Steel Frame Analysis &

Design
Advanced steel structures
21-Sep-15

MOHAMMAD BOKHAMSEEN
[email protected]
CONTENTS

Structural analysis Using SpaceGass ...........................................................................................................................2

Column design ................................................................................................................................................................3

Plate girder design ..........................................................................................................................................................8

Strut design .....................................................................................................................................................................17

Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................................19

Figure 1 Bending Moment Diagram ....................................................................................... 19

Figure 2 Shear Force Diagram ................................................................................................. 19

Figure 3 Axial Force ................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 4 Deflection .................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 5 Beam Cross Section .................................................................................................... 21

Figure 6 Strut Cross Section ...................................................................................................... 21

1
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING SPACEGASS

The frame has been modelled through spacegass.

Please refer to the appendix for the detailed drawings.

2
COLUMN DESIGN

The analysis of the BMD, SFD and axial pressure diagrams from the SpaceGass model
(appendix) show that column 4 is indeed the critical column and requires a design check.

Design Force Section Properties

 𝑴∗ = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟏 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎  250 UC 89.5
 𝑵∗ = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 𝑲𝑵  𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 𝑽∗ = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟐𝟒 𝑲𝑵
 𝑰𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
 𝑰𝒚 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
 𝒓𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎
 𝒓𝒚 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎
 𝒁𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟑
 𝑲𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒑
 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓
𝒕𝒘

9000
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 52.8𝑚𝑚 < = 60𝑚𝑚
150

3
Section Capacity

Design Check

𝑁𝑠 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑦 = 1.0 × 11400 × 280 = 3192 × 103 𝑁 = 3192 𝐾𝑁

In plane nominal section capacity Out of plane nominal section capacity

𝜆1 = 0.6 𝜆1 = 10
𝐼 143 × 106 𝜆2 = 10
∑( )
𝑙 𝑐 9000 𝐾𝑒 = 1.00
𝜆2 = = = 0.459
𝐼 931 × 106 𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 = 1.00 × 9000 = 9000 𝑚𝑚
∑ 𝛽𝑒 ( )
𝑙 𝑏 0.67 × 18022
𝐾𝑒 = 1.18 𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑦
𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( )
𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 = 1.18 × 9000 = 10620 𝑚𝑚 𝑟 250
𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑦 9000 280
𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( ) =( ) × √1 × √( ) = 146.0
𝑟 250 65.2 250
10620 280 𝛼𝑏 = 0
=( ) × √1 × √( ) = 100.3
112 250
Interpolation used to find ac
𝛼𝑏 = 0
𝛼𝑐 = 0.541 𝛼𝑐 = 0.307
𝑁𝑐𝑥 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑁𝑠 = 0.541 × 3192 = 1726 𝐾𝑁
𝑁𝑐𝑦 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑁𝑠 = 0.307 × 3192 = 979.9 𝐾𝑁

4
Moment Capacity

Nominal section moment capacity

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑍𝑒 = 280 × 1230 × 103 × 10−6 = 344.4 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Nominal member moment capacity

∗
1.7𝑀𝑚 1.7 × 167.1
𝛼𝑚 = = = 2.29 < 2.5
√62.592 + 28.022 + 102.912
√𝑀2∗ 2 + 𝑀3∗ 2 + 𝑀4∗ 2

𝒌𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒌𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒌𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕

𝑙𝑒 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑟 𝑙 = 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.7 × 9000 = 6300

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑤
𝑀𝑜 = √[( 2 ) (𝐺𝐽 + ( 2 ))]
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒

𝜋 2 × 200 × 103 × 48.4 × 106 3 3

𝜋 2 × 200 × 103 × 713 × 109
= √[( ) (80 × 10 × 1040 × 10 + ( ))]
63002 63002

= 534.44

𝑀𝑠 2 𝑀𝑠 344.4 2 344.4
𝛼𝑠 = 0.6 [√[( ) + 3] − ( )] = 0.6 × [√[( ) + 3] − ( )] = 0.722
𝑀𝑜 𝑀𝑜 534.44 534.44

𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 𝛼𝑚 𝛼𝑠 𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 2.29 × 0.722 × 344.4 = 569.4 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑠𝑥

𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 344.4 𝐾𝑁

5
Check

∅𝑁𝑐 = 0.9 × 979.9 = 881.9 ≥ 𝑁 ∗

∅𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 0.9 × 344.4 = 309.96 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ≥ 𝑀∗

𝑁∗ 𝑀∗ 114.28 167.1
+ = + = 0.578 < 1.0
∅𝑁𝑠 ∅𝑀𝑠𝑥 0.9 × 3192 0.9 × 344.4

𝑁∗ 114.28
∅𝑀𝑟𝑥 = ∅𝑀𝑠𝑥 (1 − ) = 0.9 × 344.4 × (1 − ) = 297.6 ≥ 𝑀∗
∅𝑁𝑠 0.9 × 3192

𝑁∗ 114.28
𝑀𝑖𝑥 = 𝑀𝑠𝑥 (1 − ) = 344.4 × (1 − ) = 319 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑁𝑐𝑥 0.9 × 1726

𝑁∗ 114.28
𝑀𝑜𝑥 = 𝑀𝑏𝑥 (1 − ) = 344.4 × (1 − ) = 299.7 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑁𝑐𝑦 0.9 × 979.9

𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑀𝑖𝑥 , 𝑀𝑜𝑥 ) = 299.7 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀∗ 1.4 167.1 1.4

( ) =( ) = 0.511
∅𝑀𝑐𝑥 0.9 × 299.7

6
Shear Capacity

𝑑𝑝 82
≤
𝑡𝑤 𝑓
√ 𝑦
250
82 82 𝑑𝑝
= = 72.47 > = 21.5
𝑓𝑦 𝑡𝑤
√ √320
250 250

Hence  𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉𝑤

𝑉𝑤 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 = 0.6 × 320 × 225 × 10.5 = 453.6 𝐾𝑁

∅𝑉𝑤 = 0.9 × 453.6 = 408.24 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉 ∗

7
PLATE GIRDER DESIGN

The analysis of the BMD, SFD and axial pressure diagrams from the spacegass output
show that beam 2 is indeed the critical beam and requires a design check.

Design Force Section Properties

 𝑴∗ = 𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟔 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎  𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 𝑵∗ = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝑲𝑵  𝑰𝒙 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
 𝑽∗ = 𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟒 𝑲𝑵  𝑰𝒚 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
 𝒛𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟑
 𝒛𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟑
 𝒓𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟐. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎
 𝒓𝒚 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑 𝒎𝒎
 𝑰𝒘 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟔
 𝑱 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟒

8
Section moment capacity

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑧𝑒𝑥

𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑦 122 300
𝜆𝑒𝑓 = √ = √ = 11.13
𝑡𝑓 250 12 250

𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑓 = 14

𝜆𝑒𝑓 11.13
= = 0.795
𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑓 14

𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦 700 300
𝜆𝑒𝑤 = √ = √ = 127.80
𝑡𝑤 250 6 250

𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑤 = 115
𝜆𝑒𝑤 127.80
= = 1.11 𝜆𝑠 = 𝜆𝑒𝑤
𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑤 115

𝜆𝑠 = 127.80
𝜆𝑠𝑦
𝜆𝑠𝑝 = 82  𝜆𝑠𝑝 ≤ 𝜆𝑠𝑦 ≤ 𝜆𝑠 → 𝑧𝑒 = 𝑧 ( 𝜆 )
𝑠

𝜆𝑠𝑦 = 115

115
𝑧𝑒 = 2.57 × 106 × ( ) = 2.31 × 106 𝑚𝑚3
127.80
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑧𝑒𝑥 = 300 × 2.31 × 106 = 693 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 0.9 × 693 = 623.7 ≥ 𝑀∗

9
Member Moment Capacity
𝑀𝑏𝑥 =∝𝑚 ∝𝑐 𝑀𝑠𝑥

𝑙𝑒 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑟 𝑘𝑙 𝑙

𝒌𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒌𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒌𝒓 = 𝟏

𝑙𝑒 = 1 × 1 × 1.4 × 3600 = 5040 𝑚𝑚

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑤
𝑀𝑜 = √[( 2 ) [𝐺𝐽 + ( 2 )]]
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒

𝜋 2 × 200 × 103 × 3.12 × 107 3 × 3.39 × 105 + (

𝜋 2 × 200 × 103 × 3.96 × 1012
= √[( ) [80 × 10 )]]
50402 50402

𝑀𝑜 = 901.01 𝐾𝑁

𝑀𝑠 2 𝑀𝑠
∝𝑠 = 0.6 [√(( ) )+3 −( ) ]
𝑀𝑜 𝑀𝑜

693 2 693
∝𝑠 = 0.6 [√(( ) )+3 −( ) ] = 0.68
901.1 901.1

∗
1.7 × 𝑀𝑚
∝𝑚 =
√(𝑀2∗ )2 +(𝑀3∗ )2 + (𝑀4∗ )2
1.7 × 556.46
∝𝑚 = = 1.77
√(169.31)2 +(286.22)2 + (415.27)2

𝑀𝑏𝑥 =∝𝑚 ∝𝑐 𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 1.77 × 0.68 × 693 = 834 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ≥ 𝑀𝑠𝑥 → 𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 𝑀𝑠𝑥

𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 693 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 0.9 × 693 = 623.7 ≥ 𝑀∗

10
Axial Section Capacity
𝐴𝑒
𝑘𝑓 =
𝐴𝑔

𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑦 122 300
𝜆𝑒𝑓 = √ = √ = 11.13
𝑡𝑓 250 12 250

𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑓 = 14

𝜆𝑒𝑦
𝑏𝑒 = 𝑏 ( )≤𝑏
𝜆𝑒

𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑓 14
𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 𝑏𝑓 ( ) = 122 × ( ) = 153.45 > 𝑏 = 122 → 𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 122 𝑚𝑚
𝜆𝑒𝑓 11.13

𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦 700 300
𝜆𝑒𝑤 = √ = √ = 127.80
𝑡𝑤 250 6 250

𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑤 = 35

𝜆𝑒𝑦
𝑏𝑒 = 𝑏 ( )≤𝑏
𝜆𝑒

𝜆𝑒𝑦𝑤 35
𝑏𝑒𝑤 = 𝑏𝑤 ( ) = 700 ( ) = 191.7 < 𝑏 = 700 → 𝑏𝑒𝑤 = 191.7 𝑚𝑚
𝜆𝑒𝑤 127.8

𝐴𝑒 = 250 × 12 × 2 + 191.7 × 6 = 7150.2 𝑚𝑚2

7150.2
𝑘𝑓 = = 0.7
10200
𝑁𝑠 = 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑦

𝑁𝑠 = 0.7 × 10200 × 300 = 2142 𝐾𝑁

∅𝑁𝑠 = 0.9 × 2142 = 1927.8 𝐾𝑁 ≥ 𝑁 ∗

11
Compression section capacity

𝑁∗ 𝑀∗ 14.09 556.46
+ = + = 0.899 ≤ 1
∅𝑁𝑠 ∅𝑀𝑠𝑥 0.9 × 2142 0.9 × 693

Reduced Section Moment Capacity

𝑁∗ 14.09
𝑀𝑟𝑥 = 𝑀𝑠𝑥 (1 − ) = 693 × (1 − ) = 687.93 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑁𝑠 0.9 × 2142
∅𝑀𝑟𝑥 = 0.9 × 687.93 = 619.14 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ≥ 𝑀∗

In plane nominal section capacity Out of plane nominal section capacity

𝐾𝑒 = 1.00 𝐾𝑒 = 1.00
𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 = 1.00 × 18022 = 18022 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 = 1.00 × 18022 = 18022 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑦 𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑦
𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( ) 𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( )=
𝑟 250 𝑟 250

18022 300 18022 300

=( ) × √0.7 × √( ) = 54.65 ( ) × √0.7 × √( ) = 298.36
302.2 250 55.36 250
𝛼𝑏 = 0.5 𝛼𝑏 = 0.5
𝛼𝑐 = 0.75 𝛼𝑐 = 0.082
𝑁𝑐𝑥 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑁𝑠 = 0.75 × 2142 = 1606.5 𝐾𝑁 𝑁𝑐𝑦 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑁𝑠 = 0.082 × 2142 = 175.64 𝐾𝑁

𝑁∗ 𝑁∗
𝑀𝑖𝑥 = 𝑀𝑠𝑥 (1 − ) 𝑀𝑜𝑥 = 𝑀𝑏𝑥 (1 − )
∅𝑁𝑐𝑥 ∅𝑁𝑐𝑦
14.09 14.09
= 693 × (1 − ) = 686.2 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 = 693 × (1 − ) = 631.2 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
0.9 × 1606.5 0.9 × 175.64
∅𝑀𝑖𝑥 = 0.9 × 686.2 = 617.58 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ≥ 𝑀∗ ∅𝑀𝑜𝑥 = 0.9 × 631.2 = 568.08 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ≥ 𝑀∗

Biaxial Bending Capacity

𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑀𝑖𝑥 , 𝑀𝑜𝑥 ) = 631.2𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀∗ 1.4 556.46 1.4

( ) =( ) = 0.971 ≤ 1
∅𝑀𝑐𝑥 0.9 × 631.2

12
Web Shearing Capacity
𝑑𝑝 82
>
𝑡𝑤 𝑓
√ 𝑦
250
𝑑𝑝 700
= = 116.66
𝑡𝑤 6
82 82 𝑑𝑝
= = 74.85 < = 116.66
𝑓𝑦 𝑡𝑤
√ √300
250 250

Hence  𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉𝑏

𝑉𝑤 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 = 0.6 × 300 × (700 × 6) = 756 𝐾𝑁

Shear Buckling Capacity

𝑉𝑏 = 𝛼𝑣 𝑉𝑤
2

82
𝛼𝑣 =
𝑑𝑝 𝑓𝑦
( 𝑡 ) √( )
𝑤 250
( )
2

82
𝛼𝑣 = = 0.411
700 √ 300
(( 6 ) × (250))
𝑉𝑏 = 0.411 × 756 = 310.71 𝐾𝑁 ≥ 𝑉 ∗

13
Interaction of Shear and Bending
𝑀∗ = 556.46 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑠 = 693 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

0.75𝑀𝑠 = 0.75 × 693 = 519.75 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑠 = 0.9 × 693 = 623.7𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

0.75𝑀𝑠 < 𝑀∗ < ∅𝑀𝑠  Bending moment counter by hole section

1.6𝑀∗
𝑉𝑣𝑚 = 𝑉𝑣 [2.2 − ( )]
∅𝑀𝑠
1.6 × 556.46
𝑉𝑣𝑚 = 310.71 × [2.2 − ( )] = 240.02𝐾𝑁
0.9 × 693
∅𝑉𝑣𝑚 = 0.9 × 240.02 = 216.1 𝐾𝑁 ≥ 𝑉 ∗

14
Compressive Bearing

Design bearing force  𝑅 ∗ = 318.54 𝐾𝑁

Bearing Yield Capacity Bearing Buckling Capacity

𝑏𝑠 = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑑1
𝑏𝑏 = 𝑏𝑏𝑓 + = 230 + 350 = 580𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑠 + 2.5𝑡𝑓 = 200 + 2.5 × 12 = 230 𝑚𝑚 2
𝑅𝑏𝑦 = 1.25𝑏𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑅𝑏𝑏 =∝𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑤
𝑅𝑏𝑦 = 1.25 × 230 × 6 × 300 = 517.5 𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑏 = 0.5
∅𝑅𝑏𝑦 = 0.9 × 517.5 = 465 𝐾𝑁 ≥ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑘𝑓 = 1
𝑙𝑒 2.5𝑑1 2.5 × 700
= = = 291.67
𝑟 𝑡𝑤 6
𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑦
𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( )
𝑟 250

300
= (291.67) × √1 × √( ) = 319.51
250
∝𝑐 = 0.071
𝑅𝑏𝑏 = 0.071 × 300 × 6 × 580 = 74.12 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑅𝑏𝑏 = 0.9 × 74.12 = 66.71 𝐾𝑁

∅𝑅𝑏𝑏 < 𝑅 ∗  Bearing stiffener needed

Load Bearing Stiffeners

Considering a pair of plate 80*6 mm

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2 × 80 × 6 = 960 𝑚𝑚2

Outstand of Stiffeners

15𝑡𝑠
𝑏𝑒𝑠 ≤
𝑓𝑦𝑠
√
250
15𝑡𝑠 15 × 6
= = 82.15 ≥ 𝑏𝑒𝑠
𝑓
√ 𝑦𝑠 √300
250 250

15
Yield Capacity of Stiffeners
𝑅𝑠𝑦 = 𝑅𝑏𝑦 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑠

𝑅𝑠𝑦 = 517.5 + 960 × 300 × 10−3 = 805.5 𝐾𝑁

∅𝑅𝑠𝑦 = 0.9 × 805.5 = 724.95 ≥ 𝑅 ∗

Buckling Capacity Stiffeners

∝𝑏 = 𝑜. 5

k𝑓 = 1

le = lws = 700 𝑚𝑚
17.5𝑡𝑤 17.5 × 6
l𝑒𝑤𝑠 = = = 95.85 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 √(300)
√( 𝑦 ) 250
250

𝐴𝑤𝑠 = (80 × 6 × 2) + ((2 × 95.85) × 6) = 2110 𝑚𝑚2

2 × 6 × 803 (2 × 95.85) × 63
𝐼𝑤𝑠 = + 2 × 80 × 6 × 432 + = 2.29 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

2.29 × 106
𝑟𝑤𝑠 = √ = 32.94 𝑚𝑚
2110

𝑙𝑤𝑠 700
= = 21.25
𝑟𝑤𝑠 32.94

𝑙𝑤𝑠 𝑓𝑦 300
𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( ) = 21.25 × √1 × √( ) = 23.27
𝑟𝑤𝑠 250 250

𝛼𝑐 = 0.95

𝑅𝑠𝑏 = 𝛼𝑐 × 𝐴𝑤𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦 = 0.95 × 2110 × 300 = 601 𝐾𝑁 ≥ 𝑅 ∗

16
STRUT DESIGN

Design Force Section Properties

 𝑵∗ = 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟒 𝑲𝑵 2 PFC380 (appendix)
 𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 𝑰𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
 𝑰𝒚 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
 𝒓𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝒎
 𝒓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎
 𝑲𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎

Design Check

𝑁𝑠 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑦 = 1.0 × 14060 × 300 = 4218 × 103 𝑁 = 4218 𝐾𝑁

∅𝑁𝑠 = 0.9 × 4218 = 3796.2 > 𝑁 ∗

𝜆1 = 10

𝜆2 = 10

𝐾𝑒 = 3.00

𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 = 3.00 × 9900 = 29700 𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑦 29700 300
𝜆𝑛 = ( ) √𝐾𝑓 √( )=( ) × √1 × √( ) = 224
𝑟 250 145 250

𝛼𝑏 = 0.5

𝛼𝑐 = 0.137

𝑁𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑁𝑠 = 0.137 × 4218 = 577 𝐾𝑁

∅𝑁𝑐 = 0.9 × 577 = 519 > 𝑁 ∗

17
Battened Compression Member
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒 29700
( ) =( ) = = 204.82
𝑟 𝑏𝑛 𝑟 𝑦 145

50
𝑠
≤{ 𝑙𝑒
𝑟𝑦 0.6 × ( ) = 0.6 × 204.82 = 122.8
𝑟 𝑏𝑛
𝑠 = 50 × 30.4 = 1520
9000
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 = = 5.92
1520
𝑠 = 1500𝑚𝑚
340
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 ≥ ≥ 6.8
50
𝑡 = 10𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 300𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 300𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 150𝑚𝑚

𝑁
𝜋 (𝑁𝑠 − 1) × 𝑁 ∗
𝑐
𝑉∗ =
𝜆𝑛
4218
𝜋( − 1) × 318.54
= 577 = 28.2 𝑘𝑁 > 0.01𝑁 ∗
224
𝑉 ∗𝑠 28.2 × 1500
𝑉1∗ = = = 74.2𝑘𝑁
𝑛𝑏 𝑑𝑏 2 × 285
𝑉1∗ 74.2
𝜏= = = 49.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑏 10 × 150

∗
𝑉 ∗ 𝑠 28.2 × 1500
𝑀 = = = 10575 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2𝑛𝑏 2×2
𝑀∗ 10575000
𝜎= = = 282 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 300
𝑍 10 × 1502
6

18
APPENDIX

Figure 1 Bending Moment Diagram

Figure 2 Shear Force Diagram

19
Figure 3 Axial Force

Figure 4 Deflection

20
Figure 5 Beam Cross Section

Figure 6 Strut Cross Section

21