Basic
Automotive
Automechanics
✓ It deals with every detail about vehicles:
a. how they are constructed,
b. how they operated, and
c. how to maintain and repair them
Automechanics Tools and
Equipment
1. Wrenches
✓ Wrenches are used to loosen and tighten bolts and nuts on the various
parts of vehicles. The most commonly used wrenched in
automechanics are the following:
a. Open-end Wrench
b. Box-end Wrench
c. Torque Wrench
d. Allen Wrench
e. Adjustable Wrench
f. Socket Wrench
Automechanics Tools and
Equipment
2. Screwdrivers
✓ is a tool used for screwing (installing) and unscrewing (removing)
screws. The following are the most common screwdriver used in
automechanics:
a. Flat-head screwdriver
b. Philip screwdriver
c. Clutch head screwdriver
d. Offset screwdriver
Automechanics Tools and
Equipment
3. Hammer
✓ Is a tool consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle
designed to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. The
types of hammers commonly used by mechanic in an automotive
shop are as follows:
a. Ball pen hammer
b. Soft faced hammer or Mallet
Automechanics Tools and
Equipment
4. Pliers
✓ Plier are used to hold and grip nuts and other small parts used in
automechanics. The most commonly used types are the following:
a. Mechanical pliers
b. Diagonal cutter plier
c. Side cutter plier
d. Beedle-nose plier
e. Lock grip plier
f. Snap-ring plier
Automechanics Tools and
Equipment
5. Chisels
✓ Chisels vary in size and shape and are designed for specific
application. The commonly used types of chisels in automechanics
are as follows:
a. Cold cut chisel
b. Flat chisel
c. Cape chisel
d. Diamond point chisel
e. Round nose chisel
Automechanics Tools and
Equipment
6. Feeler Gauges
✓ Feeler gauges are measuring tools for
precision checking of small clearance
between wither stationary or moving
parts of vehicle.
✓ The standard feeler gauge has several
blades whose thickness vary and are
marked I thousandths of an inch.
✓ Always move the feeler gauge’s body
in the direction of the blade being
used to avoid damaging it.
Principal Parts of Vehicle
✓ It is important to know and identify the parts of a vehicle in order to
understand how to operates. The following are the major
component of a vehicle:
a. Engine
b. Power Train
c. Chassis
d. Body
Parts of Vehicle: ENGINE
✓ The engine is the car’s source of
power. An automobile will not
operate without an engine.
✓ The engine coverts the chemical
energy contained in it fuel-air
mixture-into mechanical energy
in the form of a relative force to
propel the automobile.
Main Parts of Engine
1. Engine Block (Cylinder Block) 8. Valve train
2. Cylinder Head 9. Valves
3. Combustion Chamber 10. Rocker Arms
4. Piston 11. Pushrods/Lifters
5. Crankshaft 12. Fuel Injectors
6. Camshaft 13. Sparkplug
7. Timing System
1. Engine Block(Cylinder Block )
✓ It is the basic framework for the
engine
✓ It is one of the main in engine
parts.
✓ The cylinder block is usually made
of grey cast iron or aluminum and
its alloys.
✓ Cylinder block also carries
lubrication oil to various
components through drilled
passages called oil galleries.
2. Cylinder Head
✓ The cylinder head is a piece of metal that sits over
the engine’s cylinders. It is usually made up of cast
iron and aluminum alloy.
✓ The top of the cylinder is covered by a separate cast
piece know as the cylinder head.
✓ The cylinder head is attached to the cylinder block by
means of studs fixed to the block gaskets are used to
provide a tight, leak-proof joint between the head
and block.
✓ Cylinder head contains a combustion chamber above
each cylinder.
✓ It also contains valve guides, valve seats, ports,
coolant jackets and threaded holes for spark plugs. It
incorporates passages for the flow of cooling water.
3. Combustion Chamber
✓ It’s where fuel, air, pressure, and
electricity come together to create the
small explosion that moves the car’s
pistons up and down, thus creating the
power to move the vehicle.
✓ The combustion chamber is made up of
the cylinder, piston, and cylinder head.
✓ The cylinder acts as the wall of the
combustion chamber, the top of the piston
acts as the floor of the combustion
chamber, and the cylinder head serves as
the ceiling of the combustion chamber.
4. Piston
✓ Pistons move up and down the
cylinder. They look like upside down
soup cans. When fuel ignites in the
combustion chamber, the force pushes
the piston downward, which in turn
moves the crankshaft.
✓ The piston attaches to the crankshaft
via a connecting rod, aka the con rod.
It connects to the connecting rod via a
piston pin, and the connecting rod
connects to the crankshaft via a
connecting rod bearing.
5. Crankshaft
✓ The crankshaft is what converts the up and
down motion of the pistons into a rotational
motion that allows the car to move.
✓ The crankshaft typically fits lengthwise in the
engine block near the bottom. It extends from
one end of the engine block to the other.
✓ At the front of the end of the engine, the
crankshaft connects to rubber belts which
connect to the camshaft and delivers power to
other parts of the car; at the back end of the
engine, the camshaft connects to the drive
train, which transfers power to the wheels.
✓ At each end of the crankshaft, you will find oil
seals, or “O-rings,” which prevent oil from
leaking out of the engine.
6. Camshaft
✓ The camshaft is the brain of the
engine.
✓ It works in conjunction with the
crankshaft via a timing belt to make
sure intake and outtake valves open
and close at just the right time for
optimal engine performance.
✓ The camshaft uses egg-shaped lobes
that extend across it to control the
timing of the opening and closing of
the valves.
7. Timing System
✓ The timing belt or chain holds
the crankshaft and camshaft in
the same relative position to
each other at all times during
the engine’s operation.
8. Valvetrain
✓ The valvetrain is the mechanical system
that’s mounted to the cylinder head
that controls the operation of the
valves.
✓ The valvetrain consists of valves, rocker
arms, pushrods, and lifters.
9. Valves
✓ There are two types of valves:
intake valves and outtake valves.
1. Intake valves bring a mixture of
air and fuel into the combustion
chamber to create the
combustion to power the
engine.
2. Outtake valves let the exhaust
that’s created after the
combustion out of the
combustion chamber.
10. Rocker Arms
✓ Rocker arms are little levers that
touch the lobes, or cams, on the
camshaft.
✓ When a lobe lifts one end of the
rocker, the other end of the
rocker presses down on the
valve stem, opening the valve to
let air in to the combustion
chamber or letting exhaust out.
11. Pushrods and Lifters
✓Pushrods are long, slender metal
rods that are used in overhead valve
engines to transfer motion from the
camshaft (located in the engine
block) to the valves (located in the
cylinder head).
✓The bottom end of a pushrod is
fitted with a lifter, upon which the
camshaft makes contact.
12. Fuel Injectors
✓ It gives fuel in the cylinder to create
combustion needed to move the pistons.
✓ With direct fuel injection, each cylinder
gets its own injector, which sprays fuel
directly into the combustion chamber at
just the right time to combust.
✓ With ported fuel injection, instead of
spraying the fuel directly into the cylinder,
it sprays into the intake manifold just
outside the valve. When the valve opens,
air and fuel enter the combustion
chamber.
13. Sparkplug
✓ Attached above the cylinder.
✓ It used to ignites the
compressed fuel and air,
causing the mini-explosion
that pushes the piston down.
Parts of Vehicle: POWER TRAIN
✓ The power train is the mechanism that carries the rotary motion
developed in the power to the car’s wheels.
✓ The components of the power train are as follows
1. Clutch
2. Transmission
3. Drive Shaft
4. Differential
5. Axle
1. Clutch
✓ This part is connected to the
engine’s flywheel.
✓ It couples and uncouples
engine power to the
transmission by means of a
mechanical device, a hydraulic
mechanism.
2. Transmission
✓ This is a mechanical device
composed of several types of
gears assembled in one gear box.
✓ These gears have different ratios
to transmit power from the
engine to the differential
3. Drive Shaft
✓ This part connects the transmission to
the differential assembly.
✓ Both ends of the shaft have universal
joints that enable the shaft to change
angles.
4. Differential
✓ This is a gear assembly that permits one
car wheel to turn at a different speed
from another while transmitting the
power to the drive shaft
5. Axle
✓ This connects the differential
assembly to the back wheel.
✓ It transmit power from the clutch
to the back wheel.
Parts of Vehicle: CHASSIS
✓ It includes the structure supporting the rest of the car, together with the
suspension, steering system, brakes, wheels and tires.
✓ It is used to hold all the units together.
✓ The weight of the car is transferred to the road surface through the
suspension, wheels and tires.
✓ The chassis is composed of the following parts:
1. Frame
2. Leaf springs
3. Shock absorbers
4. Steering system
5. Brakes
1. Frame
✓ This is the main part f the chassis
where all parts of the chassis are
attached.
2. Leaf Springs
✓ These are made of several long
plates or leaves.
✓ These serve as the car’s suspension
by absorbing some of the bumps
on the road
3. Shock Absorbers
✓ These regulate the bouncing
motion of the leaf springs.
✓ Each absorber is attached to the
frame end portion of each car
wheel.
4. Steering System
✓ This enables the driver to turn the
wheel in order to change the
direction of the moving vehicle.
5. Brakes
✓ These are devices to slow down or
stop a vehicle in motion.
Parts of Vehicle: CAR BODY
✓ The body is the integral part of the car’s
chassis, unitary construction of welded
steel.
✓ Only few cars are produced with the
separate frame and body characteristic
of early automobiles.
✓ The bodywork encloses the engine and
passenger compartments and provides
accommodation for luggage and the
like.
Activity 3
Part 1:
Direction: Complete the table below:
TOOL DESCRIPTION PICTURE
1. Wrenches
2. Screwdrivers
3. Hammer
4. Plier
5. Chisels
Part 2:
Direction: Make an infographic showing Name and Description of the
Different Parts of Engine
Reference:
✓ [Link]
engine-parts/
✓ [Link]
