WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLE APPLICATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

UDAYACHANDRAN.R (39140707)
MOHAN RAJ.K (39140032)
SURYA.V (39140060)
KESHAV SRIDHAR (39140024)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

APRIL 2022

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the Bonafide work of

UDAYACHANDRAN.R (39140707) MOHAN RAJ.K (39140032) SURYA.V (39140060)
KESHAV SRIDHAR (39140024) who carried out the project entitled “WIRELESS POWER
TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE APPLICATION" under our
supervision from November 2022 to April 2022.

Dr. A. Rameshbabu
Internal Guide

Dr. V. SIVACHIDAMBARANATHAN
Head of the Department

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on_____________________

Name: UDAYACHANDRAN.R

MOHAN RAJ.K

SURYA.V

KESHAV SRIDHAR

Signature:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

We UDAYACHANDRAN.R (39140707), MOHAN RAJ.K (39140032), SURYA.V

(39140060), KESHAVSRIDHAR (39140024) hereby declare that the Project Report entitled

“WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE APPLICATION"

done by us under the guidance of Dr. A. Rameshbabu is submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering.

1. UDAYACHANDRAN.R (39140707)

2. MOHAN RAJ.K (39140032)

3. SURYA.V (39140060)

4. KESHAV SRIDHAR (39140024)

DATE:

PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing it
successfully. We are grateful to them.

We convey our thanks to Dr. N. M. Nandhita., Dean, School of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering and Dr. V. Sivachidambaranathan, Head of the Department, Dept.
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for providing us necessary support and details at the
right time during the progressive reviews.

We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our Project Guide
Dr. A. Rameshbabu for his valuable guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement paved
way for the successful completion of our project work.

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering who were helpful in many ways for the
completion of the project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE

1 ABSTRACT

2 INTRODUCTION

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4 MODULES

1. SENSOR INTERFACING
2. PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT
3. MICRO-CONTROLLER
PROGRAMMING
4. READING ANALOG DATA
5. TEST AND DEBUG
6. SUBMISSION

5 LITERATURE SURVEY

6 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

ARUDINO

7 WPT MODULE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
8 VOLTAGE SENSOR

1. AC VOLTAGE SENSOR

2. DC VOLTAGE SENSOR

9 SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY

10 IR SENSOR

11 BATTERY (12 V)

12 LCD DISPLAY

13 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

1. ARDUNIO IDE

2. EMBEDDED C

14 CONCLUSIONS

15 FUTURE SCOPE
AN EFFICIENT WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM TO
BALANCE THE STATE OF CHARGE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
ABSTRACT

As an alternate form in the road transportation system, electric vehicle (EV)

can help reduce the fossil-fuel consumption. However, the usage of EVs is
constrained by the limited capacity of battery. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) can
increase the driving range of EVs by charging EVs in motion when they drive
through a wireless charging lane embedded in a road. The amount of power that
can be supplied by a charging lane at a time is limited. A problem here is when a
large number of EVs pass a charging lane, how to efficiently distribute the power
among different penetrations levels of EVs? However, there has been no previous
research devoted to tackling this challenge. To handle this challenge, we propose a
system to balance the State of Charge (called BSoC) among the EVs. It consists of
three components: i) fog-based power distribution architecture, ii) power
scheduling model, and iii) efficient vehicle-to-fog communication protocol. The
fog computing center collects information from EVs and schedules the power
distribution. We use fog closer to vehicles rather than cloud in order to reduce the
communication latency. The power scheduling model schedules the power
allocated to each EV. In order to avoid network congestion between EVs and the
fog, we let vehicles choose their own communication channel to communicate with
local controllers.

INTRODUCTION;
The reduction of fossil fuels and the need to reduce urban pollutants have made
electric vehicles as an appropriate alternative to domestic combustion engines .
Electric vehicles can act as a source of energy by using vehicle-tohome (V2H) and
vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities. The V2G capability allows vehicles to act as a
mobile storage device which can inject the storage energy into the grid [3]. The
V2G capability allows for active power regulation, reactive power support, load
modulation, flow harmonic filtering and peak charge correction. These factors
provide services such as spinning reservations and voltage and frequency control
for the power grid [4]. In addition to the aforementioned, electric vehicles can
participate in electricity markets and provide many economic benefits to their
power grid and owner via the correct implementation of the V2G

However, it is important to note that the economic benefits of V2G capability

depend on how to charge and discharge electric vehicles ,. If the charging process
is not controlled, charging time periods will intersect with the peak load time of the
distribution system , thereby increasing peak load , and the distribution system
faces with problems such as overload, excessive loss of power and voltage
violation . Therefore, charging patterns should be designed in such a way to
persuade users to transfer charge periods to off-peak periods . The effects of the
presence of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) have been studied in several
articles..

In this paper, various strategies for coordinating the charging/discharging of

PHEVs are proposed in electric vehicle parking with V2G capability. The
proposed strategies include constraints on the amount of power exchange the
distribution system, as well as the random and unpredictable nature of quantities .
Finally, the impact of each strategy on the amount of parking dividend is analyzed.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER

AC DC TO AC
INPUT AC TO DC INVERTER
FILTER

HF PRIMARY HF TRANSFORMER
SIDE

ARDUINO
VOLTAGE ADC
SENSOR MICRO
CONTROLLER

IR SENSOR

RECEIVER

HF HF DC
SECONDARY RECTIFICATIO CHARGING
REGULATOR
SIDE N & FILTER CIRCUIT

BATTERY
EXISTING SYSTEM

• The efficient vehicle-to-fog communication protocol to address the

shortcoming of existing CSMA/CA technique used in DSRC protocol.
• The research challenges based on existing technologies with their possible
future impacts.
• The average packet drop rate in channel allocation technique is higher than
our channel allocation technique when the number of EVs increases.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

• Our proposed power scheduling method in BSoC can balance EVs’ SOC
better than other two methods.
• Passive metallic plate shield and active shield are proposed to minimize the
leakage electromagnetic field from the wireless power transfer system in a
(on-line) electric vehicle.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• MICROCONTROLLER
• WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER
• ULTRASONIC SENSOR
• VOLTAGE SENSOR
• RELAY
• ROBO

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• ARDUINO IDE
EMBEDDED C
MODULES:

1. SENSOR INTERFACING
2. PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT
3. MICRO-CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
4. READING ANALOG DATA
5. TEST AND DEBUG
6. SUBMISSION

MODULE DESCRIPTION:

1. SENSOR INTERFACING

Sensor interfacing is a mix of amplification, filtering, and other signal conditioning

as well as analog-to-digital conversion. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
may be in your microcontroller, but you will still need to make the sensor
compatible with the ADC input.

2. PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT

A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC

power for the internal components of a controller. A power supply is used to
reduce the mains electricity at 240 volts AC down to something more useable, say
12 volts DC. There are two types of power supply, linear and switch mode. A
linear power supply uses a transformer to reduce the voltage. The AC signal is
rectified and regulated to produce a high DC voltage.
 An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of
external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for
battery-powered equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers (see
also battery charger). AC adapters are used with electrical devices that require
power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and
power from main power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very
similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.

3. MICRO-CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

A microcontroller is a programmable IC, capable of multiple functions depending

on how it’s programed. Many different kinds of microcontrollers exist that offer a
wide range of functionality. The versatility of the microcontroller is what makes it
one of the most powerful tools in modern design. This guide will explain the basics
of microcontrollers and how they are programmed.

4. READING ANALOG DATA

The microcontroller of the board has a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital

converter or ADC that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number
between 0 and 1023. When the shaft is turned all the way in one direction, there
are 0 volts going to the pin, and the input value is 0. When the shaft is turned all
the way in the opposite direction, there are 5 volts going to the pin and the input
value is 1023. In between, analog Read() returns a number between 0 and 1023
that is proportional to the amount of voltage being applied to the pin.

5. TEST AND DEBUG

Testing means verifying correct behavior. Testing can be done at all stages of
module development: requirements analysis, interface design, algorithm design,
implementation, and integration with other modules. In the following, attention
will be directed at implementation testing. Implementation testing is not restricted
to execution testing. An implementation can also be tested using correctness
proofs, code tracing, and peer reviews, as described below.

Debugging is a cyclic activity involving execution testing and code correction. The
testing that is done during debugging has a different aim than final module testing.
Final module testing aims to demonstrate correctness, whereas testing during
debugging is primarily aimed at locating errors. This difference has a significant
effect on the choice of testing strategies.

6. SUBMISSION

Submitting the prototype for the presentation to the faculty guide for review
purpose

LITERATURE SURVEY:

TITLE: &KDUJLQJDQGGLVFKDUJLQJFRRUGLQDWLRQRIHOHFWULF
YHKLFOHVLQDSDUNLQJORW

AUTHOR: Fatemeh Jozi, Kazem Mazlumi, Hadi Hosseini

DESCRIPTION:

With the extensive use of electric vehicles, the need to charge them has become
one of the important issues in the distribution system. Also, these vehicles are able
to play the role of energy-generating sources by utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
capabilities. Therefore, coordination of the charging /discharging process of
electric vehicle batteries is essential in order to optimally use these energy storage
resources. In this paper, different strategies are proposed for charging /discharging
electric vehicles regarding variable power costs, parking constraints for electric
vehicles and the random and unpredictable nature of quantities, such as the
entrance and exit of electric vehicles to the parking lot. Such strategies address the
time and state of charge of vehicles in order to increase the profit of electric
vehicle parking lot, because parking lot is the responsible of charging and
discharging. The results show that different strategies have different profits for
parking.

TITLE: CatchEnergySavingOpportunityinChargeDepletionMode,AReal-
TimeControllerfor Plug-inHybridElectricVehicles

AUTHOR: Amir Rezaei, Jeffrey B. Burl, Mohammad Rezaei, and Bin Zhou

DESCRIPTION:

—The energy management (EM) of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is

commonly divided into two modes: charge-depletion mode and charge-sustaining
mode. This paper presents the optimal adaption law for any type of adaptive
energy consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) in charge-depletion mode for
plug-in HEVs. To present the optimal law, a particular adaptive ECMS is selected,
known as CESO. CESO has previously been introduced for series and parallel
HEVs in charge-sustaining mode. Here, by introducing the optimal adaption law in
charge-depletion mode, CESO strategy is expanded to charge-depletion mode for
plug-in HEVs.
TITLE: Design of a High Power Transfer Pickup for On-Line Electric Vehicle
(OLEV)

AUTHOR: Boyune Song, Jaegue Shin, Seokhwan Lee, Seungyong Shin, Yangsu
Kim, Sungjeub Jeon and Guho Jung.

DESCRIPTION:

Recent electric vehicle technology with battery has faced many problems: high
cost, weight, driving distance, long charging time and danger of electric shock. An
inductive power transfer pickup for electric vehicles such as pickup of traditional
transformer enables electric vehicles to overcome these problems by using
contactless power transfer. Also, inductive power transfer pickup has many
advantages including high efficiency, high power, a large air gap and lightweight.
In this paper, proposed inductive power pickup was developed using series
capacitor with ferrite cores and multi-windings and was tested for its ability to
transfer electricity wirelessly. When tested for output power and efficiency of
pickup, output power of 20kW and efficiency of 86.7% were achieved at 20 kHz
and 250mm air gap.

TITLE: Reserving Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Combined

Model of Road-Charging Station-Electric Vehicle

AUTHOR: Haoming Liu, Man Niu, Weijie Wang

DESCRIPTION:

Charging resources in the charging stations are limited. How to make electric
vehicles get charging service with small cost is worth studying. The reserving
charging model for electric vehicles is built based on the customer requirement
model, considering the road condition of traffic system and available charging
resources in the charging stations. All factors that influence the reserving charging
are translated into weights and then being assigned to corresponding edges of
traffic network graph. The Dijkstra algorithm is introduced to achieve the solution
of the model built in this paper. Finally, a supposed traffic network is used to
conduct a simulation, and the results show that the proposed optimization model of
reserving charging for electric vehicles can satisfy users’ different demands.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
ARDUINO

DESCRIPTION

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company,

project, and user community that designs and manufactures Single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits

for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
physical devices. The project is based on microcontroller board designs, produced
by several vendors, using various microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that can interface to various expansion
boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on a programming language named Processing, which
also supports the languages C and C++.
ARDUINO UNO INTERFACE WITH SENSOR & BUZZER

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter. Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino board, or other microcontrollers.

FEATURES
 • Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• Operating voltage: 5V
• Input voltage: 7-12V
• Flash memory: 32KB
• SRAM: 2KB
• EEPROM: 1KB

APPLICATIONS

• Real time biometrics

• Robotic applications
• Academic applications
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

DESCRIPTION

Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy

transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical
energy without wires. Wireless power transmission technologies use time-varying
electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields.

The term “wireless charging” usually refers to inductive charging. This

technology uses a charging station that creates an alternating magnetic field. A
device with the proper induction coil will receive energy from that field when it is
placed nearby, making it receive power without a physical connection. An
important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure
of people and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields.
Wireless power transfer is the transmission of AC power from a power source to
an electrical load, without the use of discrete human made conductors.
 WPT MODULE

The Wireless Power Transfer and Charging Module can be used in

electronic equipments in common use for close wireless charging. This module
uses an electromagnetic field to transfer electric energy between a transmitter
circuit and a receiver circuit.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

An induction coil creates an alternating electromagnetic field from within

the transmitter circuit powered with 12V. The second induction coil takes power
from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into AC current to the receiver
circuit. Increase the number of turns of the receiver coil to increase the
transmission distance, when low current is suitable in your application. As distance
increase current capacity of receiver will drop.

FEATURES

• Transmitter input voltage: 12v DC

• Receiver output power: 3W-5W
• Maximum receiver current capacity: 600mA (based on distance)
• Coil inductance: 30µH
• Transmit receive distance: 1-20mm
APPLICATIONS

• Power grid
• Power mesh
• Mobile charging
• LED power
VOLTAGE SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

A voltage sensor is going to be able to determine and even monitor and

measure the voltage supply. It is then able to take those measurements and turn
them into a signal that one will then be able to read. The signal will often go into a
specialized electronic device for recording, but sometimes, an observer will be
present to manually read the sensor output.

AC VOLTAGE SENSOR

The Voltage Sensor block represents an ideal voltage sensor, that is, a
device that converts voltage measured between two points of an electrical circuit
into a physical signal proportional to the voltage. Connections + and – are
electrical conserving ports through which the sensor is connected to the circuit.
Connection V is a physical signal port that outputs the measurement result.

AC voltage sensor works according to Magnetic Modulation and is designed

for AC voltage measurement. The output signal of this sensor is proportional to the
input AC voltage. It can be used for continuous ac voltage monitoring of the
system.

DC VOLTAGE SENSOR
 DC Voltage Sensors are used to measure the potential difference between
the ends of an electrical component. This can be used to measure the DC voltage in
the circuits. The sensor is mechanically fixed by soldering the secondary circuit
pins to the PCB. The primary connection can also be integrated in the sensor.
Pulsating voltage with a galvanic insulation between primary and secondary
circuits. The voltage detector indicates the presence of a voltage higher than a
limit. The Voltage Sensors are equipped with a micro controller that greatly
improves the sensor accuracy, precision and consistency of the readings. They are
supplied calibrated and the stored calibration (in Volts) is automatically loaded
when the Voltage Sensor is connected.

A DC voltage sensor is going to be able to determine and even monitor

and measure the voltage supply. It is then able to take those measurements and turn
them into a signal that one will then be able to read. The signal will often go into a
specialized electronic device for recording, but sometimes, an observer will be
present to manually read the sensor output. For reasons of accuracy, if more than
one Voltage Sensor is being used in a circuit, ensure that they share a common
earth. DC voltage sensor works according to Magnetic Modulation and is designed
for DC voltage measurement. The output signal of this sensor is proportional to the
input DC voltage. It can be used for continuous dc voltage monitoring of the
system.

FEATURES

• Under-voltage, over-voltage, or voltage band models

• Powered from sensing input lines or from separate DC supply
• Available with time delays on pull-in and/or drop-out or with customized
 • voltage-time trip curves

APPLICATIONS

• Power generation unit

• Power transmission unit
• Industry and other applications

SINGLE CHANEL RELAY

DESCRIPTION

A relay is an electrically operated device. It has a control system and (also

called input circuit or input contactor) and controlled system (also called output
circuit or output cont actor). It is frequently used in automatic control circuit.

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts
in another circuit. ... When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a
closed contact when the relay is not energized.
SINGLE CHANEL RELAY

Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and
mechanically. Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The
switching mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. The main
operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to
control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to
control a lot of circuits. They were used to switch the signal coming from one
source to another destination. The high end applications of relays require high
power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A relay is an electromechanical switch which is activated by an electric current. A

single relay board arrangement contains driver circuit, power supply circuit and
isolation circuit. A relay is assembled with that circuit. The driver circuit contains
transistors for switching operations. The transistor is use for switching the relay.
An isolation circuit prevents reverse voltage from the relay which protects the
controller and transistor from damage. The input pulse for switching the transistor
is given from the microcontroller unit. It is used for switching of a single device.

FEATURES
 • Input voltage: 12VDC
• Driver unit: ULN2003A
• Isolation unit: In4007
• Fast switching

APPLICATIONS

• Ac load Switching applications

• Dc load Switching applications
• Motor switching applications

IR SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some

aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well
as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation,
rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.
 IR SENSOR

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects
of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as
detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather
than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared
spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of
radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared [Link]
emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted
by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these
output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FEATURES

• Input voltage : 3.3v

• Output : analog
APPLICATION

• Radiation Thermometers
• Flame Monitor
• Moisture Analyzers
• Gas Analyzers

BATTERY(12 V)

DESCRIPTION

Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions

create a flow of electrons in a circuit. All batteries are made up of three basic
components: an anode (the ‘-’ side), a cathode (the ‘+’ side), and some kind of
electrolyte (a substance that chemically reacts with the anode and cathode).

When the anode and cathode of a battery is connected to a circuit, a

chemical reaction takes place between the anode and the electrolyte. This reaction
causes electrons to flow through the circuit and back into the cathode where
another chemical reaction takes place. When the material in the cathode or anode is
consumed or no longer able to be used in the reaction, the battery is unable to
produce electricity. At that point, your battery is “dead.”

Batteries that must be thrown away after use are known as primary
batteries. Batteries that can be recharged are called secondary batteries.

12-volt battery, in its most common form was introduced for the early
transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie talkies,
clocks and smoke detectors. They are also used as backup power to keep the time
in certain electronic clocks.

This format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline

chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel
cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury oxide batteries in this
form have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content.

12V battery has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top. A zinc–carbon (6F22) battery is a dry cell
battery that delivers a potential of 1.5 volts between a zinc metal electrode and a
carbon rod from an electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide
mediated by a suitable electrolyte.

It was introduced for the early transistor radios. It is usually conveniently

packaged in a zinc can which also serves as the anode with a negative potential,
while the inert carbon rod is the positive cathode. An advantage is that several
nine-volt batteries can be connected to each other in series to provide higher
voltages.

FEATURES

• Output voltage: 12v

• Current capacity: 2.5Ah

• Approximate Volume: 0.2 cu. in. (3.3 cu. cm.)

• Approximate Weight: 0.4 oz. (11 gm.)

APPLICATIONS

• Walkie talkies.
 • It is used to assorted electronics projects.

• Use a 12V battery clip to easily connect your 9V battery to your Arduino.

• The "12V clip" is also used on some batter holders of assorted voltages.

LCD DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION

LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook
and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma
technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT)
technology.

Flat screen LCD and plasma screens work in a completely different way.
In a plasma screen, each pixel is a tiny fluorescent lamp switched on or off
electronically. In an LCD television, the pixels are switched on or off
electronically using liquid crystals to rotate polarized light
 16X2 LCD DISPLAY

LCD stands for liquid crystal display. They come in many sizes 8x1 , 8x2 ,
10x2 , 16x1 , 16x2 , 16x4 , 20x2 , 20x4 ,24x2 , 30x2 , 32x2 , 40x2 etc . Many
multinational companies like Philips Hitachi Panasonic make their own special
kind of LCD'S to be used in their products. All the LCD'S performs the same
functions (display characters numbers special characters ASCII characters
etc).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0-13) or 16
pins (0 to 15). Alphanumeric displays are used in a wide range of applications,
including palmtop computers, word processors, photocopiers, point of sale
terminals, medical instruments, cellular phones, etc.
 LCD INTERFACE WITH MICROCONTROLLER

This is an LCD Display designed for E-blocks. It is a 16 character, 2-line

alphanumeric LCD display connected to a single 9-way D-type connector. This
allows the device to be connected to most E-Block I/O ports. The LCD display
requires data in a serial format, which is detailed in the user guide below. The
display also requires a 24V power supply. Please take care not to exceed 5V, as
this will cause damage to the device. The 24V is best generated from the E-blocks
Multi programmer or a 24V fixed regulated power supply.

The 24 x 8 inch intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix displays is capable of

displaying 224 different characters and symbols. A full list of the characters and
symbols is printed on pages 7/8 (note these symbols can vary between brand of
LCD used). This booklet provides all the technical specifications for connecting
the unit, which requires a single power supply (+24V).

FEATURES

• Input voltage: 24v

• E-blocks compatible
• Low cost
• Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range
• Ease to develop programming code using Flow code icons

APPLICATIONS

• Monitoring

LCD INTERFACE BOARD

DESCRIPTION

LCD board is specially designed for interfacing with Arduino. This board
consists of two sections namely data and control sections. This board is provided
with a potentiometer to adjust the LCD. The supply voltage to the board is given
from the controller or from a separate source.
 LCD INTERFACE BOARD

The communication extension board provides a set of communication features and

pin outs as well as an external power connector. The LCD-Board is ideal as an
extension board for the Hitex LPC2478-Stick or the Hitex LPC3250- Stick. LCD
module [STM32F4DIS-LCD] - consists of 3.5 inch LCD and driver board. This
module is designed for Embest STM32F4DIS-BB board.

FEATURES

• Supply voltage: 5VDC

• Separate data lines
• Separate control lines
APPLICATONS

• Display applications for Arduino and other controller

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar
with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the
Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino.
The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The
message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors.
The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including
complete error messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of
the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons
allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open
the serial monitor.
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools
> Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac,
the serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or
Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/[Link]-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier
USB board), or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a
Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for
a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out,
you look for USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once
you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the
toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards
will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila)
that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before
starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the
sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the
upload is complete, or show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program
that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to
upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a
few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board
(pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
EMBEDDED C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist
between Cextensions for different embedded systems.

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C
extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C
programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to
support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a

larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time
computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including
hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in
common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured
as components of embedded systems.

Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with

general-purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged
operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the price of limited
processing resources, which make them significantly more difficult to program and
to interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the
hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a
network of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at
the unit and network levels as well as provide augmented functions, well beyond
those available. For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage
power consumption of embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPU's with
integrated memory or peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using
external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common,
especially in more-complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be
types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in certain class of
computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common
standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability
and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting
from economies of scale.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and
largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity
varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple
units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
PROGRAM

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

const int rs = 7, en = 6, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;

LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

float current;

int ir;

void setup()

[Link](9600);

[Link](16, 2);

[Link](0, 0);

[Link](" Wireless Power ");

[Link](0, 1);

[Link]("Transfer For e-V");

delay(2500);

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

pinMode(A0, INPUT);
 pinMode(A1, INPUT);

digitalWrite(8, HIGH);

void loop()

current = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)

current = current + (.0264 * analogRead(A1) - 13.51) / 1000;

delay(1);

ir = digitalRead(A0);

[Link]("Current = ");[Link](current);

[Link]("Ir = ");[Link](ir);

// delay(250);

if(ir == 0)

{
 digitalWrite(8,LOW);

[Link]();

[Link](0,0);

[Link]("Charging Started");

[Link](0,1);

[Link]("Current ");

[Link](current);

[Link](" A");

delay(2000);

else

digitalWrite(8,HIGH);

[Link]();

[Link](0,0);

[Link]("No Vehicle Found");

[Link](0,1);

[Link](" For Charging ");

delay(2000);
}

CONCLUSIONS

In this system, we are presenting the Wireless Power Transmission. As the

electric vehicle in the market is increasing. We can use the wireless charging
system to charge our vehicles. This system shows the efficiency and
implementation of the charging station in future technology. This paper also covers
future technology like payment through RFID tags and self-serviced entry and exit
gate to maintain congestion at the station. This will be helpful for those who are
doing research in the field of wireless power transmission. And many had came up
with the greatest invention like charging mobile wirelessly, and other electronic
gadgets too. This could be the future scope for developing the charging station, As
electric vehicle are increasing in demand.
FUTURE SCOPE

The transfer power for 150 mm air gap is 3.74 kW and transfer efficiency
are gained up to 92.4%. The charging time is around 1 hour and 39 minutes to fully
charge its battery from 0 state for a 150mm air gap for an EV with 5.1 kW power
may take.

Wireless power transfer technology is a field that has a huge potential of

becoming a mainstream technology in the future. The proposed wireless power
transfer circuit can be used for EV charging applications. With the necessary
research and development in this field, it is possible to create an electric bicycle
from a conventional bicycle that is capable of charging wirelessly. In the future,
the advanced circuit as used the coil design can be imported from the wireless
power transfer circuit that is closer to the real world hardware. With adequate
development and innovation in this field, it is certainly possible to create wireless
power charging stations capable of charging electric bicycles and electric cars or
any heavy EVs from the same power charging station, at a faster charging rate than
currently available charging techniques
REFERENCES

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