SUNBEAM SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ne one Sea BIOLOGY PROJECT SESSION :2022-2023 A PROJECT REPORT ON DRUG ADDICTION name- MANVITHA.N class:- XII N2 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF BIOLOGY TEACHERSBONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify, that this Project work in the subject of. has been done by ....- . of Class ...... im the Academic Year ... and submitted for the Practical Examinations conducted by All India Senior School Certificate Examinations at Sunbeam — Senior Secondary —_ School ON we TEACHER INCHARGE PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER. EXTERNAL EXAMINERINDEX OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION TYPES OF DRUGS CAUSES OF ADDICTION EFFECTS OF ADDICTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION TOBACCO ALCOHOL TREATMENT OF ADDICTION CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHYOBJECTIVE To study drugs, their classification, addictive nature and prevention from addiction. STOP DRUGSINTRODUCTION TO DRUGS ADDICTION * WHAT IS DRUGS ? Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which, when taken in some way after the body function. Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be habituating or addictive. * WHAT IS ADDICTION? Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on a substance or practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict. * DRUG DEPENDENCE Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or treatment of diseases, or for increasing the physical and mental performance and are withdrawn as soon as the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of certain drugs on a periodic or continuous basis may make the body dependence. Such drugs are called psychotropic drugs. They act on the brain and alter behaviour, consciousness and capacity of perception. Hence, they are also termed mood-altering drugs. Some people start taking drugs without medical advise due to one reason or the other and become drugs dependent.TYPES OF DRUGS * Heroin As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can also spread diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. This drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is abused because it interferes with the brain’s receptors. Individuals who take heroin always require professional rehabilitation because the symptoms of withdrawal may be lifethreatening. * Cocaine Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure, and accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or heart attacks for some users. ue to the severe consequences of using cocaine, users require immediate professional treatment. * Crack A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack has turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and use. Abusing the substance, however, can lead to immediate addiction. Abusers are also at risk of suffering heart attacks and strokes with every use. Longterm use can cause liver, kidney, and lung damage. * Hallucinogens PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) are hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see, and hear things that are not real. While they experience hallucinations with these drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter mental states ofdisconnection. Withdrawing from hallucinogens is not easy, and abusers will need professional treatment in a rehab facility. * Marijuana / Cannabis Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and many people begin using it as a recreational drug in social situations. Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the substance can affect the physical coordination, memory, and mental functions of users over time. While it is easy to abuse marijuana, it is not easy to stop using it. * Alcohol Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships, friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so much that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this requires that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning. Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the people around them while they are under the influence. Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens, which is a symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues. Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of alcohol.CAUSES OF ADDICTION *There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction: 1. Curiosity : Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs. 2. — Friend’s pressure : Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends allures others to start the use of drugs. 3. Frustration and Depression : Some people start taking drugs to get relief from frustration and depression, 4. Desire for More Work : Students sometimes take drugs to be awake the whole night to prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental breakdown. 5. Looking for a Different World : A wrong notion that the drugs open up a new world tempts some young pupils to start taking-drugs. 6. Relief from Pain : A prolonged use of painrelieving drugs with physician’s advise at times leads to addiction, 7. Family History : Children may take drugs by seeing their elders in the family. 8. Excitement and Adventure : The young take drugs to satisfy their instinct for excitement and adventure.EFFECTS OF ADDICTION - Fatigue — The patient is tired most of the time. - Memory loss — Especially the patient's shortterm memory. wn . Eye muscles — The eye muscles can become significantly weaker. 4. Liver diseases — The patient has a considerably higher chance of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible and progressive condition 5. Heart problems — Regular heaving drinking can lead to cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and stroke. 6. Menstruation — Alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or disrupt it. 7. Cancer — Alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx. 8. Suicide — Suicide rates among people who are alcohal-dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other people.PREVENTION AND CONTROL “Prevention is better than cure” is also true here. Tobacco, drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time. The following measures. would be particularly useful for prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during adolescents. 1 Avoid undue Peer pressure. 2 Education and counselling. » Seeking help from parents and peers. « Looking for Danger Signs. s. Seeking Professional and Medical helps. BE Ao, THE MORE YOU USE. THE LESS YOU LIVEDIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION * Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree. * Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has been taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction. * AGP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the patient determine their degree of dependence by asking pertinent questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The following questions may help determine how dependent a patient is: * How many cigarettes do you smoke per day? * Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not allowed, such as in a church, school, movie theatre, library, public transport, hospital, etc.? * If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most (e.g. the first one in the morning)? * Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first few hours after waking up, than during the rest of the day? * If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu, do you still take drug or alcohol? * Have you ever smoked more than you intended to? © Have you ever neglected a duty because you were smoking, or so that you could have a cigarette?TOBACCO * SOURCES: * It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers. * MODES OF USES : * Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine, which causes addiction. * Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble. * Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the long run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled. * Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and then they cannot give up smoking. *Effect of Nicotine: Nicotine is a low concentration. Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses. 1, Relaxes the muscles, 2. Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.* Other Effects: (i) Smoking affects economy: Asmoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and fires. (ii) Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and breath becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look odd. (iii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to nonsmokers. It may prove even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking. When in the company of non smokers. A smoker makes the nearby people passive smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.ALCOHOL * An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. * Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with a depressant effect. Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the same harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol, depending on the quantity consumed. * Reasons for Drinking: * Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self — esteem, positive attitudes. towards alcohol, to get rid of problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to gain courage. * Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability of alcohol in the market, party culture, family environment (Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up social norms and to show their masculinity. * Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family history of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get sleep. Impact of Dri Alcohol: * Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When one drinks, alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the walls of the stomach and the intestine. * Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is changed to carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use of alcohol causes acute and chronic problems. related to health, occupation, family and social relationships.* Health Problems: * Alcohol can damage every system of our body. * Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines): Increased acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis, and cancer * Liver : Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure. * Pancreas : Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death. * Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances, other nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses. * Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and body aches. * Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are usually high in calories. * Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your immune system weak, thus making your body more susceptible to infections. * Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts you at a higher risk of developing cancer * Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical abnormalities, growth retardation and developmental delay).TREATMENT OF ADDICTION DO-IT-YOURSELF — Experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem manage to reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking professional help. There is a great deal of material in books and the internet that may help the self-helper. © COUNSELLING — A qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk through their problems and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking. CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is commonly used to treat alcohol dependency. * DETOXIFICATION — The patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience when they give up drinking.CONCLUSIONS *Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in the world. * Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve policies to reduce the harm that the use of tobacco, alcohol and other psychoactive drugs impose on society.BIBLIOGRAPHY *NCERT TEXTBOOK CLASS XII “INTERNET [ WIKIPEDIA] *REFERENCE ARTICLES FROM VARIOUS BLOGS