Cryptography deals with protection and

preservation of information in all its forms.

In cryptography field, encryption gets the

Early Applications and most attention for manipulating and
Examples protecting information

deals with unlocking or uncovering the

cryptanalysis secrets that others try so hard to hide
or obscure

‫اللي جي ده حصة تاريخ فمعلش استحمل شويه‬

The intricate patterns and glyphs used in

Egyptian hieroglyphics
‫الرموز المعقده المستخدمه في الهيلغروفيه المصريه‬

The ancient Egyptians were probably using

the system not so much to withhold secrets
but because they wanted a special writing
system to commune with their gods and
eternity.
‫لم يكونوا يستخدموه لحفظ األسرار بقدر ما كانوا يستخدموه في‬
‫التواصل مع الهتهم‬

It is believed that only members of the royal

family and the religious orders could fully
understand how to read and write the system
History of Cryptography and comprehend it fully.

the writing system became more complex;

eventually the public and those who could
write the language either passed away or
turned their interests to other endeavors, and
the ability to decipher the symbols was lost
for a time.
‫نظام الكتابه كان معقد فاللي كانوا بيعرفوا يكتبوا يا إما ماتوا أو‬
‫حولوا اهتمامتهم لشيء اخر‬

The Rosetta stone ‫ حجر رشيد‬was the key that

allowed modern civilization to
understand a language that was
nearly lost

it took over 20 years of concerted effort to

reveal the language to the world once again.

One of the most widely used applications of

cryptography is in the safeguarding of
communications between two parties
wanting to share information.
‫من أهم الحاجات اللي بنستخدم فيها التشفير هي إننا نحافظ علي‬
‫التواصل بين طرفيين عشان يكون امن ومحدش يطلع علي الرسائل‬

In today’s world, not only must information

be kept secret, but provisions to detect
unwelcome or unwanted modifications are
Tracing the Evolution just as important.
‫في العصر الحالي مش بهتم بس بعدم قدرة طرف تاني علي قرايتها‬
‫بل برده باهتم بانه ميقدرش يعدلها‬

Is the body of knowledge relating to

in the first few generations of its existence,
cryptography concerned only with
the answer was yes, but that has changed
protecting information?
‫لو بنتكلم في األول فاالجابة اه لكن دلوقتي الموضوع اتغير‬
‫هل المعرفه بالتشفير مهتمه بس بالحمايه بتاعت البيانات؟‬

It is the primary goal that encryption seeks

to achieve.

Confidentiality Encryption is done to keep secret

information from disclosure, away from
prying eyes.
‫الغرض األساسي للتشفيرأصال هو أن المعلومات تبقي بعيده عن‬
‫أعين المتطفلين‬

Cryptography can detect changes in

Integrity information and thus prove its integrity or
original unmodified state.

Cryptography allows a person, object,

or party to be identified with a high
degree
Goals cryptography nowadays of confidence.
Authentication
seek to achieve Authentication is an essential component of
a secure system because it allows
software and other things to be positively
identified.

The ability to provide positive identification

of the source or originator of an
Nonrepudiation - ‫عدم التنصل‬ event is an important part of security
‫باختصار بيخليني أقدر أعرف مين عمل ايه عشان بعدين ميقدرش‬
‫يتنصل ويقول إنه معملش‬

One of the most valuable components of a

cryptosystem is the key, which is the
Key Distribution specific secret combination or code used
in a cryptographic function.

Plain text is the original message.

Plain Text/Clear Text it is the usable information.

It has not been altered

Cipher text is the opposite of plain text

it is a message or other data that has

Cipher Text been
transformed into a different format using a
mechanism known as an algorithm.
It is also something that can be reversed
using an algorithm and a key
‫بمعني إني لو معايا األلجوريزم والمفتاح أقدر أرجعها تاني ل‬

Cryptography How Does It Work?

plain text

transform clear text into cipher text.

Algorithms a formula that includes discrete steps that

describe how the encryption and decryption
process is to be performed in a given
instance.

A key is a discrete piece of information,

usually random in nature, that determines
the result or output of a given cryptographic
operation.

Keys It can be thought of in the same way a key in

the physical world is, as a special item used
to open or unlock something—in this case, a
piece of information.
‫هو شبه المفتاح في العالم الحقيقي زي ما األول بيستخدم في فتح‬
‫حاجه معينه ده هو الطريقه لفهم جزء من المعلومات عن طريق‬
‫ تحويله مع األلجوريزم من‬cipher text to plain text

The Same key is used for both encryption

and decryption and must be kept secret

Preserving confidentiality

Increased speed over many non-

symmetric systems
symmetric algorithms are great at all of the
symmetric
following (advatages):
Ensuring simplicity (relatively speaking,
of course)

Providing authenticity

Key management issues

Symmetric algorithms have drawbacks in
these areas:
Lack of nonrepudiation features
‫عدم وجود ميزات عدم التنصل‬

The concept of public key cryptography

was intended to overcome the key
management problems inherent in
symmetric systems.
Types of cryptography
In this system, each user who is enrolled
receives a pair of keys called the public
key and the private key.

Each person’s public key is published,

whereas the private key is kept secret.
How it works
By creating the keys this way, the need
for a shared symmetric key is eliminated.

This option also secures the

communication against eavesdropping
‫ التنصت‬or betrayal.‫الخيانة‬
asymmetric (aka public-key cryptography)
this system of generating keys provides
a means of nonrepudiation that is not
possible with symmetric systems.

Since anything encrypted with the

private key can be reversed only with the
corresponding public key and only one
Digital Signature person holds the private key, then the
identity of the encrypting party can be
assured

Hashing can be considered a type of one-

way encryption.

it is a process that creates a scrambled

output that cannot be reversed.

The process outputs is a hash value, or

message digest. (ex: Passwords storage)

Designed to be a one-way process, hashing

is commonly used to validate the integrity of
information.
‫بيحافظ علي البيانات بإنها ال يتم تعديلها أو التالعب بيها‬
hashing ‫ شخص عمل ملف كاتب فيه حاجات وعمله‬: ‫مثال‬
‫عشان اللي استلم الملف يتأكد إن الملف ما اتعدلش المفروض‬
Understanding Hashing ‫ يتبعتله مع الملف ال‬hashing function and hashing
value
Hashing function ‫هو المفروض يطبق ال‬
‫ لو طلعتله نفس ال‬Hashing value
‫اللي مبعوته ده معناها الملف لم يتم التعديل عليه وكده يبقي تمام لو‬
‫طلعت حاجه مغايره هيبقي معناها إن في حد لعب في الملف‬

A hash function generates a fixed-length

value that is always the same length no
matter how large or small the data entering
the process or algorithm is.

The fixed-length value is unique for every

different input that enters the process. It is
because of this unique property and its
behavior that hashes are used to detect the
changes that can happen
in data of any type.

Cryptographic systems are all vulnerable to

what is known as a brute-force attack.

In brute-force attack, every possible

combination of characters is tried in an
attempt to uncover a valid key.

‫ باختصار المشكله إن كل التكنيكات دي متقدرش توقف ال‬btute-

Issues with Cryptography force attack