STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER
In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the induction motor,
three resistances are are added in series with each phase of the stator winding.
Initially the resistances are kept maximum in the circuit. Due to its large voltage
gets dropped across the resistances. Hence a reduced voltage gets applied to the
stator which reduces the high starting current. The schematic diagram showing
stator resistances is shown in the Fig.4.1.
Fig. 4.2.1 Stator Resistance starter
When the motor starts running, the resistances are gradually cut-off from the
stator circuit. When the resistances are entirely removed from the stator circuit i.e.
rheostats in RUN position then rated voltage gets applied to the stator. Motor runs
with normal speed.
The starter is simple in construction and cheap. It can be used for both star and
delta connected stator. But there are large power losses due to resistances. Also the
starting torque of the motor reduces due to reduced voltage applied to the stator.
Relation between Tst and TF.L.
We know, P2 s
where T is torque produced and P2 is the rotor input at Ns.
.. . P2
But P2 = Pc/s where Pc = Total copper loss
= (3I 2R2r)/s 2
.. . I2 2r /s
But rotor current I2r and stator current are related to each other through transformer
action.
.. . I12 /s where I1 = Stator current
At start, s = 1, T = Tst and I1 = Ist
.. . Tst Ist2 ........(1)
When stator resistance starter is used, the factory by which stator voltage
reduces is say x < 1. The starting current is proportional to to this factor x. So if
Isc is the normal current drawn under full rated voltage condition at start then,
Ist = x Isc ..................................................................(2)
.. . Tst (xIsc)2 ............................................................(3)
But TF.L. (IF.L.)2/sf
Taking ratio of (3) and (4),
where sf = Full load slip ...(4)
Note : As x < 1, it can be seen that the starting torque reduces by the
fraction x2due to the stator resistance starter.
AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER
A three phase star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce the
voltage applied to the stator. Such a starter is called an autotransformer starter.
The schematic diagram of autotransformer starter. The schematic diagram of
autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig..1.
Fig.4.2.2 Autotransformer starter
It consists of a suitable change over switch.
When the switch is in the start position, the stator winding is supplied with
reduced voltage. This can be controlled by tappings provided with
autotransformer.
The reduction in applied voltage by the fractional percentage tappings x,
used for an autotransformer is shown in the Fig. 4.2.2
Fig.4.2.3 Use of autotransformer to reduce voltage at start
When motor gathers 80% of the normal speed, the change over switch is
thrown into run position.
Due to this, rated voltage gets applied to stator winding. The motor starts
rotating with normal speed. Changing of switch is done automatically by using
relays. The power loss is much less in this type of starting. It can be used for
both star and delta connected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance
starter.
1.1 Relation between Tst and TF.L.
Let x be the fractional percentage tappings used for an autotransformer to
apply reduced voltage to the stator.
So if, Isc = Starting motor current at rated voltage
and Ist = Starting motor current with starter
then Ist = x Isc .....Motor side ........................ (1)
But there is exists a fixed ratio between starting current drawn from supply
Ist(supply) and starting moor current Ist (motor) due to autotransformer, as
shown in the Fig.4.3.
Autotransformer ratio x = Ist (supply)/ Ist (motor)
Ist (supply) = x Ist (motor)............................................. (2)
Substituting Ist (motor) from equation (1),
.. . Ist (supply) = x . x Isc = x2 Isc
sc
2 2
Now Tst st I2 ............(3)
2
and TF.L. F.L.) /sf
Note : Thus starting torque reduces by x2 where x is the transformer ratio.
Example : A squirrel cage induction motor has a full load slip of 5%. The
motor starting current at rated voltage is 6 times its full load current. Find the
tapping on the autotransformer starter which would give full load torque at start.
Whet would then be the supply starting current ?
Solution : Starting current at rated voltage = Isc
.. . Isc = 6 IF.L. and sf = 5% = 0.05
Let x = Tapping on autotransformer
TF.L. = Tst
1 = x2 (6/1)2 x 0.05
x = 0.7453
Thus 74.53% tapping is required
Now Ist (supply) = x Ist (motor) = x (xIsc) = x2 Isc
= x2 x 6 = 3.33 IF.L.
Thus supply starting current is 3.33 times the full load current.
