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Principles and Processes of Biotechnology

Biotechnology uses living organisms and their components to develop useful products for human welfare. The principles of biotechnology include genetic engineering to modify DNA and change phenotypes, and bioprocess engineering to maintain sterile conditions for growth of microbes used to produce products like antibiotics and enzymes. Recombinant DNA technology uses genetic engineering to join DNA from different organisms, involving isolation, fragmentation, ligation into a vector, transfer to a host, culture, and extraction of the desired product. DNA cloning makes multiple identical copies of a DNA piece using cloning vectors that can replicate autonomously in a host.

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336 views2 pages

Principles and Processes of Biotechnology

Biotechnology uses living organisms and their components to develop useful products for human welfare. The principles of biotechnology include genetic engineering to modify DNA and change phenotypes, and bioprocess engineering to maintain sterile conditions for growth of microbes used to produce products like antibiotics and enzymes. Recombinant DNA technology uses genetic engineering to join DNA from different organisms, involving isolation, fragmentation, ligation into a vector, transfer to a host, culture, and extraction of the desired product. DNA cloning makes multiple identical copies of a DNA piece using cloning vectors that can replicate autonomously in a host.

Uploaded by

Renu Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Biotechnology : Principles & Processes

Biotechnology is defined as the broad area of biology which uses both the technology and the
application of living organisms and their components to develop, modify and produce useful
products for human welfare. The term ‘Biotechnology’ was coined in the year 1919 by an
agricultural engineer Karoly Ereky; hence he is called the Father of Biotechnology.

Let us have an overview of the principles and processes of Biotechnology.

Principles of Biotechnology
According to modern Biotechnology, the main principles of biotechnology are:

 Genetic engineering – used to modify the DNA of the target organism, thereby changing the
phenotype of the organism.

 Bioprocess engineering – the maintenance of sterile conditions to support the growth of large
quantities of desired microbes and other eukaryotic cells, which are used for the production of new
or modified biotechnological products such as antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, etc.

The techniques of genetic engineering mainly include:

1. The DNA fragment is isolated from the donor organism.


2. It is inserted into the vector DNA.
3. It is transferred to an appropriate host.
4. Cloning of the recombinant DNA in the host organism.

What Is Recombinant DNA Technology?


Recombinant DNA technology is also known as Genetic Engineering. It is the process of
joining together two DNA molecules from two different organisms. This is known as
recombinant DNA.

The steps involved in the processes of Recombinant DNA technology are:

1. Isolation of DNA
2. DNA fragmentation using restriction endonucleases
3. Ligation of the desired DNA fragment into the vector
4. Transfer of the recombinant DNA into the host
5. Culture of the transformed cells in a nutrient medium
6. Extraction of the desired product

DNA Cloning
DNA cloning is the process of making multiple identical copies of a piece of DNA. This
process requires cloning vectors which possess the following properties:
 It should be smaller in size but should be able to carry a large DNA insert.
 The cloning vector should have the origin of replication so that it can autonomously replicate in
the host organism.
 It should have a restriction site.
 It should have a selectable marker to screen recombinant organisms.
 It should possess multiple cloning sites.

What Is Bioprocess Engineering?


Bioprocess engineering is the multiplication of cells in the bioreactors. A large amount of
culture is obtained in the process, which produces a higher yield of the required protein. The
products that are obtained are subjected to a series of processes. The products are purified by
downstream processing and subjected to quality checks before undergoing further trials. This
process is used to manufacture antibiotics, vaccines and other therapeutic medicines.

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