1.
LAB 1
QUESTION 1
Matlab code
% Filter specifications
Wc = 40000; % Passband corner frequency in rad/s
Ws = 56000; % Stopband corner frequency in rad/s
Amax = 0.28029; % Maximum passband ripple in dB
Amin = 40; % Minimum stopband attenuation in dB
% Calculate the filter order
N = cheb1ord(Wc, Ws, Amax, Amin, 's');
% Design the Chebyshev Type I filter
[b, a] = cheby1(N, Amax, Wc, 's');
% Calculate poles and zeros of the filter
[Z, P, K] = tf2zp(b, a);
% Calculate Q-factor of the poles
Q = -abs(P)./(2*real(P));
% Frequency response analysis
omega = linspace(0, 1e5, 1000);
H = freqs(b, a, omega);
% Convert magnitude response to attenuation in dB
Att = 20*log10(abs(H));
% Calculate group delay of the filter
Tg = grpdelay(b, a, omega);
% Plot the magnitude response and group delay
lw = 2;
fs = 16;
fn = 'times';
figure;
plot(omega, Att);
grid on;
xlabel('Frequency (rad/s)');
ylabel('Attenuation (dB)');
title('Chebyshev Type I Filter Magnitude Response');
ylim([-Amin-10, Amax+5]);
set(gca, 'FontName', fn, 'FontSize', fs);
xticks([0:10000:100000]);
figure;
plot(omega, Tg);
grid on;
xlabel('Frequency (rad/s)');
ylabel('Group Delay');
title('Chebyshev Type I Filter Group Delay');
set(gca, 'FontName', fn, 'FontSize', fs);
xticks([0:10000:100000]);
% Plot the pole-zero locations
figure;
zplane(Z, P);
title('Pole-Zero Plot');
set(gca, 'FontName', fn, 'FontSize', fs);
output:
Verification:
QUESTION 2 – 6 marks
Code:
% Filter specifications
Amax = 0.01; % Maximum passband ripple in dB
Amin = 40; % Minimum stopband attenuation in dB
Wp = 2; % Passband corner frequency in rad/s
Ws = 3; % Stopband corner frequency in rad/s
% Filter design and frequency response analysis
[n_butter, Wn_butter] = buttord(Wp, Ws, Amax, Amin, 's');
[n_cheby1, Wp_cheby1] = cheb1ord(Wp, Ws, Amax, Amin, 's');
[n_cheby2, Wp_cheby2] = cheb2ord(Wp, Ws, Amax, Amin, 's');
[n_ellip, Wp_ellip] = ellipord(Wp, Ws, Amax, Amin, 's');
[b_butter, a_butter] = butter(n_butter, Wn_butter, 's');
[b_cheby1, a_cheby1] = cheby1(n_cheby1, Amax, Wp_cheby1, 's');
[b_cheby2, a_cheby2] = cheby2(n_cheby2, Amin, Wp_cheby2, 's');
[b_ellip, a_ellip] = ellip(n_ellip, Amax, Amin, Wp_ellip, 's');
omega = logspace(-1, 2, 1000);
[mag_butter, phase_butter] = freqs(b_butter, a_butter, omega);
[mag_cheby1, phase_cheby1] = freqs(b_cheby1, a_cheby1, omega);
[mag_cheby2, phase_cheby2] = freqs(b_cheby2, a_cheby2, omega);
[mag_ellip, phase_ellip] = freqs(b_ellip, a_ellip, omega);
mag_butter = 20*log10(abs(mag_butter));
mag_cheby1 = 20*log10(abs(mag_cheby1));
mag_cheby2 = 20*log10(abs(mag_cheby2));
mag_ellip = 20*log10(abs(mag_ellip));
phase_butter = rad2deg(phase_butter);
phase_cheby1 = rad2deg(phase_cheby1);
phase_cheby2 = rad2deg(phase_cheby2);
phase_ellip = rad2deg(phase_ellip);
% Plot magnitude responses on a logarithmic scale
lw = 2;
fs = 16;
fn = 'times';
figure;
semilogx(omega, mag_butter, 'b', 'LineWidth', lw);
hold on;
semilogx(omega, mag_cheby1, 'r', 'LineWidth', lw);
semilogx(omega, mag_cheby2, 'g', 'LineWidth', lw);
semilogx(omega, mag_ellip, 'm', 'LineWidth', lw);
grid on;
xlabel('Frequency (rad/s)');
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');
title('Comparison of LP Filters: Butterworth, Chebyshev I, Chebyshev II, and Elliptic');
legend('Butterworth', 'Chebyshev I', 'Chebyshev II', 'Elliptic', 'Location', 'southwest');
set(gca, 'FontName', fn, 'FontSize', fs);
% Plot pole-zero locations for each filter type
Output:
QUESTION 3 – 5 marks
Code:
% Given specifications
Amax = 0.28; % Maximum passband ripple (dB)
Amin = 60; % Minimum stopband attenuation (dB)
Fpass1 = 12; % First passband frequency (Hz)
Fstop1 = 25; % First stopband frequency (Hz)
Fstop2 = 32; % Second stopband frequency (Hz)
Fpass2 = 60; % Second passband frequency (Hz)
% Convert dB to linear scale for Amax and Amin
Ap = 10^(Amax/20);
As = 10^(Amin/20);
% Calculate the frequency ratios
Wpass1 = 2 * pi * Fpass1;
Wstop1 = 2 * pi * Fstop1;
Wstop2 = 2 * pi * Fstop2;
Wpass2 = 2 * pi * Fpass2;
% Estimate the filter order and cutoff frequencies using the buttord function
[n, Wn] = buttord([Wpass1, Wpass2], [Wstop1, Wstop2], Amax, Amin, 's');
% Design the Cauer (elliptic) filter
[b, a] = ellip(n, Ap, As, Wn, 's');
% Frequency response plot in the s-domain
frequencies = logspace(log10(Fpass1), log10(Fpass2), 1000);
s = 1j * frequencies;
H_s = freqs(b, a, s);
% Convert complex response to magnitude (dB)
magnitude_response_db = 20 * log10(abs(H_s));
% Plot the magnitude response in the s-domain
figure;
semilogx(frequencies, magnitude_response_db);
grid on;
title('Cauer (Elliptic) Filter Magnitude Response');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');
xlim([Fpass1, Fpass2]);
ylim([-Amin - 10, Amax + 10]);
% Compute poles and zeros
[z, p, k] = tf2zp(b, a);
% Plot the poles and zeros in the s-plane
figure;
plot(real(p), imag(p), 'rx', 'MarkerSize', 10);
hold on;
plot(real(z), imag(z), 'bo', 'MarkerSize', 8);
grid on;
title('Poles and Zeros of the Cauer (Elliptic) Filter');
xlabel('Real Axis');
ylabel('Imaginary Axis');
legend('Poles', 'Zeros');
% Adjust the figure positions and titles
pos1 = [100, 100, 800, 400];
pos2 = [100, 100, 800, 400];
set(gcf, 'Position', pos1);
set(gca, 'Position', [0.1 0.2 0.85 0.7]);
set(gcf, 'Position', pos2);
set(gca, 'Position', [0.1 0.2 0.85 0.7]);
sgtitle('Cauer (Elliptic) Filter Design Verification', 'FontSize', 16);
output:
