THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CCTV CAMERA IN CRIME PREVENTION AT

BARANGAY RO HONDO ZAMBOANGA CITY

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty Members of School of Criminal Justice

Universidad de Zamboanga
Zamboanga City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements fo the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Mohammad Ali Almusawwi H.

Sandangann Benjhane
Estrada Trixia Kate V.

June 2023
 ABSTRACT

Almusawwi H. Mohammad Benjhane R. Sandangan and Trixia Kate V. Estrada

(2023) Bachelor of Science in Criminology. “THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CCTV
CAMERAS IN CRIME PREVENTION AT BARANGAY RIO HONDO” Thesis.
Universidad de Zamboanga, Zamboanga City.
\Adviser Mr. Nelson A. Dumpac.

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using CCTV in crime

prevention among the resident of Barangay Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City. The
main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of functional CCTV
in crimes prevention at Rio Hondo with this objective in mind, the researcher
used the descriptive type of research the effectiveness of functional CCTV in
crime prevention at barangay Rio Hondo. The researcher will provide enough
information to the respondents so that they can decide whether or not to join in
the research study. First, the researchers will ask the respondents for formal
permission, such as whether it is okay for them to answer the questionnaire
about Effectiveness of CCTV and Crime Prevention at Barangay Rio Hondo
Zamboanga City. The researchers understand that answering the questions is
important, But regardless of the respondents. Decision the researchers respect
the respondents and will not force them to answer the questionnaire. This study
sought to answer the following: (1) Demographic profile: Age, Sex and Ethnicity;
(2) What is the level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime prevention among
residents of Rio Hondo Zamboanga City; (3) Is there a significant difference in
the level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime prevention among residents of Rio
Hondo Zamboanga City when their profile is considered. Based on the analyzed
data, the following findings: The highest distribution of the gender has a 77% of
the respondent are male while 23% are the female respondent. The highest
frequency of age group is ranging 20-29 years old (62%), followed by 30-39
years old (14%), then 50 and above (9%), and 40-49 years old (7%). Based on
the ethnicity there are highest ethnic came from tausog respondent (73%),
followed by other ethnic respondent (24%), then bisaya respondent (2%), the
lowest zamboangeño respondent (1%). With the significant finding of the study,
the following conclusion were, the majority of the respondent comes from the
community of Rio Hondo are male participant and at the age of 20-29 years old
and the leading ethnicity is tausog.

Keywords: Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) public safety and security;

deterrence; crime prevention; surveillance.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of The Study

As nations develop and their economies grow bigger social problem also

intensity. One great concern deals with peace and order as well as safety and

security of the people. Various psychologists would render different explanation

to the cases of crimes but what is apparent event to the most innocent individuals

is that crimes which foster fear to a lot of people. Knowing its responsibility, the

government of different nations have launched various innovations on how to

prevent crimes. One of these innovation is the use of CCTV cameras. A common

goal of most CCTV systems has been the prevention of crime and disorder

through deterrence claims are also made that CCTV provides public reassurance

and therefore reduces fear of crimes which may, in turn, increase the use public

spaces (Bennett of Gelsthorpe, 2010). CCTV has popularly been used

worldwide. The CCTV camera play a significant role to prevent crimes by

warning the criminal that their unlawful activity will be filmed on cameras.

Therefore, the police can easily arrest them and bring them back to justice. It

helps providing useful evidence for trials and make the prosecution easier. The

major advantage of using CCTV

conduct the study on CCTV cameras due to the increasing number of violation
done by the community members, the irregularities made by the people around

the
 2

area, the different person in contact with the premises and various incidents

during events that can be used solved through the aid of CCTV footage. This

study could be used as basis for the improvement of the future generation

technology. In addition, this study was anchored on the concept of how effectives

are CCTV cameras aw fool for community properties safety and security.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the Rational Choice Theory, according to this

theory, CCTV works to deter an offender from committing a crime because it

increases the perceived or actual risks of offending to a level where the risks

outweigh the benefits.

Pisa and colleagues (2019) conducted subgroup analyses on the effect of

CCTV by setting on the effect of CCTV by setting and type of monitoring in car

parks, there was a statistically significant 37 percent reduction of crime in

treatment areas experienced statistically significant 12 percent reduction of

crime, compared with control However, there were no statistically significant

crime reduction found for housing, city town centers, public transport and other

areas, In addition the researcher categorized the monitoring style of the CCTV

interventions alert as either active or passive active CCTV system alert police or

security official to potential crime as it take place, whereas passive system simply

record crime, active monitoring style was associated with a statistically significant
 3

reduction in crime, however, passive monitoring showed no significant effect on

crime. Welsh, Brandon C., Eric L. Piza, Amanda L. Thomas, and David P.

Farrington 2019 "Private security and closed circuit Television (CCTV)

surveillance. A systematic Review of Function and Performance. Journal of

contemporary criminal Justice. Welsh, Brandon C. and (Piza) David P. Farrington

2008 "Effects of closed circuit Television surveillance on crime "Campbell

Systematic Review 4(1) 1-73. Further research is also needed to identify and

disentangle the specific components of effective CCTV schemes.

Conceptual Framework

This Study Revolves Around Two Variables

Independent Variable Dependent Variables

Crime Prevention at
Effectiveness of CCTV Barangay Rio Hondo
Zamboanga City

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Present the conceptual framework of the study it consists of two variables.

The Effectiveness of Functional CCTV as on Independent Variables and Crime
Prevention at Rio Hondo as the dependent Variables.
A common of most CCTV system has been the prevention of crime and
 4

disorder through deference. Claim are also make that CCTV provides public

reassurance and therefor reduces fear of crime, which may in turn increase the

use of public space (Bennett & Gelsthore 2010). CCTV has popularly been used

worldwide. If can be found in building. Wide established or areas such as malls

or park. It is also need on streets for monitoring and supervising traffic flows. It’s

effectiveness to provide useful information has been attested by many agencies

and establishment.

Statement of the Problem

1. This study aims to help the residents of Barangay Rio Hondo in

Zamboanga City to lessen the crimes recorded in their area by putting

CCTV cameras.

2. This study focuses on the CCTV cameras that will be installed within the

area of Barangay Rio Hondo, city of Zamboanga and that will give comfort

to the parents regarding the safety of their child when leaving the house.

3. This study aims to educate the residents of Barangay Rio Hondo in

Zamboanga City about the use of CCTV as one of the security sources.

4. This study urged to tap with the security of every Rio Hondo residents in

Zamboanga City by putting CCTV cameras to every areas where crimes

mostly happened.
 5

Hypothesis

Study revealed that CCTV camera as highly effective in crime prevention

is specifically crime against person and property by recording the scenes that

can help in solving the reported theft of robbery incidence

Scope and Delimitations

The study focused on barangay Rio Hondo Zamboanga City. They were

chosen by researchers based on the quantity of businesses (in the public and

commercial sectors) that took use of the service that CCTV could provide. The

reliability of barangay closed-circuit television installations will be the subject of

the investigation. Possible subject are listed below:

1. Barangay hall

2. Public school

3. Business establishment e: g store, shop, and etc.

4. Market place

5. Private School

6. Any possible addition would be stored as the study progress.

 6

Significance of the Study

The result of the study is considered important for it will enhance the

Effectiveness of Closed - Circuit in Crime Prevention and it and in expediting

works of law enforcement authorities. And it will be deemed significant to the

following.

The Philippine National Police

This study will give them an idea on how to maximize the important of

Closed - Circuit Television system. And to be able to strengthen the security that

they provide

The Private Companies and Establishment

For this study will provide a better understanding on how to manage and

utilize the CCTV camera's use will as the proper installing as the device and for

them to easily coordinate with the low enforcement authorities so that detection

of the crime will be a lot easier.

The Student and Future Readers

For this studies will provide them necessary information with regard to the

Closed - Circuit Television system as a tool in crime prevention and may serve

this as a guide once new study is conducted with regard to the above mention
 7

topic.

Residents

To determine the extent to which residents believe CCTV cameras are

effective in preventing crime in their community, and to identify any factors that

may influence their perceptions of the effectiveness of CCTV cameras.

Definition of Terms

CCTV - Close Circuit television, it can help to capture any legal or illegal act in

public places.

Crime - is a wrongdoing behavior, that prohibited in our law

Operationally - With regards to routine functioning especially of an organization

or system.

Prevention - The action of stopping something from happening or.

Residents - A person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term

basis.

Community - a group of people living in the same place or having a particular

characteristic in common. "the scientific community"

 8

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter present the research methods and techniques to be used in

the study as well as the sampling and collect / collection of the respondent

locate. Data gathering tool the validity of the sampling procedures.

Research Design

The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of

functional CCTV in crimes prevention at Rio Hondo with this objective in mind,

the researcher used the descriptive type of research the effectiveness of

functional CCTV in crime prevention at barangay Rio Hondo. The descriptive

methods of research involved collecting data in order to test the answer question

concerning the current States it involved descriptive recording and interpretation

of condition that exist in the book of Calderan and Gonzales (2006) entitled

methods and research and their writing Manuel and model. Defines descriptive

research as a research that describe what is it involved the description recording

 9

and Lisis and interpretation of the present nature composition or process of

phenomenal the research believe that this design is the most appropriate since

the study involved the collection of data concerning the current States of the

subject under this study.

Research Locale

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in

preventing crime in Barangay Rio Hondo, a community located near the

Zamboanga City State College of Marine Science (Fisheries). The research will

be conducted by surveying 100 respondents from the general population of

Barangay Rio Hondo, which has a total population of 8,827 according to the

latest census data. The study will focus on the perceptions and experiences of

residents regarding the use of CCTV cameras in their community and how it

affects their sense of safety and security. The data collected will be analyzed to

determine the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in preventing crime in the area

and to identify any potential challenges or limitations in their implementation.

Ultimately, the study aims to provide valuable insights that can inform future

efforts to improve public safety in Barangay Rio Hondo and other similar

communities

Population and Sampling

 10

The target respondents of this research are residents in Barangay Rio

Hondo Zamboanga to know their thoughts and Intuitions of the said issue. We

are targeting more or less 20 people to participate in this research and those

under in the age bracket of 18-24, and 35-50 both male and female of legal age.

People ages 18-24 are expected to be single, and for those ages 35-50 will be

expected to be married, and also a parent. We decided to pick these age

brackets to know the side of a parent and on the other hand the young adults

also.

This research study will last 2-4 weeks if consequently done.

PEOPLE

AGE 18-19
20-21
22-23
24
GENDER Male

And Female

STATUS Single / Marriage

Data Gathering Tools

This study used survey questions to learn about the Effectiveness of

CCTV and Crime Prevention in the Barangay of Rio Hondo Zamboanga City. The
 11

researcher used survey questions with a descriptive option: Strongly Agree,

Agree, Neither Agree nor Disagree, Disagree, Strongly Disagree, completely the

survey questioners includes the responded bio data where (optional) Age,

Gender, Civil status.

Validity

Validity refers to the accuracy of a research study, specifically whether the

study measures what it is intended to measure. It is concerned with the question

and the data collected, and whether the analysis used is appropriate for the

research question.

Reliability

Reliability refers to the consistency of a research study, specifically

whether the study produces the same results when repeated. It is concerned with

the accuracy of the data, and whether the study can be replicated with the same

results.

Ethical Consideration

The researcher will provide enough information to the respondents so that

 12

they can decide whether or not to join in the research study. First, the

researchers will ask the respondents for formal permission, such as whether it is

okay for them to answer the questionnaire about Effectiveness of CCTV and

Crime Prevention at Barangay Rio Hondo Zamboanga City. The researchers

understand that answering the questions is important, But regardless of the

respondents. Decision the researchers respect the respondents and will not force

them to answer the questionnaire.

When conducting research on the effectiveness of cctv cameras in rio

hondo, zamboanga city, ethical considerations must be given utmost importance.

the research should adhere to ethical principles and guidelines to ensure that the

rights and welfare of the participants are protected. the following ethical

considerations must be taken into account:

Firstly, informed consent must be obtained from the participants. they

must be informed of the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, the risks

and benefits, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time. participants

must be provided with written consent forms that they can sign to indicate their

agreement to participate in the study. it is important to note that participants must

not be coerced or forced into participating in the study, and they must be given

ample time to make an informed decision.

Secondly, the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants must be

ensured. personal information such as names, addresses, and contact details

must not be disclosed to anyone outside the research team. participants must be
 13

assured that their responses will be kept confidential and that their identity will be

protected. this helps to build trust between the researcher and the participants.

Thirdly, the research must not cause harm to the participants. the use of

cctv cameras in public spaces may raise concerns about privacy and the

potential for discrimination. the researcher must ensure that the participants are

not subjected to any harm or discomfort during the study. additionally, the

researcher must ensure that the data collected is used for the sole purpose of the

study and will not be used for any other purposes.

Finally, the researcher must ensure that the study is conducted in a fair

and unbiased manner. the researcher must be aware of any potential biases that

may affect the study, and must take steps to mitigate them. The data collected

must be analyzed objectively, and the findings must be reported accurately

without any exaggeration or distortion.

In conclusion, ethical considerations must be given due consideration

when conducting research on the effectiveness of cctv cameras in rio hondo,

zamboanga city. by ensuring that the rights and welfare of the participants are

protected, the research can be conducted in a manner that is ethical and socially

responsible.

The participation of every respondent is voluntary and can be withdrawn

anytime without giving penalty to the participant. This research follows the

research etiquette which includes keeping the informations confidential, and

voluntary participation. The data presented in this research will remain private
 14

and it is the researcher and the participant's privacy that no one can know. Any

dishonesty shall be given ample punishment. This paper was passed and

complied with the REC requirements that were requested.

In any research study, respondents play a crucial role in providing the

necessary data to answer the research questions. When it comes to a research

study on the effectiveness of CCTV cameras, the responsibility of the

respondents becomes even more significant. As participants in the study,

respondents have a responsibility to provide accurate and honest responses to

the questions asked of them.

First and foremost, respondents must understand the purpose of the

research study and the role that they play in it. They must be aware of the

research questions being investigated and how their responses will contribute to

the overall findings. They must also understand the potential impact of the

research and the importance of their participation in helping to find answers to

important questions about the effectiveness of CCTV cameras.

Additionally, respondents must provide truthful and accurate responses to

the questions asked of them. They must be honest about their experiences and

perceptions related to the use of CCTV cameras, and must not provide false or

misleading information. Respondents must also take the time to carefully

consider their responses, and provide as much detail as possible to ensure that

the data collected is rich and informative.

Finally, respondents have a responsibility to maintain confidentiality and

 15

protect the privacy of themselves and others. This means that they must not

disclose any personal information that could be used to identify themselves or

others, and must take steps to ensure that their responses are kept confidential

and secure.

Overall, the responsibility of respondents in a research study on the

effectiveness of CCTV cameras is crucial to the success of the study. By

providing accurate and honest responses, and maintaining confidentiality and

privacy, respondents can help to ensure that the data collected is of high quality

and can be used to inform important decisions about the use of CCTV cameras

in public spaces. To sum it up, respondents has their right to participate or not in

the research. Rest assured that all data all throughout the research will remain

confidential.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher conducted a study on the Effectiveness of CCTV Camera

In Crime Prevention at Barangay Rio Hondo, using a survey method. A

questionnaire checklist was constructed and validated by a professor, and then

distributed to the respondents in Barangay Rio Hondo. The researcher explained

the importance of their response to the study and clarified terms for the

respondents, asking them to answer with honesty. The researcher collected and

tallied the data, and sought the help of a statistician to determine the appropriate
 16

statistical tools and interpret the data. Based on the data, the researcher came

up with conclusions and recommendations for the study.

Statistical Tools

In this research study, the researcher used a variety of statistical tools to

analyze the data collected. The specific tool mentioned in the statement is a

semi-structured questionnaire. A semi-structured questionnaire is a research

instrument that combines elements of both structured and unstructured

questionnaires. It typically includes a set of predetermined questions, but also

allows for open-ended responses and follow-up questions. This type of

questionnaire is often used as an interview guide for the researcher, as it allows

for flexibility in the conversation and the ability to gather in-depth information. The

researcher in this study likely used this tool to gather qualitative data from

participants and gain a deeper understanding of the research topic.

 17

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the data gathered from the answers of

the questionnaire distributed at barangay Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City. The data

were presented in tables with tabular form in accordance with specific questions

posited on the problem statement.

For population and sampling

Table 1

Demographic Profile of the Respondents (N = 100)

Table 1.1

Profile F %

Male 77 77.0
Sex Female 23 23.0
 18

According to table 1.1 represents the gender, age and the ethnicity of the

respondents. The highest distribution of the gender has a 77% of the respondent

are male while 23% are the female respondent. This implies that there is more

male respondent than a female respondent.

Table 1.2

Profile F %

Below 20 8 8.0
20 - 29 62 62.0
Age 30 - 39 14 14.0
40 - 49 7 7.0
50 and above 9 9.0

According to Table 1.2, the highest frequency of age group is ranging 20-

29 years old (62%), followed by 30-39 years old (14%), then 50 and above (9%),

and 40-49 years old (7%). therefore, majority of our respondent came from the

age of 20-29 years old.

Table 1.3

Profile F %

Tausug 73 73.0
 19

chavacano 1 1.0
Ethnicity
Bisaya 2 2.0
Others 24 24.0

According to table 1.3, Based on the ethnicity there are highest ethnic

came from tausog respondent (73%), followed by other ethnic respondent (24%),

then bisaya respondent (2%), lastly zamboangeño respondent (1%). This also

implies that there are more tausog respondent on barangay Rio Hondo,

Zamboanga City

According to Deterrence theory, police monitored CCTV systems are

employed for crime prevention because they enhance the risk of detection and

arrest (Clarke, 1992; Liedka et al., 2019; Welsh & Farrington, 2008), causing

potential offenders to weigh the risks and advantages of offending. The scientific

literature is divided on the usefulness of police-monitored CCTV systems, with

some research stating that these systems are effective in reducing crime (Brown,

1995; Lai et al., 2019), and the majority having mixed results (Armitage, 2002;

Caplan et al., 2011; La Vigne et al., 2011; Liedka et al., 2019; Lim et al., 2016;

Phillips, 1999; Piza, 2018; Piza et al., 2014;Ratcliffe et al., 2009). In terms of

preventing property crimes, one city case study in China discovered that

surveillance cameras influence street robbers' crime location choice, even though

the guardianship effect of ambient population (i.e., people who live or work near
 20

where a crime occurs) is bigger than that of law enforcement surveillance

cameras.

1. What is the level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime prevention among residents

of Rio Hondo Zamboanga City?

Table 2

Level of Effectiveness of the CCTV in Crime Prevention among

Residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City

Mean Remarks
Response
Parents are calm upon waiting their child to come home at 4.88 Very High
night
CCTV is helpful in all aspects 4.73 Very High
CCTV helps solving crimes simpler. 4.71 Very High
If there’s a crime, the suspect shall easily be identified 4.69 Very High
CCTV is good to keep eye over the areas 4.63 Very High
No mankind incident because of the CCTV 4.62 Very High
CCTV makes the residents because of the CCTV 4.61 Very High
Lessen crimes will be recorded if there is CCTV 4.58 Very High
Installing CCTV makes people frightened to do terrible 4.55 Very High
things.
Feel safe if every road in your neighborhood had CCTV 4.55 Very High
No grudge in going out late at night because of the CCTV 4.53 Very High
CCTV can be used as evidence 4.53 Very High
CCTV makes people’s lives easier 4.52 Very High
Confident enough that if a crime occurs the offender will 4.51 Very High
 21

be apprehended since there is CCTV nearby.

If there’s a crime and got seriously wounded, it will easily 4.43 High
be rescued because of the CCTV
Grand Mean 4.57 Very High
Legend:4.5- 5.00 Stronger Agree Very High 3.51-4.50 Agree High 2.5 –3.50 Neutral Average

1.51–2.50 Disagree Low 1.0-1.50 Strongly Disagree Very Low

Table 2 shows the level of effectiveness of the CCTV in crime prevention among

the residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City. A grand mean of 4.57 (Strongly Agree-

Very High) implies that CCTV is effective in crime prevention, helps the community to

solve crimes. This implies that CCTV is highly effective in crime prevention especially

against person and property by recording the scenes that can help in solving the crime

and also it has a strong impact on security and safety in the community.

Furthermore, the high effectiveness of CCTV in crime prevention indicates that

residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City have a high level of confidence in the

surveillance system's ability to deter criminal activities and enhance overall safety. The

presence of CCTV cameras likely acts as a deterrent to potential offenders, knowing that

their actions are being monitored and recorded. This sense of surveillance can contribute

to a heightened perception of security among community members and can foster a

greater sense of trust and cooperation with law enforcement agencies. Overall, the strong

impact of CCTV on crime prevention in the community demonstrates its value as a

valuable tool for enhancing public safety and facilitating the resolution of criminal

incidents.
 22

According to Piza and colleagues (2019) conducted a new review of the literature

to update a meta-analysis by Welsh and Farrington (2008) that looked at the effects of

closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance on crime prevention. The researchers

searched for CCTV evaluations published between 2007 and 2017 to account for the

period since the last review (which covered evaluations completed in 2006 and earlier).

Strategies included searches of electronic bibliographic databases, manual searches of

CCTV evaluation study bibliographies, forward searches of CCTV evaluations, and

contacting leading researchers to inquire about forthcoming evaluations. Both published

and unpublished reports were included in the search, which was not limited to the English

language and was international in scope.

Studies were eligible for inclusion if they met the following four criteria: 1)

CCTV was the main focus of the intervention; 2) the evaluation used an outcome

measure of crime; 3) the research design involved, at minimum, before-and-after

measures of crime in treatment and comparable control areas; and 4) both treatment and

control areas experienced at least 20 crimes during the pre-intervention period.

2. Is there a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime

prevention among residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City when their profile is

considered?

Table 3
 23

Significant Difference in the Level of Effectiveness of CCTV in Crime Prevention

among Residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City in terms of their Sex

Sex Mean t-value P-value Remarks Decision on

Response Ho
Male 4.61 1.766 0.081 Not Do not reject
Female 4.45 Significant Ho

Table 3 shows that in terms of sex among the residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga

City, the male respondent has a higher mean response (4.61) than the female respondent

(4.45). Statistics also show that t- value has 1.766 while p- value has 0.081. This shows

that there is difference in terms of the sex of the respondents and their preferences. This

means that the null hypothesis is discredited and means are significantly different.

The difference in mean responses between male and female respondents in Rio

Hondo, Zamboanga City suggests that there is a variation in their preferences. The t-

value of 1.766 indicates that the difference between the means is statistically significant.

Additionally, the p-value of 0.081 suggests that there is an 8.1% chance of observing

such a difference in means by random chance alone. Therefore, we can reject the null

hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in preferences between male

and female respondents in terms of sex in Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City, based on the data

presented in.

While Ratcliffe et al. (2009) suggest two theoretically relevant

operationalization’s of these sites-either as a potential offender's awareness

space or the actual coverage area of any particular camera-there is no commonly

 24

agreed approach in previous CCTV research. In turn, a variety of different

operationalization’s have been used, which include, for instance, geographical

administrative units such as police districts (e.g., Farrington et al.,

2007a;Prenzler & Wilson, 2019) or other census based units (e.g., Park et al.,

2012;Vilalta et al., 2019), buffer zones surrounding the location of each studied

camera (e.g., King et al., 2008;Lim et al., 2016), and view sheds representing the

actual line-of-sight of the cameras (e.g., Ratcliffe et al., 2009;Piza, 2018).

There has been extensive research on the value of closed-circuit

television (CCTV) for preventing crime, but little on its value as an investigative

tool. This study sought to establish how often CCTV provides useful evidence

and how this is affected by circumstances, analysing 251,195 crimes recorded by

British Transport Police that occurred on the British railway network between

2011 and 2015. CCTV was available to investigators in 45% of cases and judged

to be useful in 29% (65% of cases in which it was available). Useful CCTV was

associated with significantly increased chances of crimes being solved for all

crime types except drugs/weapons possession and fraud. Images were more

likely to be available for more-serious crimes, and less likely to be available for

cases occurring at unknown times or in certain types of locations. Although this

research was limited to offences on railways, it appears that CCTV is a powerful

investigative tool for many types of crime. The usefulness of CCTV is limited by

several factors, most notably the number of public areas not covered. Several

recommendations for increasing the usefulness of CCTV are discussed.

 25

Table 4

Significant Difference in the Level of Effectiveness of CCTV in Crime Prevention

among Residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City in terms of their Age

Age Mean F-value P-value Remarks Decision on

Response Ho
Below 20 4.50
20 – 29 4.55 Not Do not reject
30 – 39 4.63 0.252 0.908 Significant Ho
40 – 49 4.61
50 and above 4.63

Table 4 shows in terms of age, 50 years old and above and 30-39 years old has

highest mean response of 4.63, followed by 40-49 years old has 4.61, 20-29 years old has

4.55. Then below 20 years old has 4.50. Statistic show that f- value contain 0.252 while

p- value has 0.908. This indicate that they are not significant different in terms of age of

the respondent.

G Alexandrie - Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and …,

2017 - Taylor & Francis. Research on the effectiveness of surveillance cameras

in reducing crime suffers from potential threats to causal validity. This paper
 26

reviews seven studies that address some of these problems using the rigorous

research designs of randomized and natural experiments. Included studies that

reported changes in total crime found crime reductions ranging from 24 to 28% in

public streets and urban subway stations, but no desirable effects in parking

facilities or suburban subway stations. Moreover, surveillance cameras may help.

Table 5

Significant Difference in the Level of Effectiveness of the CCTV in Crime

Prevention among Residents of Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City in terms of

their Ethnicity

Ethnicity Mean F-value P-value Remarks Decision on

Response Ho
Tausug 4.51
Chavacano 4.27 3.709 0.014 Significant Reject Ho
Bisaya 4.40
Others 4.78

Table 5 shows that the highest means response base on ethnicity was others ethnic

has 4.78, followed by the Tausug ethnic has 4.51, bisaya ethnic has 4.40, then Chavacano

has 4.27. Statistics show that f- value has 3.709 while p- value shows 0.014. This means

that the null hypothesis is discredited, and means that they are significantly different.

Therefore, the results of the statistical analysis indicate that there are significant

differences in the mean responses based on ethnicity. The highest mean response was

observed among individuals belonging to the "others" ethnic group, with a mean score of
 27

4.78. This was followed by the Tausug ethnic group, which had a mean score of 4.51.

The Bisaya ethnic group had a slightly lower mean score of 4.40, while the Chavacano

ethnic group had the lowest mean score of 4.27. These findings suggest that the ethnic

background of individuals plays a significant role in shaping their responses, as indicated

by the statistically significant F-value of 3.709 and a p-value of 0.014, which discredits

the null hypothesis.

According to Duncan (2018a): “The need for human monitoring places a

natural limit on the analysis of camera footage. But, with digital tools of analysis,

this is changing. When linked to a computer loaded with software capable of

algorithmic analysis, huge amounts of footage can be analyzed. These camera-

based surveillance systems can capture information about a person's physical

location. Some may only provide real time information, while others may record

information for further analysis" (Duncan, 2018a: 32) But the danger of such

surveillance systems is that governments of authoritarian bent can misuse this

collected data of people's movements, political activities and associations

(Duncan, 2018a: 33).

In 2016, as part of its "safer cities" initiative, the City of Johannesburg

announced a major upgrade to its existing CCTV camera network system - one

that they said would use smart technology, including automatic number plate and

intelligent facial recognition - in the Central Business District and would be rolled

out in other public spaces as the system was expanded in order to keep law and

order (Duncan, 2018a:56). But by the end of 2017, the City Council had not yet
 28

enacted the necessary bylaw requiring that signage alerting the public to the

presence of CCTV surveillance be erected at entrances to those areas where the

system was installed - a legal measure and key privacy protection requirement.

In 2018, the City Council was still in the process of finalizing a policy on the roll-

out of CCTV, coupled with a master safety and security plan. At this stage, it was

pointed out that, although the policy was at a draft stage, the technology had run

ahead of the policy. For instance, the new modified ANPR systems allow the

police to match vehicle number plates picked up on CCTV to a vehicle's owner,

and then further link the vehicle to SAPS crime databases if it has been used in a

crime.

Summary of findings

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using CCTV in crime

prevention among the resident of Barangay Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City. The

number of target respondent in barangay Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City met our

criteria. 100 respondent participate and has their own responds. This study

sought to answer the following: (1) Demographic profile: Age, Sex and Ethnicity;

(2) What is the level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime prevention among

residents of Rio Hondo Zamboanga City; (3) Is there a significant difference in

the level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime prevention among residents of Rio

Hondo Zamboanga City when their profile is considered.

Based on the analyzed data, the following findings:

 29

The highest distribution of the gender has a 77% of the respondent are

male while 23% are the female respondent. The highest frequency of age group

is ranging 20-29 years old (62%), followed by 30-39 years old (14%), then 50 and

above (9%), and 40-49 years old (7%). Based on the ethnicity there are highest

ethnic came from tausog respondent (73%), followed by other ethnic respondent

(24%), then bisaya respondent (2%), the lowest zamboangeño respondent (1%).

The significant difference in level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime

prevention among sex of the respondent. The male respondent has a higher

mean response (4.61) while the female respondent has (4.45). Statistics also

show that t- value has 1.766 while p- value has 0.081.

The significant difference in level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime

prevention among age of the respondent. At the age of 50 years old and above

and 30-39 years old has highest mean response of 4.63. The lowest was below

20 years old has 4.50. Statistic show that f- value contain 0.252 while p- value

has 0.908,

The significant difference in level of effectiveness of CCTV in crime

prevention among ethnicity of the respondent. The highest means response base

on ethnicity was others ethnic has 4.78 and the lowest was zamboangeño has

4.27. Statistics show that f- value has 3.709 while p- value shows 0.014.
 30

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents conclusion and recommendation derived from the results and

findings of the study.

CONCLUSION

In this research the effectiveness of functional CCTV in crime prevention

at barangay Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City. With the significant finding of the

study, the following conclusion were, the majority of the respondent comes from

the community of Rio Hondo are male participant and at the age of 20-29 years

old and the leading ethnicity is tausog. They also conclude that CCTV cameras

are highly effective tool in preventing crime in their barangay. CCTV also helps

and useful to traffic violation, crimes and can use it as evidences against it.

Majority of the respondent suggest to install CCTV around the barangay to make

people feel safe and prevent crimes. CCTV defer some criminal to committing

crime in and around the area, but it can use as physical security and safety in the

community. This implies that CCTV is highly effective in crime prevention especially
 31

against person and property by recording the scenes that can help in solving the crime

and also it has a strong impact on security and safety in the community.

RECOMMENDATION

After analyzing and concluding the results, the researchers recommended

the following:

It is recommended that Barangay may install CCTV cameras in each corner

or street of the barangay to monitor people’s behavior. This is to ensure to

recorded information to identification of the person, the vehicle involved and the

crime scene. The government may also hire some personnel to monitor the

CCTV 24 hours to ensure response quickly in case crime or violation detected.

The use of CCTV in an area should be highlighted and should be publicized so

the public aware of it. This study can be helpful to give idea on the barangay

sector to act in term of crime.

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