© 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.
ORG
Formulation And Evaluation OfAntimicrobial Herbal
Cream
Jadhav Mansi,Guide By [Link] and [Link] Udapurkar
Kishori College Of Pharmacy,Beed
[Link] Ambedkar Technological University,Lonere.
Abstract:- Herbal products containing essential oil as Functions of the skin:
antimicrobial agent are undoubtedly growing trend. I. Protection: the skin acts as a physical barrier,
Clove oil is reported to have antimicrobial activity protecting the body from harmful substances,
against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, microorganisms, uv radiation, and mechanical injuries.
streptococcus pyogenes, propionibacterium acne,
staphylococcus epidermidis and candida albicans. One Ii. Sensation: the skin contains numerous nerve endings
of the most establish property of cinnamon eo is that detect sensations such as touch, temperature, pain,
antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram- and pressure.
negative bacteria which is responsible for human
infectious disease. Cinnamon oil can increase the blood Iii. Thermoregulation: through sweat production and
flow to the affected area and fade away the blemishes, dilation or constriction of blood vessels, the skin helps
helps in lightening the skin. Hence the present study is regulate body temperature.
aims to formulate and develop antimicrobial cream
containing clove oil and cinnamon oil. The eo of clove Iv. Synthesis of vitamin d: the skin plays a crucial role
and cinnamon is extracted by hydro-distillation method in the synthesis of vitamin d when exposed to sunlight.
and formulation were develop with the various
concentration of both the oils. V. Immune défense: specialized cells in the skin, such
Key words: clove, cinnamon, antimicrobial. as langerhans cells and immune system components, help
Introduction:- defend against pathogens and initiate immune responses
1. Skin: Skin conditions and disorders:
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and A) acne: a common skin condition characterized by the
serves as a protective barrier between the internal formation of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads.
organs and the external environment. It has several
important functions and consists of multiple layers, B) eczema: a chronic inflammatory condition that causes
each with its own unique characteristics. dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
Structure and layers:
A) epidermis: the epidermis is the outermost layer of C) psoriasis: a chronic autoimmune condition that leads
the skin and acts as a protective barrier. It is composed to the rapid build-up of skin cells, resulting in thick,
of several sublayers, including the stratum corneum, scaly patches.
stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum
basale. The epidermis contains melanocytes, which D) dermatitis: inflammation of the skin caused by
produce the pigment melanin responsible for skin irritants or allergens.
coloration.
E) skin cancer: various forms of skin cancer, including
B) dermis: the dermis lies beneath the epidermis and melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell
provides support and nourishment to the skin. It carcinoma, can develop due to excessive sun exposure or
contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, genetic factors.
sebaceous glands, nerve endings, and collagen and Skin care:
elastin fibres that contribute to the skin's strength, I. Regular cleansing, moisturizing, and protection from
elasticity, and flexibility. excessive sun exposure are essential for maintaining
healthy skin.
C) hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue): the hypodermis
is the deepest layer of the skin and consists mainly of Ii. Adequate hydration, a balanced diet, and a healthy
adipose (fat) tissue. It helps insulate the body, store lifestyle contribute to skin health.
energy, and provide cushioning.
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Iii. Using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and Parasitic skin infections:
avoiding tanning beds can help prevent skin damage Parasites can cause skin infections, such as:
and reduce the risk of skin cancer. I. Scabies: caused by tiny mites, it leads to intense
itching and a rash that often appears as thin, wavy lines.
The skin is a complex and vital organ with numerous
functions. Understanding its structure, functions, and Ii. Pediculosis (lice infestation): infestation with lice,
common disorders is crucial for maintaining skin health resulting in itching and the presence of lice or their eggs
and seeking appropriate care when needed. (nits) on the hair or body
Microbial skin infection: Topical drug delivery system:
Microbial skin infections, also known as skin infections Topical drug delivery systems are formulations designed
caused by microorganisms, are common conditions that to deliver medication directly to the skin for local or
affect the skin. They are typically caused by bacteria, systemic effects. These systems provide a convenient and
viruses, fungi, or parasites. Here is some information targeted approach to treat various skin conditions and
about different types of microbial skin infections: deliver therapeutic agents, such as drugs, ointments,
A. Bacterial skin infections: creams, gels, lotions, and patches.
Bacteria can cause various skin infections, including Applications of topical drug delivery:
I. Dermatological conditions: topical systems are
I. Impetigo: commonly affects children and is widely used to treat skin disorders such as eczema,
characterized by red sores that burst and develop psoriasis, acne, and fungal infections.
honey-colored crusts. Ii. Analgesia: topical analgesics provide localized pain
relief for conditions like arthritis, muscle sprains, and
Ii. Cellulitis: a bacterial infection that affects the deeper minor injuries.
layers of the skin, causing redness, swelling, and pain.
Iii. Hormone replacement therapy: transdermal
Iii. Folliculitis: infection of the hair follicles, resulting patches are employed for systemic delivery of hormones
in small, inflamed bumps or pustules. such as oestrogen and testosterone.
Iv. Motion sickness: transdermal patches can deliver
Iv. Boils (furuncles): infections that occur in hair medications to alleviate symptoms of motion sickness
follicles or oil glands, leading to painful, pus- filled Creams:
lumps. Creams are a type of topical drug delivery system that
consists of a semi-solid emulsion of water and oil. They
V. Carbuncles: clusters of interconnected boils, often are widely used in dermatology and other medical fields
accompanied by fever and fatigue. for their ease of application and ability to deliver
B. Viral skin infections: medications to the skin. Creams are typically composed
Viruses can cause different types of skin infections, of three main components: water, oil, and an emulsifying
including: agent.
I. Herpes simplex: caused by the herpes simplex virus, Classification of creams:
it results in painful blisters or cold sores, commonly 1) oil-in-water (o/w) creams: these creams have water
around the mouth or genitals. as the continuous phase and oil droplets dispersed within.
They are commonly used for hydrating and moisturizing
Ii. Varicella-zoster: causes chickenpox during the initial the skin. O/w creams are easy to spread, non-greasy, and
infection and later reactivates as shingles, resulting in a can be easily washed off.
painful rash.
2) water-in-oil (w/o) creams: these creams have oil as
Iii. Molluscum contagiosum: characterized by small, the continuous phase and water droplets dispersed
pink or flesh-colored bumps with a central indentation within. They provide occlusive effects, forming a
caused by the poxvirus. protective barrier on the skin and reducing water loss.
W/o creams are greasier and are suitable for dry or
Iv. Warts: damaged skin.
Fungal skin infections:
Fungi can cause various skin infections, including: 3) multiple emulsion (w/o/w or o/w/o) creams: these
I. Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis): affects the feet, causing creams contain two sets of emulsion systems, combining
itching, redness, and cracked skin, often between the the properties of both o/w and w/o creams. They can be
toes. used to deliver medications with different solubilities or
to provide enhanced drug stability and prolonged release.
Ii. Ringworm (tinea corporis): presents as a ring-
shaped, itchy rash with raised edges and a clear centre 4) emulsion-microemulsion creams: these creams
on the body or scalp. utilize microemulsion systems, which are
thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water,
Iii. Jock itch (tinea cruris): affects the groin area, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Microemulsion creams
resulting in a red, itchy rash. improve drug solubility and skin penetration, allowing
for effective drug delivery.
Iv. Candidiasis: caused by the candida fungus, it can Properties and advantages of creams:
lead to diaper rash, oral thrush, or vaginal yeast
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I. Creams are easy to spread and apply to the skin, possesses antimicrobial properties. It contains several
making them patient-friendly. active compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, which has
been shown to possess potent antibacterial and antifungal
Ii. They provide hydration and moisturization to the effects. Cinnamon oil acts by interfering
skin, improving its barrier function. With the microbial cell wall and membrane, impairing
their integrity and resulting in the inhibition of bacterial
Iii. Creams can deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic and fungal growth.
drugs, offering a broad range of therapeutic options. I. Antibacterial activity: cinnamon has been shown to
exhibit antibacterial effects against various bacterial
Iv. Creams can be formulated with various active strains. It can inhibit the growth of bacteria such as
ingredients, including antibiotics, antifungals, escherichia coli, salmonella, staphylococcus aureus, and
corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents, and bacillus cereus.
moisturizers.
Ii. Antifungal activity: cinnamon demonstrates
V. Creams allow for controlled release of drugs, antifungal properties and has been found to be effective
providing prolonged therapeutic effects. against different fungal species. It can inhibit the growth
of candida albicans, aspergillus niger, and other fungi.
Vi. Creams can be easily removed from the skin by
washing.
Iii. Antiviral activity: cinnamon has shown antiviral
activity against certain viruses. It has been reported to
1. Dermatology: creams are commonly used to treat
have inhibitory effects against respiratory syncytial virus
skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, acne, and
(rsv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), and other viruses.
dermatitis.
Aim and objectives:
to prepare and evaluate antimicrobial cream by using
2. Wound healing: creams can be applied to promote
clove oil and cinnamon oil.
wound healing and prevent infection.
to determine the antimicrobial activity of clove and
3. Cosmetics: creams are widely used in cosmetic
antibacterial activity of cinnamon.
formulations for moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin
rejuvenation purposes.
to provide a natural treatment for drug resistant
4. Sunscreens: cream-based sunscreens provide bacteria by avoiding any adverse effect.
protection against uv radiation and prevent sunburn.
Clove as an antimicrobial agent: to provide health benefit.
Clove (syzygium aromaticum) is a spice that has been Active constituents and their pharmacological
used for centuries in traditional medicine due to its activities:
various health benefits. One of its notable properties is A) eugenol: eugenol is the primary active compound in
its antimicrobial activity. Clove contains several cloves, constituting about 70-90% of the essential oil
bioactive compounds, including eugenol, which is extracted from the buds. It possesses several
responsible for its antimicrobial effects. Eugenol acts pharmacological activities, including analgesic (pain-
by disrupting the cell membranes of these relieving), anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial
microorganisms, inhibiting their growth and ultimately properties. Eugenol is also known for its local anaesthetic
leading to their destruction.[10] effects and can be used topically for toothaches and oral
I. Antibacterial activity: clove has been found to pain.
exhibit antibacterial activity against a wide range of
bacteria, including both gram-positive and gram- B) caryophyllene: caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene
negative strains. It can inhibit the growth of bacteria compound found in cloves and other plants. It has anti-
such as escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, inflammatory properties and acts as a selective agonist of
staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus mutans, cannabinoid receptor type 2 (cb2), which is involved in
among others. modulating the immune response and reducing
inflammation.
Ii. Antifungal activity: clove also demonstrates
antifungal properties. It has been shown to be effective C) acetyl eugenol: acetyl eugenol is a derivative of
against various fungal strains, including candida eugenol found in cloves. It exhibits antioxidant and anti-
species, aspergillus species, and dermatophytes. inflammatory properties. It has been studied for its
potential protective effects against oxidative stress and
Iii. Antiviral activity: studies have indicated that clove inflammation-related conditions.
possesses antiviral properties. It has shown activity
against certain viruses, including herpes simplex virus D) beta-caryophyllene: beta-caryophyllene is a bicyclic
(hsv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). sesquiterpene found in cloves. It is known for its anti-
Cinnamon as an antimicrobial agent: inflammatory and analgesic properties. Beta-
Cinnamon is a spice derived from the inner bark of caryophyllene selectively activates the cb2 receptor and
trees from the cinnamomum genus. It has been widely exhibits potential therapeutic effects in various
used for culinary and medicinal purposes, and it also inflammatory conditions.
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E) acetyl eugenol: acetyl eugenol is a derivative of Molecular wt. 381.4 g/mol; chemical formula: na2b4o7-
eugenol found in cloves. It exhibits antioxidant and 10h2o
anti-inflammatory properties. It has been studied for its Definition: borax contains not less than 99.0% and not
potential protective effects against oxidative stress and more than the equivalent of 103.0% of disodium
inflammation-related conditions. tetraborate decahydrate.
Description: a white, crystalline powder, colourless
F) beta-caryophyllene: beta-caryophyllene is a crystal or crystalline masses, efflorescent, soluble in
bicyclic sesquiterpene found in cloves. It is known for water, very soluble in boiling water, freely soluble in
its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Beta- glycerol.
caryophyllene selectively activates the cb2 receptor and Formulation and preparation:
exhibits potential therapeutic effects in various Collection of crude drug and essential oil:
inflammatory conditions. The dried clove buds were collected from local market of
Identification test beed, maharashtra, india. And its extract used for the
Appearance: clear, yellow liquid, which becomes formulation.
brown when exposed to air. Solubility: miscible with The cinnamon bark powder was collected from local
methylene chloride with toluene and with fatty oils. market of beed, maharashtra, india. And its extract used
Chemical test: for the formulation.
I) a drop of clove oil is dissolved in 5ml alcohol and a All the necessary ingredients or chemicals was collected
drop of ferric chloride solution is added; due to the from pharmaceutics lab of kishori college of pharmacy
phenolic oh group of eugenols, a blue colour is seen. beed.
Active constituents and their pharmacological Extraction of essential oil:
activities: I) extraction of clove oil: -
A) cinnamaldehyde: this is the main active compound
responsible for the characteristic flavour and aroma of 100 gm of dried clove sample is taken into 500 ml
cinnamon. It possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, volumetric flask with 400 ml water and subjected to
and antimicrobial properties. hydro-distillation for 4–6 hours. Subsequently, the
volatile distillate is collected and saturated with sodium
B) eugenol: found in varying amounts in different types chloride following the addition of petroleum ether. Later,
of cinnamon, eugenol contributes to the spicy and sweet hydro and ether layers are separated and dehydrated by
aroma of the spice. It also has antioxidant and using anhydrous sodium sulphate.
antimicrobial properties. Ii) extraction of cinnamon oil: -
100 gm of cinnamon powder was taken into 500 ml
C) coumarin: this compound is present in higher volumetric flask with 300 ml and subjected to hydro-
amounts in cassia cinnamon (cinnamomum cassia) distillation for 4–6 hours. The recovered mixture was
compared to ceylon cinnamon (cinnamomum verum or allowed to settle and the oil was withdrawn. After the
cinnamomum zeylanicum). Coumarin is responsible for hydro distillation process, the product was collected and
the sweet aroma of cinnamon but may have adverse separated using separatory funnel by adding diethyl
effects in high doses. ether. The essential oils in diethyl ethyl layer of the
separatory funnel were separated several times until no
D) cinnamic acid: cinnamon contains cinnamic acid oil was left in the separatory funnel. Dry and distil to
and its derivatives, such as caffeic acid and ferulic acid. obtain the oil.
These compounds possess antioxidant properties and Procedure:
contribute to the overall health benefits associated with 1. All the ingredients of phase a and phase b were taken
cinnamon consumption. in separate porcelain dishes.
E) procyanidins: cinnamon contains oligomeric 2. Bees wax of oil phase (phase a) are taken first for
procyanidins, which are a type of flavonoid compound melting and then liquid paraffin will be added in order of
with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. increasing melting point and heat oil phase up to 75°c in
These compounds may contribute to the potential health a porcelain dish on water bath.
benefits of cinnamon.
In addition to these major constituents, cinnamon also 3. Ingredients of aqueous phase (phase b) are mixed in
contains trace amounts of essential oils, vitamins, predetermined proportion and heated
minerals, and other beneficial compounds.
Paraffin oil: 4. To the same temperature as of oil phase (75°c.)
White mineral oil; liquid petrolatum
Liquid paraffin is a purified mixture of liquid
hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum to which not 5. At 75°c, add aqueous phase in oil phase slowly.
more than 10ppm tocopherol or of butylated
hydroxytoluene may be added. 6. All the ingredients are mixed with continuous stirring
Category: laxative; lubricant. until a smooth and stable emulsion is formed.
Description: a transparent, colourless, oily liquid, free
from fluorescence by daylight; odourless or almost 7. Then the cream was allowed to cool down to the room
odourless. 5. Borax: temperature and transferred to suitable container. Since,
Borax or sodium borate. formulation trial ii (c-1) gave a satisfactory product as a
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© 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | [Link]
cream base; it was selected as a suitable cream base for Pdf), department of biomedical engineering, eindhoven
incorporation of clove oil and cinnamon oil. university of technology.
8. Two different concentrations of both oils (i.e., 0.5% 2. Honari, g. (2017). Skin structure and function. In
and 1%) were incorporated in cream base to formulate sensitive skin syndrome (pp. 16-22).
two formulations of antimicrobial cream (f1, f2)
respectively. Crc press.
Test for antimicrobial activity: 3. Benson, h. A. (2012). Skin structure, function, and
(1) preparation of nutrient agar plates: nutrient agar permeation. Topical and transdermal drug delivery:
medium was prepared according to the manufacturer’s principles and practice, 1-22.
instructions and autoclaved for 20 minutes at 20 psi.
After autoclaving, the agar medium was cooled to 40– 4. Esther boelsma and others, nutritional skin care: health
45°c in a water bath. 60 ml of the cooled agar medium effects of micronutrients and fatty acids, the american
was poured onto the petri dish. journal of clinical nutrition, volume 73, issue 5, may
2001, pages 853– 864,
(2) preparation of inoculum: soil is source of various [Link]
types of microorganisms. A standard stock solution of
0.5mg/ml is prepared in distilled water. From this stock, 5. Katarina chiller, bryan a. Selkin, george j. Murakawa,
five dilutions of standard are prepared. The median skin microflora and bacterial infections of the skin,
concentration is prepared as per the specification in the journal of investigative dermatology symposium
monograph. proceedings, volume6, issue 3,2001, pages 170-174, issn
1087-0024,
(3) inoculation of the nutrient agar plate: to inoculate [Link]
the nutrient agar plates, the suspension of bacterial [Link]/science/arti
inoculum is poured into surface of agar plates. The cle/pii/s0022202x15529011).
plate was rotated approximately 60 degrees to ensure
even distribution of the inoculum. 6. Aly r. Microbial infections of skin and nails. In:
Result and discussion: medical microbiology. 4th edition.
The antimicrobial cream was observed by changes in University of texas medical branch at galveston,
parameters like colour, odour, ph, viscosity and particle galveston (tx); 1996. Available from
size under normal conditions and antimicrobial cream [Link] pmid:
was found to be substantially stable. The prepared 21413322.
creams (f1 and f2) were found to be homogeneous and 7. Hay r. J. (1992). Fungal skin infections. Archives of
in good appearance and consistency. The ph values of disease in childhood, 67(9), 1065– 1067.
both the formulations were in the close range of (6-7). Https://[Link]/10.1136/adc.67.9.1065.
The formulation was slightly irritating to skin due to the
spicy nature of clove and cinnamon. The spreadability
of formulation (f1 and f2) indicates that the cream
formulation is easy to apply. The formulation (f1 and
f2) was found to be more consistent.
Conclusion:
In india there are many medicinal plants which are used
from ancient times for skin care. Natural preparation is
more acceptable in recent trends which are mostly
recommended as having less or no side effect. The idea
to be submerging this formulation was its antimicrobial
property.
Clove oil and cinnamon oil are both known for their
antimicrobial properties. They contain bioactive
compounds such as eugenol in clove oil and
cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon oil, which have been
shown to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral
activities. These compounds can inhibit the growth and
proliferation of various microorganisms, including
bacteria and fungi. The cream shows its effect against
certain skin infections, wounds, or other dermatological
conditions caused by microorganisms. The
antimicrobial properties of the essential oils might help
in reducing the microbial load and promoting healing.
References:
1. Hendriks, f. M., brokken, d., oomens, c. W. J.,
baaijens, f. P. T., & horsten, j. B. A. M. (2000).
Mechanical properties of different layers of human
skin. Internal poster ([Link] Bmt. Tue. Nl/pdfs/249.
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