ABSTRACT
Machine Learning is a study of computer algorithm to improve automatically through
experience and by use of data. It has been as a part of artificial Intelligence .Machine
learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as “Training data”, in
order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so
.Machine learning algorithm are used in wide variety of applications, such as medicine,
email filtering and computer vision where it is difficult or unfeasible to develop a
conventional algorithms to perform needed task.A subset of machine learning is closely
related to computational statistics , which is focus on making predictions.
The Housing Price Prediction Using Concept of Machine Learning Has Become one of
the most interesting application of Machine Learning Concept. To predict The Price of
the House using Linear Regression Algorithm of Machine Learning . Regression is A
Machine Learning tool That helps to make prediction by learning from the existing
statistical data and this is done by finding relationship between Target Parameter and
the set of Other Parameters. According to this definition , a House‟s price depends on
parameters such as Number of Bedrooms, Living Area , Location etc . If we apply
Artificial Learning to these Parameters we can Calculate House Valuations In a given
Geographical area.
Jupyter python programming software is used to design the code for Predicting the
Housing Prices. It is an open source Software and it provides services for interactive
computing across dozen of programming Languages .The software provides various
functions and tools and In-Build Python Library so that operations can be performed
accurately with maximum efficiency. with loops, functions variables, operators to
perform various operations and obtain data. These software are very precise thus used
in various research and analytical and educational related works.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vii
ABBREVRATIONS viii
1. INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 TYPES OF ALGORITHM USED 06
1.1.1 K-Nearest Neighbor classification 06
1.1.2 Support Vector Machine algorithm 10
1.1.3 Naïve Bayes algorithm 12
1.1.4 Decision Tree algorithm 15
1.1.5 Random Forest classification 15
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT
WORK 17
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 23
3. AIM AND SCOPE OF PRESENT
INVESTIGATION 24
3.1 AIM 24
3.2 SCOPE 24
3.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION 25
3.4 RELATED WORKS 25
3.5 EXISTING SYSTEM 26
3.5.1 Disadvantages of existing system 26
3.6 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 27
3.6.1 Advantages of proposed system 27
4. METHODOLOGY 28
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 28
4.2 SOFTWARE REQIREMENTS 28
4.2.1 Overview of jupyter notebook 28
4.3 SYSTEM DESIGN 31
4.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 31
4.5 MODULE 31
4.5.1 Data set collection 32
4.5.2 Pre-processing of data set 32
4.5.3 Extraction of data set 33
4.5.4 Prediction of results 33
4.6 ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION OF METHODS 33
4.7 PERFORMANCE MEASURES 40
4.7.1 HRFLM ALGORITHMS 40
4.7.2 Algorithm1 Decision tree-based partition 41
4.8 Algorithm2 Apply ml to find less error rate 41
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
5.1 RESULTS AND DISCUUSIONS 42
5.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 42
5.3 BENCHMARKING OF THE PROPOSAL
MODEL 43
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 44
6.1 CONCLUSION 44
6.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 44
REFERENCES 45
APPENDIX 46
A. SAMPLE CODE 46
B. SCREENSHOTS 51
C. PUBLICATION WITH PLAGIARISM 53
REPORT
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Fig. Name Page No.
Fig. no. 1.1 Linear Regression with two variables 2
Fig. no. 1.2 Linear Regression with Multiple variable 4
Fig. no. 1.3 Supervised Learning Architecture 5
Fig. no. 1.4 Different Clusters of data On graph 7
Fig. no. 1.5 Clustering of Red Circles using Blue Star 7
Fig. no. 1.6 Clustering Using Different values of K 8
Fig. no. 1.7 Graph of Error 9
Fig. no. 1.8 Graph of Validation Error 9
Fig. no. 1.9 Graph of Different Classes 10
Fig. no. 1.10 Graph of Segregating the classes 11
Fig. no. 1.11 Classification of different clusters 11
Fig. no. 1.12 Graph Of Different Classes 12
Fig. no. 1.13 Jupyter Open Source Software 18
Fig. no. 1.14 Browser View of Jupyter Notebook 20
Fig. no. 1.15 Sci – Kit Learn 21
Fig. no. 1.16 Supervised Learning Classification 21
Fig. no. 1.17 Supervised Learning Regression 21
Fig. no. 4.1 Browser View of Jupyter Notebook 29
Fig. no. 4.2 Architecture of Data Prediction 31
Fig. no. 4.3 Graph Of Classifier 37
Fig. no. 4.4 Overall error rate of Dataset 41
Fig. no. 5.1 Comparison Between Proposed and
Existing Model 42
Fig. no. B.1 Scatter Matrix Of few Attributes 51
Fig. no. B.2 Positive Correlation Scatter plot 52
Fig. no. B.3 Negative Correlation Scatter plot 52
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Table N0. Table NAME Page No.
Table 1.1 Linear Regression with two Variables 2
Table 1.2 Linear Regression with Multiple Variables 3
Table 1.3 Comparing Different ML Models 6
Table 1.4 Classification Of Fruits on Different Attributes 13
Table 3.1 Regression Analysis 39
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ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
ML -Machine Learning
SDK -Software Development Kit
KNN -K Nearest Neighbour
SVM -Support Vector Machine
CAS -Carotid Artery Stenting
HRFLM -Hybrid Random Forest with Linear Model
IHDPS -Intelligent Heart Disease Prediction System
MLP -Multi Layer Perception
CNN -Convolutional Neural Networks
CPU -Central Processing Unit
RAM -Random Access Memory
RF -Random Forest
LM -Linear Method
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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
Housing Price Prediction is commonly used to estimate the change in the Housing
Price. Since Housing Price is Strongly Correlated to other Factors such as location ,
area , population ,it requires other information apart from HPI to predict Individual
Prediction Prices. However to Predict the Housing Price our Machine Learning model
requires data About more Number of Features so that prices can be Predicted more
accurately , To do this we use the Machine Learning Algorithm called as Linear
Regression . And using the Algorithm we will see effect of different features eg location ,
area, Furnishing which acts as Independent variables on The price of our house which
is a Dependent Variable .
Linear Regression is one of the most Easiest algorithm of Machine learning . It is
basically a statistical model that attempts to show the relationship between two
variables with a linear equation. Linear Regression is a Supervised Learning Algorithm
where the Predicted Output is Continous and has a constant slope . It‟s used to predict
value within a continuous range (eg sales,price) rather than trying to classify them into
catogeries (eg Black,Blue) .
Simple regression
Simple linear regression uses traditional slope-intercept form, where mm and bb are the
variables our algorithm will try to “learn” to produce the most accurate
predictions. xx represents our input data and yy represents our prediction.
y=mx+b
Let‟s say we are given a datasett with the following columns (features): how much a
company spends on Radio advertising each year and its annual Sales in terms of units
sold. We are trying to develop an equation that will let us to predict units sold based on
how much a company spends on radio advertising. The rows (observations) represent
companies.
TABLE 1.1 : Company Table for Regression with two variables
1
Our prediction function outputs an estimate of sales given a company‟s radio advertising
spend and our current values for Weight and Bias.
Sales=Weight⋅Radio+Bias
FIGURE 1.1: Linear Regression with Two Variables
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HOW SUPERVISED LEARNING WORKS ?
In the supervised learning,models are trained using labelled dataset , where the model
learns about each type of data. Once the Learning process is completed , the model is tested on
the basis of test data ( a subset of the training data ) , and then it predicts the output.
FIGURE 1.3:Supervised Learning Architecture
The working of supervised learning can be easily understood by the above example
[Link] we have a dataset of different types of shapes which includes
squares,rectangle ,triangle and polygon . Now the first step is that we need to train the
model for each shape.
If the given shape has four side , and all the sides are equal , then it will be
labelled as a square .
If the given shape has three sides, then it will be labelled as a triangle.
If the given shape has all six equal sides then it will labelled as an [Link]
after training , we test our model using the test set , and the task of the model is
to identify the [Link] Machine is already trained on all types of shapes, and
when it finds a new shape , it classifies the shape on the bases of a number of
sides, and predicts the output.
1.1 TYPES OF ALGORITHM USED
