1
P2 - P1 = r(v12 - v 22 ) = P2 - P1 = ´ 3 ´ (70 2 - 632 )
h and we get h = H/2, the range is maximum. 2 2
Keep in Memory Force (lift) on the wing = A (P2 - P1 )
1. The cross-section of the water stream from a top decreases 1
= 2.5 ´ ´ 1.3 ´ (70 2 - 632 )
as it goes down in accordance with the equation of 2
continuity. 1
2. When a hale blows over a roof, the force on the roof is = 2.5 ´ ´ 1.3 ´ 133 ´ 7
2
upwards.
3. Sudden fall in atmospheric pressure predicts possibility of = 1.5 ´ 103 N
a storm. Example 10.
4. Venturimeter is a device used for the measurement of the In Millikan’s oil drop experiment, what is the terminal
rate of flow of incompressible fluid through a tube. Its speed of an uncharged drop of radius 2.0 × 10–5 m and
working is based on Bernoulli’s principle. density 1.2 × 103 kg m–3. Take the viscosity of air at the
temperature of the experiment to be 1.8 × 10–5 Pa s. How
Example 8. much is the viscous force on the drop at that speed ? Neglect
The vessel of area of cross-section A has liquid to a height buoyancy of the drop due to air.
H. There is a hole at the bottom of vessel having area of Solution :
cross-section a. Find the time taken to decrease the level Here, r = 2.0 × 10–5 m, r = 1.2 × 103 kg m–3,
from H1 to H2. h = 1.8 × 10–5 Pa s.
Solution : From formula, terminal velocity
2 g H1 + 2 g H 2
The average velocity of efflux, v = 2 r 2 (r - s ) g
2 V=
Let t be the time taken to empty the tank from level H1 to 9 h
H2. 2 ´ (2 ´ 10 -5 ) 2 (1.2 ´ 103 - 0) ´ 9.8
Þ V=
2 g H1 + 2 g H 2 9 ´ 1.8 ´ 10-5
Then, ´ a ´ t = A [H1 - H 2 ]
2 = 5.8 ´ 10 -2 ms -1

A æ 2 ö é (H1 - H 2 )´
çç ÷÷ ´ ê
( H1 - H 2 ) ùú Now viscous force on the drop
or t = a ´
( )( H1 - H 2 )úû
F = 6phrv
è g ø êë H1 + H 2
22
Þ F = 6´ ´ (1.8 ´ 10-5 ) ´ (2 ´ 10 -5 ) ´ 5.8 ´ 10 -2
7
=
A
a
´
æ 2ö
çç ÷÷ ´ ( H1 - H 2 ) = 3.93 × 10–19 N
ègø
1. The constant velocity attained by a body while falling (a) mx y (x – y) (b) m/(y – x)
through a viscous medium is termed as
(a) critical velocity (b) terminal velocity æ1 1ö
(c) m çç - ÷÷ (d) (y – x)/x
(c) threshold velocity (d) None of these èy xø
2. The difference between viscosity and solid friction is/are 11. Consider a 1 c.c. sample of air at absolute temperature T0 at
(a) viscosity depends on area while solid friction does not sea level and another 1 c.c. sample of air at a height where
(b) viscosity depends on nature of material but solid the pressure is one-third atmosphere. The absolute
friction does not temperature T of the sample at the height is
(c) both (a) and (b) (a) equal to T0/3
(d) neither (a) nor (b) (b) equal to 3/T0
3. Water is not used in thermometer because (c) equal to T0
(a) it sticks to glass (d) cannot be determined in terms of T0 from the above data
(b) its shows anamalous expansion 12. A small ball (menu) falling under graivty in a viscous medium
(c) both (a) and (b) experiences a drag force proportional to the instantaneous
(d) neither (a) nor (b) speed u such that Fdrag = Ku . Then the terminal speed of
4. Toricelli’s theorem is used to find
the ball within the viscous medium is
(a) the velocity of efflux through an orifice.
(b) the velocity of flow of liquid through a pipe. K mg
(a) (b)
(c) terminal velocity mg K
(d) critical velocity
2
5. Gases do not posses mg æ mg ö
(c) (d) ç ÷
(a) density (b) surface tension K è K ø
(c) volume (d) viscosity
13. A cylinder is filled with non-viscous liquid of density d to a
6. Paint-gun is based on height h 0 and a hole is made at a height h 1 from the bottom
(a) Bernoulli’s theorem (b) Archimedes’ principle of the cylinder. The velocity of the liquid issuing out of the
(c) Boyle’s law (d) Pascal’s law hole is
7. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe having a
restriction, then (a) 2 gh 0 (b) 2 g (h 0 - h1 )
(a) pressure will be greater at the restriction.
(c) dgh 1 (d) dgh 0
(b) pressure will be greater in the wider portion.
(c) pressure will be same throughout the length of the pipe. 14. The terminal velocity depends upon
(d) None of these 1 1
(a)1 (b) (c ) 3 (d) r
2
8. Fevicol is added to paint to be painted on the walls, because 2
r r r
(a) it increases adhesive force between paint and wall.
15. The velocity of efflux of a liquid through an orifice in the
(b) it decreases adhesive force between paint and wall
bottom of the tank does not depend upon
molecules.
(a) size of orifice
(c) it decreases cohesive force between paint molecules.
(b) height of liquid
(d) None of these
(c) acceleration due to gravity
9. A beaker containing a liquid of density r moves up with an
(d) density of liquid
acceleration a. The pressure due to the liquid at a depth h
below the free surface of the liquid is 16. At the boiling point of a liquid, surface tension
(a) h r g (b) h r (g – a) (a) is zero
(b) is infinite
æg+aö (c) is same as that at any other temperature
(c) h r (g + a) (d) 2h r g çç ÷÷
è g -a ø (d) cannot be determined
17. The surface energy of a liquid drop of radius r is proportional
10. The density of ice is x gram/litre and that of water is y gram/
to
litre. What is the change in volume when m gram of ice
1
melts? (a) r3 (b) r2 (c) r (d)
r
18. A liquid is contained in a vessel. The liquid-solid adhesive 22. The rain drops falling from the sky neither injure us nor
force is very weak as compared to the cohesive force in the make holes on the ground because they move with
liquid. The shape of the liquid surface will be (a) constant acceleration
(a) horizontal (b) vertical (b) variable acceleration
(c) concave (d) convex (c) variable speed
19. Two liquids drops coalesce to form a large drop. Now, (d) constant terminal velocity
(a) energy is liberated 23. The lift of an air plane is based on
(b) energy is neither liberated nor absorbed (a) Torricelli's theorem
(c) some mass gets converted into energy (b) Bernoulli's theorem
(d) energy is absorbed (c) Law of gravitation
20. A man is sitting in a boat which is floating in pond. If the (d) conservation of linear momentum
man drinks some water from the pond, the level of water in 24. Surface tension may be defined as
the pond will (a) the work done per unit area in increasing the surface
(a) rise a little (b) fall a little area of a liquid under isothermal condition
(c) remain stationary (d) none of these (b) the work done per unit area in increasing the surface
21. A liquid is allowed to flow into a tube of truncated cone area of a liquid under the adiabatic condition
shape. Identify the correct statement from the following. (c) the work done per unit area in increasing the surface
(a) The speed is high at the wider end and high at the area of liquid under both isothermal and adiabatic condition
narrow end. (d) free surface energy per unit volume
(b) The speed is low at the wider end and high at the 25. A liquid does not wet the sides of a solid, if the angle of
narrow end. contact is
(c) The speed is same at both ends in a stream line flow. (a) Zero (b) Obtuse (more than 90°)
(d) The liquid flows with uniform velocity in the tube. (c) Acute (less than 90°) (d) 90° (right angle)

1. The reading of spring balance when a block is suspended (a) 0.7 m/s (b) 0.07 m/s
from it in air is 60 newton. This reading is changed to 40 (c) 0.007 m/s (d) 0.0007 m/s
newton when the block is submerged in water. The specific 7. A cylinder of height 20m is completely filled with water. The
gravity of the block must be therefore velocity of efflux of water (in ms–1) through a small hole on
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 3/2 the side wall or the cylinder near its bottom is
2. An ice-berg floating partly immersed in sea water of density
(a) 10 m/s (b) 20 m/s (c) 25.5 m/s (d) 5 m/s
1.03 g/cm3. The density of ice is 0.92 g/cm3. The fraction of
the total volume of the iceberg above the level of sea water 8. 8 mercury drops coalesce to form one mercury drop, the
is energy changes by a factor of
(a) 8.1% (b) 11% (c) 34% (d) 0.8% (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
3. A boat having a length of 3 metres and breadth 2 metres is 9. Water rises to a height of 10 cm in capillary tube and mercury
floating on a lake. The boat sinks by one cm when a man falls to a depth of 3.1 cm in the same capillary tube. If the
gets on it. The mass of the man is density of mercury is 13.6 and the angle of contact for
(a) 60 kg (b) 62 kg (c) 72 kg (d) 128 kg mercury is 135°, the approximate ratio of surface tensions of
4. The excess of pressure inside a soap bubble is twice the water and mercury is
excess pressure inside a second soap bubble. The volume (a) 1 : 0.15 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 6 (d) 1.5 : 1
of the first bubble is n times the volume of the second where
n is 10. A vessel with water is placed on a weighing pan and it reads
(a) 0.125 (b) 0.250 (c) 1 (d) 2 600 g. Now a ball of mass 40 g and density 0.80 g cm–3 is
5. The level of water in a tank is 5m high. A hole of area 1 cm 2 sunk into the water with a pin of negligible volume, as shown
is made in the bottom of the tank. The rate of leakage of in figure keeping it sunk. The weighting pan will show a
water from the hole (g = 10 m/s2) is reading
(a) 10–2 m3/s (b) 10–3 m3/s (a) 600 g
(c) 10–4 m3/s (d) 103 m3/s
(b) 550 g
6. A spherical ball of iron of radius 2 mm is falling through a
column of glycerine. If densities of glycerine and iron are (c) 650 g
respectively 1.3 × 103 kg/m3 and 8 × 103 kg/m3. h for glycerine
= 0.83 Nm–2 sec, then the terminal velocity is (d) 632 g Weighing pan
11. Water flows in a stream line manner through a capillary tube 19. If a water drop is kept between two glass plates, then its
of radius a, the pressure difference being P and the rate flow shape is
a
Q. If the radius is reduced to and the pressure is increased
2
to 2P, the rate of flow becomes
(a) (b)
Q Q
(a) 4Q (b) Q (c) (d)
2 8
12. A rain drop of radius 0.3 mm has a terminal velocity in air =
1 m/s. The viscosity of air is 8 × 10–5 poise. The viscous
force on it is (c) (d) None of these
(a) 45.2 × 10–4 dyne (b) 101.73×10–5 dyne
–4
(c) 16.95 × 10 dyne (d) 16.95 × 10–5 dyne 20. The fraction of a floating object of volume V0 and density
13. A big drop of radius R is formed by 1000 small droplets of d0 above the surface of liquid of density d will be
water. The radius of small drop is d0 d - d0
(a) (b)
R R R R d - d0 d
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 100 500 1000 d0 d 0d
(c) (d)
d + d0
14. 1 m3 water is brought inside the lake upto 200 metres depth d
from the surface of the lake. What will be change in the 21. An open vessel containing water is given a constant
volume when the bulk modulus of elastically of water is acceleration a in the horizontal direction. Then the free
22000 atmosphere? surface of water gets sloped with the horizontal at an angle
(density of water is 1 × 103 kg/m3 atmosphere pressure q, given by
= 105 N/m2 and g = 10 m/s2) g a
(a) q = cos -1 (b) q = tan -1
(a) 8.9 × 10–3 m3 (b) 7.8 × 10–3 m3 a g
(c) 9.1 × 10 m–4 3 (d) 8.7 × 10–4 m3 a g
(c) q = sin -1 (d) q = tan -1
15. Horizontal tube of non-uniform cross-section has radii of g a
0.1 m and 0.05 m respectively at M and N for a streamline
22. Two drops of the same radius are falling through air with a
flow of liquid the rate of liquid flow is
steady velocity of 5 cm per sec. If the two drops coalesce,
N the terminal velocity would be
(a) 10 cm per sec (b) 2.5 cm per sec
(c) 5 × (4)1/3 cm per sec (d) 5 ´ 3 cm per sec
M 23. A tank is filled with water upto a height H. Water is allowed
to come out of a hole P in one of the walls at a depth h below
(a) continuously changes with time the surface of water (see fig.) Express the horizontal distance
(b) greater at M than at N X in terms H and h.
(c) greater at N than at M
(d) same at M and N
h
16. There is a hole in the bottom of tank having water. If total P
pressure at bottom is 3 atm (1 atm = 105 N/m2) then the H
velocity of water flowing from hole is
(a) 400 m/s (b) 600 m/s
x
(c) 60 m/s (d) None of these
17. In the figure, the velocity V3 will be h
(a) X = h (H - h ) (b) X= (H - h )
2
A2 = 0.2 m2
V1 = 4 ms –1
V2 = 2 ms–1 (c) X = 2 h (H - h) (d) X = 4 h (H - h)
A1 = 0.2 m2 24. A body of density r' is dropped from rest at a height h into
A3= 0.4 m 2 V3 a lake of density r where r > r' neglecting all dissipative
(a) Zero (b) 4 ms–1 (c) 1 ms–1 (d) 3 ms–1 forces, calculate the maximum depth to which the body sinks
before returning to float on the surface :
18. 1 centipoise is equal to
(a) 1 kg m–1 s–1 (b) 1000 kg m–1 s–1 h hr' hr' hr
–1 –1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 0.1 kg m s (d) 0.001 kg m–1 s–1 r - r' r r - r' r - r'
25. Two capillary of length L and 2L and of radius R and 2R are 32. Two pieces of metals are suspended from the arms of a
connected in series. The net rate of flow of fluid through balance and are found to be in equilibrium when kept
them will be (given rate to the flow through single capillary, immersed in water. The mass of one piece is 32 g and its
density 8 g cm–3. The density of the other is 5 g per cm3.
pPR 4
X= ) Then the mass of the other is
8hL
(a) 28 g (b) 35 g (c) 21 g (d) 33.6 g
8 9 5 7 33. Figure shows a weigh-bridge, with a beaker P with water on
(a) X (b) X (c) X (d) X one pan and a balancing weight R on the other. A solid ball
9 8 7 5
Q is hanging with a thread outside water. It has volume 40
26. One drop of soap bubble of diameter D breaks into 27 drops cm3 and weighs 80 g. If this solid is lowered to sink fully in
having surface tension s. The change in surface energy is water, but not touching the beaker anywhere, the balancing
(a) 2psD2 (b) 4psD2 weight R' will be
(c) psD 2 (d) 8psD2
27. In case A, when an 80 kg skydiver falls with arms and legs
fully extended to maximize his surface area, his terminal Q
velocity is 60 m/s. In Case B, when the same skydiver falls
with arms and legs pulled in and body angled downward to R
minimize his surface area, his terminal velocity increases to P
80 m/s. In going from Case A to Case B, which of the
following statements most accurately describes what the
skydiver experiences?
(a) Fair resistance increases and pressure P increases (a) same as R (b) 40 g less than R
(b) Fair resistance increases and pressure P decreases (c) 40 g more than R (d) 80 g more than R
(c) Fair resistance decreases and pressure P increases 34. Figure here shows the vertical cross section of a vessel
(d) Fair resistance remains the same and pressure P increases filled with a liquid of density r. The normal thrust per unit
28. A ring is cut from a platinum tube 8.5 cm internal and 8.7 cm area on the walls of the vessel at the point P, as shown, will
external diameter. It is supported horizontally from the pan be
of a balance, so that it comes in contact with the water in a
glass vessel. If an extra 3.97. If is required to pull it away
from water, the surface tension of water is P
(a) 72 dyne cm–1 (b) 70.80 dyne cm–1
H h
(c) 63.35 dyne cm–1 (d) 60 dyne cm–1
29. A capillary tube of radius r is immersed in a liquid. The
liquid rises to a height h. The corresponding mass is m. q
What mass of water shall rise in the capillary if the radius of
the tube is doubled? (a) hrg (b) Hrg
(a) m (b) 2m (c) 3m (d) 4m (c) (H – h) rg (d) (H – h) rg cosq
30. In a satellite moving round any planet, the gravitational 35. Two vessels A and B of cross-sections as shown in figure
force is effectively balanced. If an ice cube exists there, and contain a liquid up to the same height. As the temperature
it melts with passage of time, its shape will
rises, the liquid pressure at the bottom (neglecting expansion
(a) remain unchanged of the vessels) will
(b) change to spherical
(c) become oval-shaped with long-axis along the orbit
plane
(d) become oval-shaped with long axis perpendicular to
orbit plane A B
31. An egg when placed in ordinary water sinks but floats when
placed in brine. This is because
(a) increase in A, decrease in B
(a) density of brine is less than that of ordinary water
(b) increase in B, decrease in A
(b) density of brine is equal to that of ordinary water
(c) density of brine is greater than that of ordinary water (c) increase in both A and B
(d) None of these (d) decrease in both A and B
36. A beaker with a liquid of density 1.4 g cm–3 is in balance 42. Figure shows a capillary rise H. If the air is blown through
over one pan of a weighing machine. If a solid of mass 10 g the horizontal tube in the direction as shown then rise in
and density 8 g cm–3 is now hung from the top of that pan capillary tube will be
with a thread and sinking fully in the liquid without touching
the bottom, the extra weight to be put on the other pan for
balance will be
H
(a) 10.0 g

(b) 8.25 g

(c) 11.75 g (a) = H (b) > H (c) < H (d) zero

43. Two soap bubbles (surface tension T) coalesce to form a
(d) –1.75 g big bubble under isothermal condition. If in this process the
37. The pressure energy per unit volume of a liquid is change in volume be V and the surface area be S, then the
P r correct relation is (P is atmospheric pressure)
(a) (b) P (c) P × r (d) (a) PV + TS = 0 (b) 3PV + 4TS = 0
r P
38. A water tank of height 10m, completely filled with water is (c) 3PV + TS = 0 (d) 4PV + 3TS = 0
placed on a level ground. It has two holes one at 3 m and the 44. Two liquids of densities d1 and d2 are flowing in identical
other at 7 m from its base. The water ejecting from capillary tubes uder the same pressure difference. If t 1 and
(a) both the holes will fall at the same spot t2 are time taken for the flow of equal quantities (mass) of
(b) upper hole will fall farther than that from the lower hole liquids, then the ratio of coefficient of viscosity of liquids
(c) upper hole will fall closer than that from the lower hole must be
(d) more information is required t1 d1 t 1
d1 t 1 d2 t2
39. A fast train goes past way side station platform at high (a) (b) (c) (d)
d2t2 t2 d1 t 1 d2t 2
speed. A person standing at the edge of the platform is
(a) attracted to train 45. A tank has a small hole at its botom of area of cross-section
(b) repelled from train a. Liquid is being poured in the tank at the rate Vm3/s,
(c) unaffected by outgoing train the maximum level of liquid in the container will be (Area of
(d) affected only if the train's speed is more than the speed tank A)
of sound V2 V2
V V
40. Three tubes X, Y and Z are connected to a horizontal pipe (a) (b) (c) (d)
gaA 2gAa gAa 2gaA
in which ideal liquid is flowing. The radii of the tubes X, Y
and Z at the junction are respectively 3 cm, 1 cm and 3 cm. It Directions for Qs. (46 to 50) : Each question contains
can be said STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
(a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
X Y Z (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(a) the height of the liquid in the tube A is maximum. 46. Statement 1 : Smaller the droplets of water, spherical they
(b) the height of liquid in the tubes Aand B is same. are.
(c) the height liquid in the tubes A,B and C is same. Statement 2 : Force of surface tension is equal, and opposite
(d) the height of the liquid in the tubes A and C is the to force of gravity.
same. 47. Statement 1 : If a body is floating in a liquid, the density of
41. A sphere of brass released in a long liquid column attains a liquid is always greater than the density of solid.
terminial speed v0. If the terminal speed attained by sphere Statement 2 : Surface tension is the property of liquid
of marble of the same radius and released in the same liquid surface.
is nv0, then the value of n will be (Given : The specific 48. Statement 1 : The velocity of flow of a liquid is smaller
gravities of brass, marbles and the liquid are 8.5, 2.5 and 0.8 when pressure is larger and vice-versa.
respectively.) Statement 2 : According to Bernoulli’s theorem, for the
5 17 11 17 stream line flow of an ideal liquid, the total energy per unit
(a) (b) (c) (d) mass remains constant.
17 77 31 5
49. Statement 1 : Falling raindrops acquire a terminal velocity. can be considered to be acting at the centre of mass of the
Statement 2 : A constant force in the direction of motion object.
and a velocity dependent force opposite to the direction of Statement 2 : For a rigid body a force field distributed
motion, always result in the acquisition of terminal velocity. uniformly through its volume can be considered to be acting
50. Statement 1 : The buoyant force on a submerged rigid object at the centre of mass of the body.

Exemplar Questions 3. Along a streamline,

1. A tall cylinder is filled with viscous oil. A round pebble is (a) the velocity of a fluid particle remains constant
dropped from the top with zero initial velocity. From the plot (b) the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given
shown in figure, indicate the one that represents the velocity position is constant
(v) of the pebble as a function of time (t) . (c) the velocity of all fluid particles at a given instant is
constant
(d) the speed of a fluid particle remains constant
4. An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross-section
v v made of two sections with diameters 2.5 cm and 3.75 cm.
The ratio of the velocities in the two pipes is
t t (a) 9 : 4 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 2: 3
(a) (b)
5. The angle of contact at the interface of water-glass is 0°,
ethyl alcohol-glass is 0°, mercury-glass is 140° and
methyliodide-glass is 30°. A glass capillary is put in a trough
containing one of these four liquids. It is observed that the
meniscus is convex. The liquid in the trough is
v v
(a) water (b) ethylalcohol
(c) mercury (d) methyliodide
t t
(c) (d) NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions

2. Which of the following diagrams does not represent a 6. The wetability of a surface by a liquid depends primarily on
streamline flow? (a) surface tension [2013]
(b) density
(c) angle of contact between the surface and the liquid
(d) viscosity
7. A fluid is in streamline flow across a horizontal pipe of
variable area of cross section. For this which of the following
statements is correct? [NEET Kar. 2013]
(a) (b) (a) The velocity is minimum at the narrowest part of the
pipe and the pressure is minimum at the widest part of
the pipe
(b) The velocity is maximum at the narrowest part of the
pipe and pressure is maximum at the widest part of the
pipe
(c) Velocity and pressure both are maximum at the
narrowest part of the pipe
(d) Velocity and pressure both are maximum at the widest
(c) (d)
part of the pipe
8. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius ‘r’ (c) water does not rise at all.
coalesce to form a single drop of radius ‘R’ and volume ‘V’. (d) Water rises upto the tip of capillary tube and then starts
If ‘T’ is the surface tension of the liquid, then : [2014] overflowing like fountain.
æ1 1 ö 12. Two non-mixing liquids of densities r and nr(n > 1) are put
(a) energy = 4VT ç - ÷ is released in a container. The height of each liquid is h. A solid cylinder
è r Rø
of length L and density d is put in this container. The cylinder
æ1 1 ö floats with its axis vertical and length pL(p < 1) in the denser
(b) energy = 3VT ç + ÷ is absorbed liquid. The density d is equal to : [2016]
è r Rø
(a) {1 + (n + 1)p}r (b) {2 + (n + 1)p}r
æ1 1 ö (c) {2 + (n – 1)p}r (d) {1 + (n – 1)p}r
(c) energy = 3VT ç - ÷ is released
è r Rø
13. A U tube with both ends open to the atmosphere, is partially
(d) energy is neither released nor absorbed filled with water. Oil, which is immiscible with water, is poured
9. A wind with speed 40 m/s blows parallel to the roof of a into one side until it stands at a distance of 10 mm above the
house. The area of the roof is 250 m2. Assuming that the water level on the other side. Meanwhile the water rises by
pressure inside the house is atmospheric pressure, the force 65 mm from its original level (see diagram). The density of
exerted by the wind on the roof and the direction of the the oil is [2017]
forcewill be (rair = 1.2 kg/m3) [2015]
(a) 4.8 × 105 N, upwards
Pa Pa
(b) 2.4 × 105 N, upwards
F
(c) 2.4 × 105 N, downwards A
E 10 mm
(d) 4.8 × 105 N, downwards Final water level
10. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has radius, R, one end 65 mm
of which has n fine holes, each of radius r. If the speed of the Oil D
Initial water level
liquid in the tube is V, the speed of the ejection of the liquid
65 mm
through the holes is : [2015 RS]
B C
2 2 2 2
VR VR V R VR Water
(a) 2 (b) 3 2 (c) (d)
nr n r nr n2r2
11. Water rises to a height 'h' in a capillary tube. If the length of
capaillary tube above the surface of water is made less than
'h' then : [2015 RS] (a) 425 kg m–3 (b) 800 kg m–3
(a) water rises upto the top of capillary tube and stays (c) 928 kg m–3 (d) 650 kg m–3
there without overflowing
(b) water rises upto a point a little below the top and stays
there
 Hints & Solutions
EXERCISE - 1 W
24. (a) In Isothermal conditons T=
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) DA
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) where, T = surface tension, W = work done,
9. (c) When a beaker containing a liquid of density r moves DA = change in area.
up with an acceleration a, it will work as a lift moving 25. (b)
upward with acceleration a. The effective acceleration EXERCISE - 2
due to gravity in lift = (a + g)
\ Pressure of liquid of height h = h r (a + g) weight of block in air
1. (a) Specific gravity of block =
10. (c) Volume of m g of ice = m/x and loss of weight in water
volume of m g of water = m/y. So change in volume 60
= =3
60 - 40
m m æ1 1ö 2. (b) Let v be the volume of the ice-berg outside the sea
= y - x = mçç y - x ÷÷
è ø water and V be the total volume of ice-berg. Then as
per question
11. (a) PµT
0.92 V = 1.03 (V – v) or v/V = 1 – 0.92/1.03
12. (b)
= 11/103
13. (b) Velocity of liquid flowing out of hole = 2 gh . \ (v/V) × 100 = 11 × 100 / 103 @ 11%
Here h = (h 0 – h1) 3. (a) Weight of a man = wt. of water displaced

2r 2g 1
14. (d) Terminal velocity, v T = (r - s) , v T µ r 2 = volume × density = 3 ´ 2 ´ ´ 103 = 60 kg
9h 100
4T 4T
15. (a) v = velocity of efflux through an orifice = 2gH 4. (a) Given, = 2´ or r2 = 2r1
r1 r2

4 3 4 4
v=0 pr1 = n ´ pr23 = n ´ p( 2 r1 ) 3 or n = 1 = 0.125
3 3 3 8
H
5. (b) Velocity of efflux, v = 2gh ;
v volume of liquid flowing out per sec

It is independent of the size of orifice.

= v ´ A = 2gh ´ A = 2 ´ 10 ´ 5 ´10 -4 = 10 -3 m3/s
16. (a)
2 r 2 (r - r 0 )g
17. (b) Surface energy µ surface area = pr2 6. (b) Terminal velocity, v 0 =
9h
18. (d)
19. (a) When liquid drops coalesce, there is a decrease of 2 ´ ( 2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 ´ (8 - 1.3) ´ 10 3 ´ 9.8
surface area and therefore decrease of surface energy. = = 0.07 ms–1
9 ´ 0.83
Hence, energy is liberated.
7. (b) P.E. = K.E.
20. (c)
21. (b) The theorem of continuity is valid.
\ A1v1r = A2v2r as the density of the liquid can be
taken as uniform.
20 m = h
A2
A1
v
\ A1v1 = A2v2
1
Þ Smaller the area, greater the velocity. mgh = mv2
2
22. (b)
23. (b) Apply Bernoulli’s theorem. v = 2gh = 2 ´10 ´ 20 (Here g = 10 m/s2) = 20 m/s
8. (c) Surface energy = suface tension × area of surface
2 P1 2 ´ 2 ´ 105
4
For 1 drop, volume = pR 3 if R = radius of drop. \ v= = = 400 m/s
r 103
3
4 17. (c) According to equation of continuity
Total volume of 8 drops = 8. pR 3 = p(2R )
4 3
A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3
3 3
Þ 4 × 0.2 = 2 × 0.2 +0.4 × V3 Þ V3 = 1 m/s.
R ' = 2R , new radius of big drop
18. (d) 1 centipoise = 10–2 gcm–1 s–1 = 0.001 kg m–1s–1
New area = 4p4R2 = 4 × old area
19. (c) Angle of contact is acute.
Energy µ area 20. (b) Let x be the fraction of volume of object floating above
E1 = 4pR2 .....(1) the surface of the liquid.
E2 = 4.4pR2 .....(2) As weight of liquid displaced = weight of object
From equation (1) and (2) we get, E2 = 4E1 \ (V0 – x V0)d g = V0 d0 g
2s cos q hr d0 d - d 0
9. (c) h= Þsµ (1 – x)d = d0 or x = 1 - =
rrg cos q d d
mg g
s w h w r w cos q m 10 ´ 1 cos 135° 21. (d) tan q = = or q = tan–1 g/a
Þ = ´ = ´ ma a
s m cos q w h m r m cos 0° - 3.1 ´ 13.6 22. (c) If R is radius of bigger drop formed, then

10 ´ (-0.707 ) 1 4 4
= » pR 3 = 2 ´ pr 3 or R = 21/3 r
- 3.1 ´13.6 6 3 3

40 As v 0 µ r 2
10. (c) Volume of ball = = 50 cm3
0.8
v 01 R 2 (21 / 3 r ) 2
Downthrust on water = 50 g. \ = = = 22 / 3
Therefore reading is 650 g.
v0 r2 r2

4 or v 01 = v 0 ´ 2 2 / 3 = 5 ´ (4)1 / 3
æaö é
p(2P) ç ÷ pPa ù
4
23. (c) Vertical distance covered by water before striking
11. (d) è2ø = Q êQ Q = ú
Q' = 8hl úû
8hl 8 ëê ground = (H – h). Time taken is, t = 2 ( H - h ) / g :
12. (a) F = 6 p h r n Horizontal velocity of water coming out of hole at P,
= 6 × 3.14 × (8 ×10–5) × 0.03 ×100 = 4.52 ×10–3 dyne u = 2 gh
13. (a)
P PV \ Horizontal range = ut = 2gh ´ 2(H - h) / g
14. (c) K = \ DV =
DV / V K = 2 h (H - h )
P = hrg = 200 × 103 × 10 N/m2
æ rö
K = 22000 atm = 22000 × 105 N/m2 24. (c) The effective acceleration of the body g ' = çç1 - ÷÷g
V = 1m3 è r' ø

200 ´ 103 ´ 10 ´ 1
DV = = 9.1 ´ 10 - 4 m3
5
22000 ´ 10 h
15. (d) According to principle of continuity, for a streamline
flow of fluid through a tube of non-uniform cross-
Now, the depth to which the body sinks
section the rate of flow of fluid (Q) is same at every
point in the tube. æ u 2 ö 2gh gh h ´r '
i.e., Av = constant Þ A1v1 = A2v2 h' = ç ÷= = =
ç 2g' ÷ 2g ' g' r - r'
Therefore, the rate of flow of fluid is same at M and N. è ø

5 N 8hL
16. (a) Pressure at the bottom of tank P = hrg = 3 ´ 10 25. (a) Fluid resistance is given by R =
m 2 pr4
Pressure due to liquid column When two capillary tubes of same size are joined in
parallel, then equivalent fluid resistance is
P1 = 3 ´ 105 - 1 ´ 105 = 2 ´ 105
8h L 8h ´ 2L æ 8hL ö 9
R S = R1 + R 2 = + = çç 4 ÷÷ ´
and velocity of water v = 2 gh pR 4 p (2R) 4 è pR ø 8
 Effective weight = (32 – 4) gf = 28 gf
P pPR 4 8 8 é pPR 4 ù
Rate of flow = = ´ = X ê as X = ú If m be the mass of second body, volume of second
RS 8hL 9 9 êë 8hL úû
m
body is
26. (d) Volume of bigger bubble = volume of 27 smaller 5
bubbles m
Now, 28 = m - Þ m = 35 g
4 4 D 5
Þ pD 3 = 27 ´ pd 3 Þ d = 33. (c) Upthrust = weight of 40 cm3 of water
3 3 3
= 40 g = down thrust on water
Initial surface energy Si = 4pD 2 s 34. (c) Pressure is proportional to depth from the free surface
and is same in all directions.
Final surface energy Sf = 27 ´ 4pd 2 s 35. (a) As temperature rises, the density decreases, height
increases. In A, the top cross-section is smaller.
D Therefore hA > hB.
DS = Sf - Si and using d =
3 36. (a) 10g is the force on water = extra wt. on other pan.
37. (b) Bernoulli’s theorem.
é D2 ù
DS = s ´ 4pê27 ´ - D2 ú 38. (a) Velocity of water from hole
ëê 9 ûú A = v1 = 2gh
2 2 Velocity of water from hole B
= 2D ´ 4p ´ s = 8psD
27. (d) For the first part of the question, remember that terminal = v2 = 2g(H 0 - h)
velocity means the acceleration experienced becomes
Time of reaching the ground from hole B
zero.
= t 1 = 2( H 0 - h ) / g
Since a = 0 m/s2, then, SFy = Fair resistance - Fw = 0
Time of reaching the ground from hole A
Fair resistance = Fw mg
= t 2 = 2h / g
For the second part of the question, while the velocity
is higher, the acceleration is still zero. Therefore, the 39. (a) Apply Bernoulli’s theorem.
Fair resistance is still equal to the skydiver’s weight. 40. (d) Use the equation of continuity and Bernoulli’s theorem.
F air resistance Case A = Fair resistance Case B 41. (b) For the same radius, terminal velocity is directly
What has changed is the surface area of the skydiver. proportional to density difference.
Since pressure is P = F/A, as A decreases, the pressure 42. (b) Due to increase in velocity, pressure will be low above
experienced increases. the surface of water.
PAAA = PB AB = mg 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (d)
Since AA > AB , then PA < PB 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (d)

28. (a) (2pr1 + 2pr2 )s = mg EXERCISE - 3

Exemplar Questions
é 8.7 8. 5 ù
ê2 p ´ 2 + 2p ´ 2 ús = 3.97 ´ 980 1. (c) When the pebble is dropped from the top of cylinder
ë û filled with viscous oil and pebble falls under gravity
with constant acceleration, but as it is dropped it enter
Þ s = 72 dyne cm-1 in oil. So dragging or viscous force is
29. (b) Mass of liquid which rises in the capillary, F = 6phrv
2s cos q where r is radius of the pebble, v is instantaneous speed,
m = (pr 2 )hr = pr 2 ´ ´r h is coefficient of viscosity.
rrg As the force is variable, hence acceleration is also
Þ mµr variable so v-t graph will not be straight line due to
30. (b) Because of surface tension. viscosity of oil. First velocity increases and then
31. (c) Brine due to its high density exerts an upthrust which becomes constant known as terminal velocity.
can balance the weight of the egg. 2. (d) In a streamline flow the velocity of fluid particles
remaines constant across any cross-sectional area, then
32
32. (b) Volume of first piece of metal = = 4 cm3 a point on the area cannot have different velocities at
8 the same time, hence two streamlines flow layers do
Upthrust = 4 gf not cross each other.
3. (b) In streamline flow, the speed of liquid of each particle 7. (b) According to Bernoulli’s theorem,
at a point in a particular cross-section is constant, 1
between two cross-section of a tube of flow because P + rv 2 = constant and Avv = constant
2
AV = constant (law of continuity).
If A is minimum, v is maximum, P is minimum.
4. (a) As given that,
8. (c) As surface area decreases so energy is released.
Diameter at 1st section (d1) = 2.5.
Energy released = 4pR2T[n 1/3 – 1]
Diameter at 2nd section (d2) = 3.75.
where R = n 1/3r
According to equation of continuity,
for cross-sections A1 and A2. 3 é1 1 ù é1 1 ù
= 4pR T ê - ú = 3VT ê - ú
A1 v1 = A2 v2 ër R û ër R û
2 9. (b) According to Bernoulli’s theorem,
v1 A2 p(r22 ) æ r2 ö
= = =ç ÷ P +12 r v2 = P0 + 0
v2 A1 p(r12 ) è r1 ø
1 2 P
So, DP = rv
æ d2 ö
2 2
ç ÷ æd ö
2
2 1 2
= è ø2 = ç 2 ÷ é d d ù F = DPA = rv A P0
r = 2 , r1 = 1 ú
æ d1 ö è d1 ø êë 2 2 2û
2
ç ÷ 1
è 2ø
= × 1.2 × 40 × 40 × 250
2
2 = 2.4 × 105 N (upwards)
æ 3.75 ö 9
=ç ÷ = 10. (a) Inflow rate of volume of the liquid = Outflow rate of
è 2.5 ø 4
volume of the liquid
\ v1 : v2 = 9 : 4
pR 2V VR 2
5. (c) We observed that meniscus of liquid is convex shape pR2V = npr2(v) Þ v = =
npr 2 nr 2
as shown in figure which is possible if only, the angle
of contact is obtuse. Hence, the combination will be of 11. (a) Water rises upto the top of capillary tube and stays
case of mercury-glass (140°). Hence verifies the option there without overflowing.
(c). 12. (d) As we know,

Pressure P = Vdg d
convex r (1 – p)L
140°
nr pL
mercury

Here, L A d g = (pL) A (nr)g + (1 – p)L A r g

NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions Þ d = (1 – p)r + pn r = [1 + (n – 1)p]r
6. (c) Wetability of a surface by a liquid primarily depends 13. (c) Here, h oil ´ roil ´ g = h water ´ rwater ´ g
on angle of contact between the surface and liquid. r0g × 140 × 10–3 = rwg × 130 × 10–3
If angle of contact is acute liquids wet the solid and 130
vice-versa. roil = ´ 103 » 928kg / m 3 [ rw = 1 kgm–3]
140