Name :Condeno, Denise Anne A.
Date :12/08/2023 Course/Year/Sec: BSN Y1-26
Teacher: Doc Jevo Guttierez
EXERCISE NO. 13
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
GIO : Study the organs involved in the excretory system.
SIO.
1. Identify the parts and functions of the nephron.
Renal Corpuscle: Made up of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, it filters
blood and forms the glomerular filtrate.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs the majority of the filtered water,
ions, and nutrients.
The descending and ascending limbs make up the Loop of Henle. It creates a
concentration gradient in the medulla, which allows for water reabsorption and
urine concentration.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Controls the reabsorption and secretion of
certain ions such as sodium and potassium in order to maintain electrolyte
balance.
Collecting Duct: Receives urine from several nephrons and is important in final
water reabsorption and urine concentration.
2. Explain the formation of dilute versus concentrated urine.
- The reabsorption and secretion mechanisms in the nephron determine whether
urine is dilute or concentrated:
Dilute Urine: When dilute urine is produced, the collecting duct's
permeability to water is reduced. As a result, less water is reabsorbed
from the filtrate, resulting in a higher amount of urine. When the body
wants to expel excess water or maintain water balance, this happens
Concentrated Urine: The collecting duct's permeability to water is
enhanced during concentrated urine production. This allows for greater
water reabsorption from the filtrate, resulting in a lower volume of urine
with a higher waste product content. This happens when the body needs
to preserve water, such as when dehydrated or with a low fluid intake.
3. Define micturition and describe the micturation reflex.
- The process of urinating or emptying the bladder is referred to as micturition. The
micturition reflex is the natural reaction that regulates urine release from the
bladder. It consists of the following steps:
Bladder Filling: As urine builds up in the bladder, stretch receptors in the
bladder wall become activated, sending signals to the spinal cord.
Reflex Activation: The spinal cord sends parasympathetic impulses back
to the bladder, inducing contraction of the detrusor muscle (bladder wall)
and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
Conscious Control: When it is necessary to pee, the external urethral
sphincter can be intentionally relaxed, enabling urine to exit the bladder
via the urethra.
4. Draw and label the following parts of the kidney (Photo not mine)
a. renal cortex
b. medullary pyramids
c. renal columns of Bertini
d. minor calyces
e. major calyces
f. renal pelvis
5. Enumerate the different anatomical constrictions of the ureter.
- The ureter, the tube that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder, is
constrained anatomically in three places:
The ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) is where the ureter attaches to the renal
pelvis, which is the extended upper section of the kidney. It may be a
possible location of blockage or constriction, obstructing urine flow from
the kidney to the ureter.
The ureter crosses the pelvic inlet, which is the border between the
abdomen and the pelvis, as it travels through the pelvic cavity. This
location can occasionally induce ureter compression or kinking, which can
lead to blockages.
The ureter-bladder junction (UVJ) is the point at which the ureter enters
the bladder. The ureterovesical valve, also known as the vesicoureteral
junction, is found in the UVJ. When the bladder contracts during urination,
this valve stops urine from flowing back into the ureter. Anomalies at this
junction, on the other hand, can produce difficulties such as reflux, in
which urine runs back from the bladder into the ureter.
6. Illustrate the different parts of the urinary bladder and urethra in the male. (Photo not
mine)
7. Label the parts of the nephron and with the use of colored arrows, identify
the site of filtration (black), reabsorption (blue) and secretion (red). (Photo
not mine)
References:
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/renal/renal-system-1-the-anatomy-and-
physiology-of-the-kidneys-23-01-2023/
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=anatomy-of-the-bladder-34-BBlaO2
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3862373/
