IBIMA Publishing

Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management

[Link]
Vol. 2020 (2020), Article ID 981734, 14 pages, ISSN: 2326-7046
DOI : 10.5171/2020.981734

Research Article

Decision-Making in Planning International

Freight Transport
Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska
And Joanna Rut

Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering

and Logistics, Opole, Poland

Correspondence should be addressed to: Dariusz Masłowski; [Link]@[Link]

Received date: 10 March 2020; Accepted date :16 July 2020; Published date: 7 September 2020

Academic Editor: Katarzyna Liczmańska-Kopcewicz

Copyright © 2020. Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut.
Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International CC-BY 4.0

Abstract

The planning of international freight transport is one of the most important tasks carried
out in transport companies. The aim of this publication is to improve the process of
planning international transport by creating a generalized model presented on an example
in Europe and a decision-making model developed for it. In the field of research methods,
the methods of observation of transport service providers and analysis of existing data were
used. As a result of the work, a generalised model of the freight planning process was
developed and the optimal solution for the choice of transport option was presented. From
the developed decision-making model, it can be concluded that if transport is made by land
and sea using hired means of transport, it should be eliminated. The optimal result of the
decision analysis may be that if the transport takes place using an external forwarding
company, the choice of the transport process and the determination of the type of transport
remains unknown. Thanks to the applications contained in the article, both transport
companies and manufacturing companies can make a decision on the choice of international
freight transport services in a simple and transparent way.

Keywords: Decision-Making Model of Transport Process, International Transport,

Forwarding, Planning Process

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Cite this Article as: Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut
(2020), “Decision-Making in Planning International Freight Transport” Journal of Supply Chain and
Customer Relationship Management, Vol. 2020 (2020), Article ID 981734, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 2
__________________________________________________________________________

Introduction the transport process by creating a

generalized model for planning the
Transport process planning is one of the transport of goods in Europe, together with
most important tasks carried out in a pre-determined decision-making model
transport companies. Proper organization for the problem under investigation. An
and planning guarantees that the company example of the process of planning the
can achieve its goals, such as: profit or transport of dangerous goods from Opole
further development. Proper planning of to Stockholm is presented. To verify the
transport processes is to serve primarily to objective, theoretical research tools were
minimize the mistakes made. This will used, such as analysis, synthesis,
result in lower costs incurred by generalisation and comparison. In terms of
forwarding companies and increased practical methods, observation methods of
customer satisfaction. companies providing transport services
were used.
When planning transport processes, it is
important to remember that all accepted Realization of each transport process of
orders should be fulfilled. At the same time, hazardous material implies a certain risk of
an important issue during the realization of an unwanted (accident) event, caused by
transport processes is to minimize the scattering (effusion, shedding, etc.) of
costs arising during the process. burden, with the consequences related to
Enterprises are looking for experts who the nature of the hazardous material that is
deal with rational transport planning. being transported. By mentioning all of
According to Ding (2020), the idea is to these risks, the transport safety is a very
combine at the same time the expectations important and responsible task. In the case
of customers, which are: speed, price of an accident, the consequences can be
competitiveness, safety of transported very large and can cause damage to people
goods, with the goals of transport and their environment, namely, death,
companies that strive to maximize profits. diseases of human beings, plant and
animals, pollution of environment,
According to Masłowski et al. (2019), destruction of natural and national
important factors to be taken into account resources, damage of industrial buildings,
when organising transport processes traffic communications and their
include: respective facilities. Potential danger, on
one hand, and the need for transport of
hazardous materials, on the other hand,
- proper selection of a vehicle and a driver
both lead to the necessity of setting specific
for a given transport task,
requirements related to risk reduction and
- determining the best route for the
attempts to increase the safety in the
carriage of goods or passengers from point
transport of hazardous materials. With the
A to point B.
growth of ecological consciousness, there is
also a growing demand for reduction of
Such problems can be easily eliminated if transport risks, but also in handling, in
you have the appropriate technical general, hazardous materials. According to
facilities, in the form of one or two vehicles, Noureddine et al. (2019), for these reasons,
with multiple orders during the week. The many countries, institutions and
situation becomes more complicated if the organisations have different regulations
company has just entered the market and and other regulatory measures in place to
does not have a large technical background. manage the safety of these transport
Then good route planning is a priority, but processes.
it becomes complicated and time
consuming.

The aim of this publication is to improve

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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
3 Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management
__________________________________________________________________________

The essence of the transport process documentation. The executive activities

may include activities directly related to
Almost all aspects of early preparation are physical transport. They are key elements
taken into account when planning a of the transport process. The process also
transport. The most important factors lists the commercial activities that regulate
influencing the organisation of the the charges for transport services (Stajniak,
transport process are: drivers' working et al. 2007).
time, costs of transport charges, loading
and unloading dates, determination of the In practice, the transport process includes
maximum time for transporting cargo. the following phases (Kulińska, Masłowski,
Wojtynek, 2018):
The transport planning process is related
to forwarding, which organizes the cargo - preparation of the transport concept,
movement for profit as a substitute for the - preparing the cargo for transport,
principal and performs related activities, - the organization of the transport process,
except for the physical transport itself - physical movement of the cargo,
(Marzec, 1996). The article presents the - handling commercial activities,
basic forwarding activity, i.e. planning and - analysis and evaluation of the completed
organization of physical transport process. process (costs, time, quality, complaints).

The Transport Process They condition the transport process and

its efficiency. The article presents in detail
Transport is an activity consisting in the the first phase, i.e. preparation of the
provision of services against payment. It transport concept.
involves the movement of people and/or
cargo from the starting point to the ending International Transport
point and the enrichment of activities with
auxiliary services closely related to International road transport in general, as
transport (Rydzkowski, Wojewódzka-Król, well as in accordance with Article 4, point
2007). However, each industry has its own (a), (b), (c) and (d). 2 of the Road Transport
specificity. In transport, factors such as Act of 6 September 2001 is understood as
punctuality, quality, reliability, transporting cargo beyond the borders of
confidentiality and brand are of paramount one country (Dz.U. 2001 Nr 125 poz. 1371).
importance. Gaining the trust of a new
customer is often a difficult and time- In transnational corporations, building an
consuming process (Wojtynek, et al., 2016). international supply chain is important to
The transport process, on the other hand, achieving the organization’s goals. One of
according to the Polish standard no. 72, is a the main reasons for building international
series of interrelated transport operations, supply chains is for companies to reduce
performed in a fixed order on a given route costs. It concerns both the costs of
and at a given time (PN – 72/ M – 78000). transport, servicing of logistics centers and
Therefore, it is necessary to consider which transaction costs (Izdebski, et al. 2019). In
operations during the planning of the addition, they allow you to reduce the time
transport process are most important for of transport and storage of materials,
the effective transport of goods or services. goods and semi-finished products and
The following activities can be reduce inventory.
distinguished in the transport process:
organizational, executive, and commercial. The transport of dangerous goods concerns
many economic sectors, as materials and
Activities in the transport process are objects meeting these criteria are present
responsible for various aspects of in almost every industry. Dangerous goods
transport organisation. Examples of are not only used as raw materials in the
organizational activities can be planning production process, but are also used in
routes or preparing proper transport other areas, e.g. to assist in conducting
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 4
__________________________________________________________________________

analytical tests or as means of keeping with the best possible surface and low
machines and equipment in the production traffic. Due to the potential threat to the
line clean (van Heeswijk, Mes, Schutten, environment as well as human health and
2019). Dangerous goods must be life, roads running near active leisure
transported in accordance with the centers as well as sports or built-up areas
requirements set out in the relevant of the city should be excluded (van
regulations before they can be placed in the Heeswijk, Mes, Schutten, 2019).
company. Meeting the guidelines in this
area guarantees safe transport, which In the management of international
ensures protection of human health and transport, it is important to follow the
life, protection of the environment and regulations in force in the given country.
property by eliminating the risk of However, an important factor in their
accident, incident or emergency. Transport implementation is the appropriate
of dangerous goods is carried out by road, integration of many aspects such as: time,
rail, air, inland waterway and sea cost, transport capability (Romanova, [Link].,
(Noureddine, Ristic, 2019). 2019). Therefore, regardless of whether it
is the transport of dangerous goods or
A prerequisite for the admission of other types of goods, the transport process
dangerous goods for transport is to comply should take place on the main decision-
with ADR regulations, laws, procedures, making principles, constituting problems in
preparations and the provision of the provision of services.
appropriate technical resources. In the
transport system, an object or substance Generalized Transport Process Model
having the characteristics of a dangerous
good must be identified, classified and In practice, the transport process creates
named with a unique and standard name, serious obstacles for planners in
used in ADR regulations. Dangerous goods companies due to its complexity and the
are classified by comparing their lack of structured activities. Figure 1 shows
physicochemical and biological properties a generalized model of the transport
with the classification criteria specified in process presented as a block diagram.
the ADR agreement. In case when a good Common activities not dependent on the
may pose more than one hazard, allocation modes of transport are marked in red,
to a given class is made on the basis of the activities related to rail transport are
"dominant hazard" criterion. (Akhmedov, marked in orange, activities related to sea
et al., 2019) transport are marked in yellow and road
transport is marked in green. The external
When planning the route for a vehicle on mode of transport is marked in violet, and
which hazardous materials will be placed, decision-making activities are marked in
particular attention should be paid to roads grey.

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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
5 Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management
__________________________________________________________________________

Fig. 1: Generalized transport process model [own study]

Thanks to its construction, the transport planning transport by other means of

planners in companies can easily read out transport than road transport.
the activities that follow in order to
complete a transport order. Unfortunately, Decision boards
the whole transport process is much more
complicated and intricate, so it cannot be Decision boards are used to document and
fully systematized and modelled. The analyze the system, which are
proposed model does not take into account, complementary to the classic schemes of
for example, such issues as document flow, modification and solution search. The basis
time of execution of individual tasks, or for the construction of decision boards is
some important assumptions when the condition: "If ..., then ...", which is why
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 6
__________________________________________________________________________

they allow the construction of automatic must be met in order for the proper scope
information processing diagrams. Decision of activities to be undertaken (Partyka,
boards consist of a set of rules that are 2001, Paszek, Partyka, 2014). Table 1
designed to describe what set of conditions presents a standard decision-making table.
Table 1: Example of a decision table [own study based on Partyka, 2001]

Rules of decision
Name of the table
R1, R2, … Rn

W1
W2
Set of conditions Set of conditionality indicators
…
Wn

C1
C2
Set of activities Set of activity indicators
...
Cn

The set of conditions defines the transport of dangerous goods

expressions "If...", which define the ([Link]/…).
variables that have the greatest impact on
the decision-making system. The set of After analysing the possibilities, the
actions describes the expressions "to...", following types of transport were
which contain all possible actions. The set identified:
of condition indicators is based on the
symbols Y (Yes), N (No) and "-". (nothing) - road-sea transport with hired means of
that specify whether or not a given transport
condition is met or whether or not it - road-maritime-rail transport
influences decisions. A set of activity
indicators is described in the same way as a Road-sea transport with hired means of
set of condition indicators. transport

Sample Cargo Transport Plan The route was planned in 3 different

variants:
This chapter presents a sample plan for the
transport of 220 m3 of dangerous goods - Option 1 contains 3 transport stages: the
(ADR) from Opole to Stockholm. The total length of the route: 1507 km
transport process has been created on the - Stage 1: Opole (PL) - Rostock
basis of the generalized model proposed in (DE) - 657 km - land road
the article. - Stage 2: Rostock (DE) - Gedser
(DK) - 49 km - seaway
The provisions of the Act on the Transport - Stage 3: Gedser (DK) - Stockholm
of Dangerous Goods of 19 August 2011 and (SE) - 801 km - overland road
the restructured European Agreement on
ADR impose an obligation on an - Option 2 contains 3 transport stages: total
entrepreneur who performs road transport length of the route: 1129 km
of dangerous goods or loading or unloading - Stage 1: Opole (PL) - Gdansk (PL)
related to such transport to appoint, at his - 542 km - land road
own expense, a safety advisor for the - Stage 2: Gdansk (PL) -
Nynäshamn (SE) - 529 km - seaway
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
7 Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management
__________________________________________________________________________

- Stage 3: Nynäshamn (SE)- 3: 801 km - cost 1441.8 zł, Stockholm -

Stockholm (SE) - 58 km - land road Opole: stage 1: 801 km - cost 1021.28 zł,
stage 2: ferry trip, stage 3: 657 km - cost
- Option 3 contains 3 transport stages: total 837.68 zł,
length of the route: 1819 km - variant 2: Opole - Stockholm: stage 1: 542
- Stage 1: Opole (PL) - km - cost PLN 975.6, stage 2: ferry trip,
Frederikshavn (DK) - 1252 km - land road stage 3: 58 km - cost PLN 104.4, Stockholm
- Stage 2: Frederikshavn (DK) - - Opole: stage 1: 58 km - cost PLN 73.95,
Gothenburg (SE) - 90 km - seaway stage 2: ferry trip, stage 3: 542 km - cost
- Stage 3: Gothenburg (SE) - PLN 681.29,
Stockholm (SE) - 477 km - land road - variant 3: Opole - Stockholm: stage 1:
1252 km - cost PLN 2253.6, stage 2 - ferry
Fixed costs for road and sea transport: trip, stage 3 - 477 km - cost PLN 858.6,
Stockholm - Opole: stage 1: 477 km - cost
- fuel (ON) as of 9.12.2019 (www.e- PLN 608.18, stage 2 - ferry trip, stage 3:
[Link]/notowania): Poland - 4.96 PLN/l, 1252 km - cost PLN 1596.3.
Germany - 5,46 PLN/l, Denmark - 6.31
PLN/l, Sweden - 6.17 PLN/l. The average of Working time of drivers:
5.73 PLN/l was used for calculations,
- the driver's salary variant 1: for 1 driver: departure on
([Link]/praca/..., Monday at 00:00, return on Thursday at
[Link]/kariera/…): 341 7:43. The transport time is: 3 d 7 h 43 min,
PLN for a driver in individual transport and for 2 drivers: departure on Monday at
295 PLN/day for one driver in two-person 04:00, return on Thursday at 15:43. The
transport, transportation time is as follows: 2 d 11 h
- renting a means of transport 43 min,
([Link]/…): tractor - 6000 PLN variant 2: for 1 driver: departure at 09:00
net/month (burning 25 l/100km empty, on Monday, return at 7:32 on Thursday, for
with load +0.3 l), tank - 7000 PLN 2 drivers: departure at 10:00 on Monday,
net/month (gross capacity 38200 36200 return at 10:32 on Wednesday,
net), for loading 220 m3 6 road sets are variant 3: for 1 driver: departure at 08:00
needed, where the cost of driving with an on Monday, return at 15:45 on Friday, for 2
empty tank is 127.5 PLN/100 km, while the drivers: departure at 20:00 on Monday,
cost of driving with a loaded tank is 180 return at 01:55 on Friday.
PLN/100 km,
- ferry crossing ([Link]… , The cost analysis shows that the most
[Link]…): Rostock-Gedser, advantageous option when organizing your
Gedser-Rostock: 3475.6 PLN, Gdańsk- own transport is the second option, i.e.
Nynäshamn: 1 driver - EUR 928.75, 2 with 2 drivers. The cost of such transport is
drivers: 1046,35 EUR, Nynäshamn - PLN 71353.12.
Gdansk: 1 driver: 661,48 EUR, 2 drivers: 1
driver: 661,48 EUR: 779,09 EUR,
Frederikshavn - Gothenburg: 1 driver: Road, sea and rail transport
1914,6 PLN, 2 drivers: 2115.8 PLN,
- road tolls ([Link]…): Opole - The route was planned on different
Olszyna: 60.75 PLN, Opole - Gdańsk: 70.99 sections: Opole - Gdańsk: 617 km (rail
PLN, transport), Gdańsk - Gdańsk Port: 11 km
- cleaning of the tank (rail transport), Gdańsk Port - Nynäshamn:
([Link]/[Link]…): 1 (sea transport), Nynäshamn - Stockholm:
set - 440 PLN, 6 sets - 2640 PLN. 58 km (road transport). Fixed costs as for
road and sea transport with the following
Calculation of the cost of the road driven: differences:

- variant 1: Opole - Stockholm: stage 1: 657 - container-tanker rental ([Link]-

km - cost 1182.6 zł, stage 2: ferry trip, stage [Link]/wynajem-kontenerow-typu-
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 8
__________________________________________________________________________

cysterna…): 6000 PLN net/month (capacity 173698.46.

26000 gross 24700 net), for loading 220
m3 9 transport sets are needed, Transportation commissioned to an
- ferry crossing for 1 driver external company
([Link]… , [Link]…):
Gdansk - Nynäshamn EUR 928,75, External companies calculate the following
Nynäshamn - Gdansk EUR 661,49, transport costs: the rate per kilometre
- railway journey at a rate of up to 620 km ([Link]/price/international…) from
([Link]/media/100869/…): Europe to Poland is 3.65 PLN/km, from
5858 PLN (including 30% of the fee for Poland to Europe - 4.15 PLN/km, average
dangerous goods): additionally, there are rate: 3.9 PLN/km. The additional charge for
correction coefficients: dangerous goods is from 15 to 25%. In the
case of some transport companies, the rate
load capacity over 22 t and length of the should be doubled
container, costs lower than 6.15 m are ([Link]/price/international…).
4979.3 PLN (coefficient 0.85 of the price), Calculated costs for the case under
additionally the ADR fee should be paid: consideration:
6473.09 PLN (coefficient 1.3 of price). On
the way back from Gdańsk, the costs will - option 1: 1458 km - 1 driver: 1 set:
amount to PLN 4979.3 (0.5 price 17562.48, 6 sets: 105374.9, 2 drivers: 1 set:
coefficient), 17562.48, 6 sets: 105374,9,
- road tolls ([Link]…): Opole -
Olszyna - PLN 60.75, Opole - Gdańsk - PLN
70.99, - option 2: 600 km - 1 driver: 1 set:
- HDS services 12941,74, 6 sets: 77650.44, 2 drivers: 1 set:
([Link]/media/100869/…): 13960.16, 6 sets: 83760,93,
100 PLN/h,
loading/unloading the car
([Link]/media/100869/…): - option 3: 1729 km - 1 driver: 1 set:
200 PLN, 20538.04, 6 sets: 123228.2, 2 drivers: 1 set:
- loading of goods on the railway in Opole 20856.84, 6 sets: 125141.
([Link]/media/100869/…):
400 PLN,
- cleaning of the tank Summarising the costs for external
([Link]/[Link]…): 1 transport, it can be seen that the lowest
set - 440 PLN, 6 sets - 2640 PLN. rate would have to be paid for Option II if
one driver was employed.
Calculation of the cost of the road driven:
Use of decision boards in the transport
- transport by rail: Opole - Gdańsk: 1 set - process
PLN 6473.09, 6 sets - PLN 58257.81,
Gdańsk - Opole: 1 set - PLN 2929, 6 sets - Decision making boards are algorithmic
PLN 26361, schemes of information circulation. From
- road transport: Gdańsk - Gdańsk Port, this case, the economic and decision-
Nynäshamn - Stockholm (69 km): 1 set - making analysis shows which elements are
PLN 552, 6 sets - PLN 4968, priority and which can be presented in a
- sea transport: 1 set - PLN 6885.74, 6 sets - queue sense (Partyka M., 2001). The
PLN 61971.65. decision-making model describes the
choice of the type of transport of hazardous
Drivers' working hours for 1 driver: materials on the route from Opole to
departure on Monday at 04:00, return on Stockholm. Five decision-making rules
Thursday at 7:43. The transport time is: 2 d have been proposed:
19 h 43 min. The cost analysis shows that
this type of transport is for one set PLN
19299.83, while for 6 sets the cost is PLN
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
9 Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management
__________________________________________________________________________

- Regulation 1: concerns Opole - Frederikshavn -

Gothenburg - Stockholm.
If transport is by road and sea route with
hired means of transport, the first option - Regulation 4:
concerns Opole - Rostock - Gedser -
Stockholm. If transport is by road, sea and rail, then
option four concerns Opole - Gdańsk -
- Regulation 2: Gdańsk Port - Nynäshamn - Stockholm.

If transport is by road and sea route with - Regulation 5:

hired means of transport, the second
option concerns Opole - Gdańsk - If the transport is carried out using an
Nynäshamn - Stockholm. external forwarding company, the choice of
the transport process and the
- Regulation 3: determination of the type of transport
remains unknown.
If transport is by road and sea route with
hired means of transport, option three

Table 2: Decision-making model for transport process selection [own study]

DECISION R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Is land transport an entry point? W1 Y Y Y Y Y
Is rail transport the entry point? W2 N N N Y -
Is sea transport the entry point? W3 Y Y Y Y Y
Is transport by hired means of transport an entry point? W4 Y Y Y N Y
Is there one driver? W5 N N N Y -
Is there two drivers at the entrance? W6 Y Y Y N -
Is the entry point for a ferry trip? W7 N N N Y -
Is the ferry crossing an entry point? W8 Y Y Y N Y
Is it a rental of a container? W9 Y Y Y Y F
Is the choice of a forwarding company an entry point? W10 Y Y Y N Y
Is the transport implementation an entry point? W11 Y Y Y Y Y
Is it an input to determine the type of transport? W12 - - - - Y
Is the choice of the type of transport process an input
W13 - - - - Y
element?
Is the car's allocation an entry point? W14 N N N Y Y
Is the driver's choice an entry point? W15 N Y Y N -
Is transport from Opole an entry point? W16 Y Y Y Y Y
Is transport to Rostock an entry point? W17 Y N N N Y
Is transport from Rostock an entry point? W18 Y N N N Y
Is transport to Gedser an entry point? W19 Y N N N Y
Is transport from Gedser an entry point? W20 Y N N N Y
Is transport to Nynäshamn an entry point? W21 N Y N Y Y
Is transport from Nynäshamn an entry point? W22 N Y N Y Y
Is transport from Frederikshavn an entry point? W23 N N Y N Y
Is transport to Frederikshavn an entry point? W24 N N Y N Y
Is transport to Stockholm an entry point? W25 Y Y Y Y Y
Is transport to Gdańsk an entry point? W26 N Y Y Y Y
Is the transport from Gdansk an entry point? W27 Y Y Y Y Y

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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 10
__________________________________________________________________________

Is transport to Gdańsk Port an entry point? W28 - - - Y -

Is transport from Gdańsk Port the entry point? W29 - - - Y -
Is the entrance element over 1500 km? W30 Y N Y Y Y
Is the entrance element over 1100 km? W31 Y Y Y Y Y
Is the entrance element over 1800 km? W32 N N Y N Y
Acceptance of the transport order X X X X X
Determination of type and size of cargo X X X X X
Fixing the delivery date X X X X X
Review of legislation on the carriage of goods in Europe X X
Determining the type of packaging of goods X X
Hire of the transport unit X X X
Route mapping X X X X
Checking toll rates X
Determination of transport time X X X X X
Determination of transport cost X X X
Direct carriage X
Intermediate carriage X
Broken carriage X X X
Own means of transport X
Vehicle rental X X X X
Hiring a new driver X
Driver employed in an undertaking X X
Fixing the loading date X X X X X
Preparation of transport documentation X X X X X
Carriage of goods X X X X X

The presented structure of the decision in columns R1÷R5. As a result of the

board corresponds to the structure of the analysis, it was obtained by associating
decision boards. The lines describe the logical values of meeting or not meeting the
conditions for the transport of dangerous conditions of required actions for the
goods and activities related to the realization of the transport process. It can
transport process. The rules are described be seen that the conditional and action
parts of these rules are multi-elemental.

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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
11 Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management
__________________________________________________________________________

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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 12
__________________________________________________________________________

Fig. 2: Example of the endings of the deniers from the decision board [own study]

The presentation of the numerical operate quickly, efficiently and, of course,

taxonomy for the decision boards allows offer attractive prices. The most important
the introduction of stages with different determinant of a forwarder's actions is
levels of detail. The above issue time. The first steps that determine
corresponds to the emergence of the so- whether the customer chooses a given
called partial needs, which are connected transport company are the duration of the
with the implementation of the solution to analysis of the forwarding order. This
the problem under investigation. The process must be shortened to a minimum.
hierarchical approach corresponds to the The decision to choose a forwarding
structure of the process of designing the company usually falls on one of the first
transport of hazardous materials (Partyka submitted offers. That is why it is so
M., 1998, p. 43). Various examples of important to systematize the knowledge of
possible endings of dendrite are presented freight forwarders about transport
above. According to the decision analysis, conditions in Europe. The presentation of a
rule 3 was eliminated, while rule 5 is the generalised transport model is aimed
optimal result of the decision analysis. primarily at shortening the time of
preparation of a forwarding offer and
Conclusions faster and more efficient execution of
subsequent transport procedures.
The competition on the forwarding market
is very high. Currently, transport Each forwarder analyses the given
companies are obliged to use a range of transport model, knows what steps need to
different methods in order to keep the be taken for the transport order to come
customer and acquire new ones. The most into effect. The analysis of the transport
important factors taken into account when process included in the article also allows
choosing a forwarding company are: to verify and select the most advantageous
punctuality, costs, quality and reliability. transport method. The information
contained in this article is intended to help
In order to meet customer requirements, people planning international transport of
forwarding companies must first of all goods to organise transport processes
more efficiently.
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
13 Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management
__________________________________________________________________________

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in city logistics for sustainable road
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Research financed from the NCN research Procedia 39, pp. 309-319.
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734
Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management 14
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Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Ewa Kulińska And Joanna Rut (2020), Journal
of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, DOI: 10.5171/2020.981734