AE232
Air Transportation
6th and 7th Courses
Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Pınar GÜMÜŞ AKAR
AIRPORTS
Airport − General Layout
An airport is mainly divided into two areas:
• Airfield (Airside Area)
Apron (Ramp)
• Landside Area
Airport − General Layout
Airside Area
• It is the area beyond landside area inside the airport.
• Runway: An area where aircraft takes off and lands. It has white
markings, which help the pilot during take-off and landing. It also has
lamps on the sides to guide the pilot during night. The vehicles other
than the aircrafts are strictly prohibited to enter this area of the airport.
• Ramp: Also called Apron, this area is used for parking the aircrafts. It can
be accessed for boarding and alighting the aircraft. The airline staff or
ground duty staff can access this area
• Taxiway: It is a path on the airport that connects the ramp to the runway.
Airport − General Layout
Landside Area
• It is the area in the airport terminal and the area towards city.
• It has access to the city roads and it contains parking area as
well as public transport area.
• Terminal: It is a part of airport building that where travelers come
to board their flight or arrive from a flight. There are security
checking, baggage checking, amenities, and waiting areas at the
terminal.
• Car Parking: This area is outside but adjacent to the terminal
where vehicles can be parked on chargeable basis.
Important Airport Elements and
Characteristics
• The most important characteristics of an airport are :
• the number of runways,
• the apron (ramp) space,
• the number of passenger,
• the number of aircraft movements handled per year.
Runway configuration and capacity
Runway configuration and capacity
Other factors that affect runway capacity
• the provision of ATC services and navigation aids
(‘navaids’) such as instrument landing systems (ILSs) and
high-intensity runway lights;
• aircraft performance characteristics;
• local meteorological (weather) conditions;
• environmental and social considerations and operating
restrictions;
• runway/taxiway/landside interface design factors.
Important Airport Elements and Characteristics
Typical Airport Elements
Schematic view of airport Munich in Germany
Airport Operation and Services
Aircraft Handling Process at the Airport
Passenger/aircraft process during take-off and landing cycle
Airport Operation and Services
Aircraft Handling Process at the Airport
• Disembarking process (iniş süreci) :
• Starts with the landing of the aircraft, taxiing, docking
(yanaşma) at the gate or at the apron
• Once the aircraft is parked safely, the landside part starts.
• the gate or staircase positioning.
• After opening the doors the passengers disembark with
• the passenger bridge directly to the terminal or
• via a staircase and a bus in front of the aircraft,
• When the passenger arrives at the terminal there are two
options
• Transit passengers
• Passengers who have arrived at their final destination
Airport Operation and Services
Aircraft Handling Process at the Airport
• Embarking process (biniş süreci):
• The passenger will go to the registration zone.
• Cehck-in - baggage drop
• pass through security check.
• Behind the security check, to go the gate and wait for the start
of the aircraft boarding.
Airport Operation and Services
Definition of Major Airport Elements and Services
the most important elements of an airport are the:
• runway, which is needed for take-off and landing
• taxiway which is allowing the aircraft to access the apron and
the terminal gates
• apron, which is the area for parking the aircraft during their
downtime
• terminal which is providing the access of passengers to the
aircraft
• parking area, allowing the private parking at the airport
• access of metro/public transport, trains, integrated in the
terminal area
• road connection (car, bus taxis) to the motorway and fast city
link
Airport Operation and Services
Airport Check-in
• Check-in is usually the first process for a passenger when
arriving at an airport
Airport Operation and Services
Baggage Handling at the Airport
• In the air transport system, there is a clear principle:
• the baggage and the passenger have to be separated.
• The passenger is only allowed to take one piece of hand
luggage with him into the cabin.
• All baggage for one specific aircraft is collected and then
transported by small baggage wagons to the dedicated
aircraft.
• At big airports ->baggage handling system (BHS)
• The baggage handling and transportation system (BHS) are
also be used for the arriving aircraft
• All baggage is then taken from the aircraft and then be brought to
the BHS again,
• They distribute all baggage from one flight to one specific belt or
baggage distribution system in the arrival area.
Airport Operation and Services
Freight Handling
• The airport has normally a specific area dedicated for all cargo
preparation:
• loading and off-loading the cargo aircraft and
• handling the incoming and outgoing freight.
• The air cargo supply chain is a bit more complex, compared to
the passenger handling at the airport.
• Cargo has no own intelligence and has to be managed in all
details.
Airport Operation and Services
Fuel and Energy Needs
• Fuel supply is one of the major requests from airlines at the
airport.
• A certain, safe and reliable storage of fuel is mandatory at the
airport.
• There is normally a specific area needed where the fuel stores
can be located.
• They should neither be too close to the runways nor to close to
the terminal areas for safety reasons
Airport Operation and Services
Business Aspects
• Each airport has to cover its expenses by applying service
charges/fees
• There is no unique fee system for all airports.
• Charges are fees, paid by airlines for services and facilities
provided by airports such as:
• Use of the runway (landing charges)
• Use of the airport infrastructure (parking and boarding bridge
charges)
• Use of the terminal building (passenger charges)
• Airport security (security charges)
• Protection of the environment (noise and emission charges)
• Other air navigation services (meteorological and aeronautical
information services)
Airport Management
• Airport operators provide the infrastructure, facilities and services
that allow aircraft to take off and land safely and efficiently and
which enable passengers and cargo to transfer between surface and
air modes of transport.
Airport Ownership
• Government owned
• Private sector
• Private-public ownership
Airport Performance
Airport Performance:
• Performance can be measured against many aspects of airport
management.
• Three key areas –
• airfield operations,
• financial management
• the provision of service quality
Airport Performance
Runway Demand Management
• Slot allocation: a technique used to manage demand at
capacity constrained airports. A slot is essentially permission
to land or take off at a particular time.
• Grandfather rights: airlines can retain use of a slot that has been
previously allocated to them providing they use it regularly.
The Airport – Airline Relationship
• The airport–airline relationship describes:
• the formal agreements,
• business arrangements and
• daily interactions
MUTUAL
AIRPORT DEPENDENCY AIRLINE
The Airport – Airline Relationship
The nature of the relationship is basically shaped by:
• Different national regulatory regimes and degrees of government
intervention
• Different airport and airline ownership patterns
The Airport – Airline Relationship
The main other factors which influence the nature of the airport–
airline relationship
• the extent of the privatisation and commercialisation of
individual airports and airlines;
• the relative strengths, scale and market power of individual
airports and airlines;
• the deregulation of airline routes, growing passenger demand
and forecasts for future growth;
• the emergence of new airline business models which
increasingly focus on cost and service.
The Airport – Airline Relationship
• Before deregulation
Airports
Common State
Ownership
Airlines
• After deregulation
• new elements of competition and commercialisation revealed
• Airport Ownership
• Government owned
• Private sector
• Private-public ownership
The changing nature of the airport–airline
relationship
• Under traditional regimes of state ownership, the commercial
interaction between airports and airlines was a simple
supplier/customer relationship:
• The airports supplied these:
• using infrastructure (runways, passenger terminals and departure gates)
and using airport facilities.
• Source of revenue aeronautical charges
• With the changing structure
• Airports are increasingly trying to meet the needs of multiple
customer segments
• Additional non-aeronautical revenues
The changing nature of the airport–airline relationship
Airline perspectives on the airport–
airline relationship
Different airline business models influence the nature of the airport-airline
relationship:
• FSNCs Hub airports • LCCs Secondary airports
• network connectivity for their • Point-to-point network
passengers'
• the hub-and-spoke network
(places pressure on airport • low fees, quick
capacity) turnarounds, short taxi
• require a high level of times and basic facilities.
passenger facilities (are
prepared to pay for them)
• Many FSNCs have joined • do not wish to pay for
alliances. services and infrastructure
• member airlines move that they generally do not
between terminals to co-
locate with their partners. use.
Airline perspectives on the airport–
airline relationship
• There is an increasing trend towards airports marketing themselves
and actively seeking the operation of new services from airlines.
• The development of new routes or the increase in frequency of existing
services ultimately depends on the decisions of the airlines, but
increasingly airports and airlines are seeking new ways to establish
relationships.
AIRPORT
• Airports Council International – ACI
• It is a non profit organization
• By fostering cooperation amongst airports, world aviation
organizations and business partners, ACI makes a significant
contribution to providing the travelling public with an air
transport system that is safe, secure, efficient and
environmentally responsible.
Role of Airport
• The airport has a similar role in the air transport system like:
• the harbour in the maritime transport system
• the railway station in the railway system
• the bus terminal in the road transport system.
• But the air transport system has a clear differentiation.
Role of Airport
• The airport plays an important role for a city or a region.
• It is the window to the outside world.
• access to other cities, regions, countries or continents
• But the airport is also a source of annoyance for a lot of
persons living in its around.
• the take-off and landing noise
Location of the Airport
• The best location of an airport is close to the city centre,
with direct access to
• the railway station and the underground transportation system.
• But for the city centre, the noise impact is a problem.
• the best location does not exist.
Location of the Airport
Important points for specialized the location of the airport
• The airport should be as close to the city as possible.
• The airport needs a development potential for the next 20
years, allowing at least a duplication of air traffic.
• A fast public transport system (Underground, metro, etc.) is
needed to connect airport and city centre with a travel time of
less than 20 min.
• No obstacles for aerial development
Intermodality Aspects
• Intermodality is defined as mode change between air, rail,
road and water transport systems.
• Intermodality means a seamless transfer/connection from one
transportation mode to another mode with a minimum of
time delay and a maximum of comfort for passenger and/or
payload.
It is essential for an airport to have
access to the road system and to a
railway system.
Classification of Airports
According to ICAO:
• International airports
• National airports
• Military airfields
• Heliports
• Each airport has a Code number, which is used as «location
identifier»
• for the daily operation of airlines, the three-digit IATA code is used
