The concept of Exclusion

1. Exclusion

-Desceibe a sate which individuals are unable to participatefully in economic,political,social and cultural.

=> Consists of dynamic,complex,multi-dimensional process driven by unequal power relashinships

interacting across four main dimensions(economic,social,political,cultural)at different levels including
individuals,family,group community,country global levels.

[Link] envolves or symptoms

-Lack of denail of resources,rights,good,services

-Inability or unequal participation

-Unequal access

-Combination of linked problems(unemployment poor housing,high creame,poor health and family-

break down

-Denail of opportunities

[Link] for Exclusion

[Link] nature [Link] startification [Link] [Link] [Link](human capital,land and

machinery)

=>Nature of social structure

->Institution and interactions(family,religion,edication,economy politics)-health -psychological

[Link] of exclusion

[Link]:-stability,peace,unity,effective

[Link]:-less no of participation -marginazation -unemployment -inequality -under achievement -less

quality -unimprovement

[Link] of exclusion
-Economic - Background - social - political - psychological - cultural - environmental

[Link] of exclusion

-Age - sex/gender - disability - race/ethnicity - orgin - economic - other status - discrimination - lack of
shared exprience which is membership and relationship

Chapter One

The concept of Inclusion

[Link] of Inclusion

-> Ongoing process to provide quality education and services.

-> It is a process to address or responed for=all persones and respecting diversity- needs - abilities -
behavior - expectations(ግምት)

-> it is a response and strategy for exclusion

-> It consists-enactment(medengeg) - acknowledgement(ewukina mestet) - Accomodation(wuto meyaz

or acceptance ) - treatment(sine libona mirmera) - rehabilitation(magegemiya) - education - creating
awareness - participation - consultation(mikikir) - identification,reduction, or removal of barriers.

[Link] concepts(Components) of inclusion

=> as per the functional defination of inclusion,it has the following components

[Link] about learners

- It considers education as a fundamental human rights for every one

-Learning is a life time

-Everyone can learn fromvthe society,exprience and environment.

[Link] about the education system and schools

-It considers broader than formal schooling

-It is flexible ,responsive system

-Creates enabling and welcoming environments

-Promots school improvement

-Involves pervasive approach and collaboration

[Link] about diversity and discrimination

-Provides combating measures

-Enabling responding diversities

-Helps to prepare for inclusive envirinment and cilture

[Link] about process to promote inclusion

-Create real participation,collaboration and partnership

-Helps to identify qnd over coming barriers

-Promotes participatory methodologies and researches

[Link] about resources

-Promotes unlocking,full utilization and redistribution

-Helps to perceive people as key resources

-Helps to use appropriate resources and support

[Link] of inclusion

[Link] is a process

[Link] with identification and removal of barriers

[Link] presence ,participation and achievement of all

[Link] greate emphasize on those who may be at risks of marginalization,exclusion,under achievement.

[Link] for inclusion

[Link] rationale
-Efficient utilization of educational resources

-To have a better accadamic,social and psychological inclusive setting.

To decrease dropout and repetitions to boost teachers competency knowledge,skills,collaborations

andvsatisfactions

[Link] rationale

- To reduce fear

-To build friendship,respect and understanding

[Link] rationale

- to promote,fulfil,respect and promote human rights([Link] right to education,participation,.)

No legitimate reason to discriminate and exclude.

[Link] rationale

-For economic benefits

-Inclusion is cost effective than independent special schools accross the country

-For better employment

[Link] inclusive society

-Formulate mutual understanding of inclusive

-To appropriate diversity

- Building up empathy,tolerance and cooperation

-Promotion of sustainable development

[Link] force/factors for development of inclusion

5.1. Communities

5.2. Activist and advocates

5.3. The quality education and school improvement movement

5.4. Special education needs movement

5.5. Involvement of:-

-Internationl agencies

-NGOs

-Networks

-Compaigns

6. Benefities of Inclusion

6.1. For students with special needs

#. Observe and imitate socially acceptable behavior

#.Improve friendship,social skills,initiation interactions,relashinships and networks

#.Improve skills and acadamic achievement

6.2. For persons without special needs.

#. Have avariety of opportunities for interaction.

#. Learn about uniqueness,tolerance,individual differences and human exceptionality

#.Learn about a positive characterstics and ablity of special needs

#.Learn about many human services profissions

#.Learn to appreciate,accept,respect and understand diversity

#.Learn to communicate,help and support

6.3. For teachers

#.Have more opportunities to learn new ways,ideas and to exchange information

#.Develop new knowledge,skill and attitude

#.Exprience a greater satisfaction

#.Learn to encourage,teamwork and to be creative

6.4. For family

-Learn more about children and inclusion

-Feel a greater sense of salued,accomplishment,equal partners in providing quality education to

children.

-Learn how to deal with children and techniques

-Learn to interact and provide solution

6.5. For society

-Creates equality

-Good sociatal transformations,social skills,interaction

-Creates opportunity for every one to participate on social matters

-Avoid discrimination and marginalization

7. Ultimate goals of inclusion

-Craete inclusive society and quality education.

-Understanding differences and diversities

-Prevalance of participation

-Avoiding a negative aspect of exclusion

[Link] of inclusive environment

-Participation

-Provision of equal,fair,equitable services and resources

-Ensuring respect and diginity of individuals

-Proviaion of willingful accomodations

-Equal access

-Justice

-Quality

[Link] environment

-The place where individual needs differences,diversity and interests are not a problem or
acknowledged

-Where inclusive culture is practiced

[Link] inclusive Environment characterstics as:

-responsive to individual and diverse needs

-Allow participation

-Promote social activities

-Involve mobilizing resources

-Serve all individuals without distiniction

-Utilize multi- skilled personnel

-Create links on different profissionals and stakeholders

-Develop,social skills

11. Barriers to inclusion

-Hindrance/obstackle

[Link]

¡.Attitudial

-Sociatal barriers-stigmal
¡¡.Physical

-Environmental

-Lack of stair

¡¡¡.Policy

-Systematic

[Link] types

-Sociatal values and beliefs

-Economic factors-poverity

-Lack of taking appropriate measures to ensure conformity of implementation of inclusion

-Lack of stakeholders responsibility

-Lack of skills and knowledge (among teachers)

-Conservative traditions

-Rigid curriculum,teaching methods and examination system

-Fragile dwmocratic institutions

-Inadquate to and inaccessible resources

-Globilization,free market

- Lack of profissionals

-Policy,strategy and ideology problems

Chapter Two

Understanding disablities and vulnurabiltiy

[Link] terminologies
[Link]

-The problem with a structure/organ of the body.

-Lack or loss/abnormality of anatomic/physiological or psychological structure/

function.

-The absence of a particular body part/organ

-The condition in which the body exists but doesn't function.(medical issue)

1.2. Disability

- A functional limitations due to physical,intellectual or psychological problems.

-Hinderance and impediment due to impairment

-Limitation with regard to a particular activity

-Non-medical issue.

1.3. Vulnerability

- A condition at risk of being harmed.

[Link] concept of disability

[Link] concept

-Has two models

[Link] Models

#.Functional limitations due to

-Physical

-Intellectual

-Pyschic impairment

- Disorder

-Health problems

#.It considers people as individual objects to be treated,changed,improved and

normal

[Link] disability as it is a highly varied and complex condition with a range of

implications for social identity and behavior.

#.Depend on the context and a consequence of discrimination,prejudice and

exclusion.

#.Emphasize on the short coming in the environment an in many organized

activities(such as information,communication and education)which prevent
persons with disability(PWD) for participating on equal terms.

[Link] of the models

[Link]

-Child/disability is faulty

-Diagnosis and labeling

-Impairment is focus of attention

-Segregation and alternative services

-Re-entry if normal enough or permanent exclusion

-Society remains unchanged

3.2. Social Models

-Child/disability is valued

-Strength and needs identified

-Barriers identified and solutions developed

-Resources made available

-Diversity wellcomed

-Society evolves

[Link] for disability

[Link]

[Link]-poverty,malnutrition,inaccessibly of physical environments

[Link] causes

[Link] Types of disabilities

2.4.1. Impairment

[Link]. Visual

Classified as Blindness and low vision

[Link]
-Total or partial limitation to sde because of disease or disorder of the eye,optic
nerve or brain.

-Vision loss that is not correctable with eyeglass/contact lense

-Not to mean a total absence of sight.

[Link] - vision

-Moderate vision impairment

[Link] Hearing

-a continuum of hearing loss from mild to profound

=>Sub classiefied as

[Link] of hearing

- Can hear with help of hearing aid

-Fluctuating

[Link]

-Have difficulty of understanding speech,even with hearing aids

-Use sign languages

[Link]. Speech and language impairment

->Communication disorder

->Classified as -Speech impairment and language impairment

=>Adversely affects the ability to - talk -understand - read - write

[Link] impairment

- three Type

1. Articulation disorder(Yemels chigir tikiklegna melis alememeles)

-Errors in the productions of speech sounds(due to physiological limitations)

- >basic types

-Omissions(bo for boat)

-Substitutions(wabbit for rabbit)

-Distortions(shlip for sip)

2. Fluency disorders

- Difficulties with the rhythem/timing speech charavterized by

hesitations,repititions,words,or phrases.

=>Common types

[Link]

-Rapid fire repetations of consonant/vowel aounds

-At the begining of words prolongatmis,hesitations

-Interjections

B. Cluttering
-Excessively fast and jerky speech.

3. Voice disorders

-Problems with quality/use of one's voice

- Abnormal production or absence of local quality,loudness

[Link] imlairments.

[Link] disorders(phonetics)

-Abnormal organization of the phonological system/ a significant deficit in speech

pdn.

[Link] disorders(form)

-Morphological inflections(noun,verb,adjective)

[Link] disorder(meaning)

-Poor vocabulary development

-Inappropraite use of word meaning

[Link] disorder(rules)

-Difficulty in acquiring the rules that govern word order(grammer svo)

[Link] disorder(use)

-Problems in understanding and using language in different social context

-Lack of understanding the rule of eye contact,respecting personal

space,requesting information,introducing topics
2.5.2. Specific learning disability(SLD)

-Disorder in one/ more of psychological processes

-imperfect ability to listen,think,speak,read,write,spell and to do maths

=Types of SLD

[Link] procesding disorder(APD)

-Does not recognize subtle diferences between sounds in words

[Link]

-Inability to understand number and maths

[Link]

-Handwriting problem

[Link]

-Reading problem

E. Visual perception

-Problems in the understanding of information that a person sees,ability to

draw/copy

2.5.3. Autism

A nuero development disorder/a developmental disability significantly affecting

verbal/non verbal communications and social interaction.

2.5.4. Emotional and behavioral disorders

=Characterstics

1. Inability to learn that can not be explained intellectually

2. Inability to build and maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships

3. Inappropraite types of behavior/feelings under normal circumstances.

4. A general pervasive mood of unhappiness/depression

[Link] associated with personal problems

=Classifications(specific)

[Link] disorder

-Seek attention,disruptive and act out

B. Socialized aggression

-Openly disrespectful

C. Attention problems

- Attention deficit,easily destrixtible and poor concentration

[Link]/withdrawn

-Low self easteem and withdrawn from immediate activities

[Link] behavior

=Hallucinate,deal in fantansy

F. Motor- excess
-Can not sit nor stand,nor keep their attention.

= broad classification

[Link] behavior

-Dis obedience,disruptive,fighting,irresponsible,jeolous,anger and seek attention

2. Internalizing behavior

-Anxiety,ommaturity,shyness social withdraw,inferiority

=Causes

A. Biological

- Genetic disorders,brain damages malnutration

[Link]

-Family interaction,family influence,child abuse,neglect,poor disceplinary practice

at home.

[Link]

-Cultural negative practices

[Link]

-Peer presure,living in improvished areas,schooling practices that are

unresponsive to individual needs.

2.5.5. Intellectual Disability

Limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

=>criteria

A. Sub- Average capacity of learning,reasoning,problem solving(IQ 70-75)

B. Significant limitations exist in two/more adaptive skill areas(conceptual

skills,social skills and practical skills)

=Effected by

 General cognition
 Learning and memory
 Attention
 Adaptive
 Speech and language
 Motivation
 Acadamic achievement
 Physical characrerstics

2.5.6 Physical disability

=Classification- mild- moderate -Severe

[Link](v)

 Being at risk/harming
 Causes for impairment and disability

2.1 Dimensions

=>Economic difficulties and lack of financial resources

=> Social exclusion

- Lack of social support from social network

=> Stigmatiztion

=> Health difficulties

2.2. Causes

 rapid population growth

 Poverity and hunger
 Poor health
 Low levels of education
 Gender inquality
 Fragile and hazardous location
 Lack of access to resources and services
 Disintigration of social patterns

2.3 Characteratics of vulnerability people

 Less physical and mental capabilities

 Fewer material and financial resources
 Less knowledge and exprience
 Restriction on growth and development according to needs and potentials

2.4 People who are helped by others,are still vulnerable people,which includes

 Women
 Children
 Minorities
 Poverty
  Disability
 Age
 Sickness
 Gifted and talentedness

Chapter Three

Identification and differentiated services

1. Impact of disability on daily life

A. Factors related to the person

 The nature of disability

 individuals personality
 The meaning of disability to the individual
 Individuals current life situations
 Individuals support system

B. Economic factors

-Financial situations

C. Political factors

D. Psychological factors

 Social cognitive processes

 Self efficiency
 Psychological control
 Coping patterns /mechaniams
  Personality disposition

E. Family

F. Needs of persones

F.1 Economic needs

-Pursuant to maslow,there are 5 categories of needs

1. Physiological needs

- Food,water,shelter,rest

2. Saftey needs

- Security,saftey

=> Both are considered as basic needs

3. Belongingness and love needs

-Initimate,relashinships,friends

[Link] needs

-Prestige and feeling accomplishment

=>Both are considered as psychological needs

5. self actualization

- Achieving ones full potential

=>Considered as self fulfilment needs

F.2 basic needs of personal with disabilities

 Full access to the environment

 Accessible transport and system
 Tevhnical aids,and equipment
 Accessible housing
 Personal assistance and support
 Inclusive education and training
 Adequate income
 Equal Opportunities for employment
 appropriate and accessible information

F.3 Social needs

 Gender
 Identity
 Belongingness

Note:we have to take into acount the issue of intersactionality

G. health care needs

=Vulnerable to

 secondary condition
 Co-mobrid condition
 Age-relate condition
 Engage in health risk behaviors

=> Barries to health care needs

  Prohibitive cost
 Limited availiability of services
 Physical barries
 Inadequate skills and knowledge of health workers

=>Addressing for inclusive barries

 Policy and legislation

 Fanancing
 Service delivery
 Human resources

H. Environmental needs

 External factors that enables/disables PWD

 Physical / social environment

->Physical environment need attributed by

 object availability
 Accessibility

>Types

- Natural and human made environment

-We can create a welcoming include environment via modifying the environment

-Examples of modified environment

>Mobility aids
>Communication aids

>Accessiblevstructural elements

>job accomodation

>Differential use of personnel

=Enabling/disabiling factors

-Culture - psychological - political - economic

=Inclusive Intervention or rehabilitation service

-Addressing needs

-Strategies

= Approaches

A. One size fits all

B. Twin track

-Track 1>Mainstreaming disability as a cross cutting isue

- Track 2> supporting the specific needs of vulnerable groups of disability

=Strategies

1. Preventive

-Prior attention to factors

=Types
[Link] prevention

-Actions to avoid/ remove causes

[Link] prevention

-Actions at an early stages

C. Tertairy prevention

-Rehabilitation

-> Actions to reduce the impact of an already established

[Link] Based

3. Goal Based

4. Community based

5. Rehabilitation

6. Assertive technology

7. Employment

* Barries

 Attitude and discrimination

 Accessibility
 Education and training
 Social networks
 Legal barriers
 Inflexible work arrabgement
8. Anti-discrimination legislation

9. Vocational education and training

10. Wage subsidies

Chapter 4

promoting Inclusive culture

Meaning

A. Inclusion

- A sense of belonginess, connection and community

B. Culture

-The ideas,customs and social behavior of a particular society or person

C. Inclusive culture(IC)

-Involves the full and successful integration of diverse people

2. Core values of inclusive culture

A. Representation

[Link]/respect

C. Fairness

3. Dimenssions/elements of IC

A. niversal design
-Constructions of structures space services,communications and resources

*Building accessible workplaces

*Flexible schedule and work options

[Link] Training and advancement oplortunities

[Link]

[Link] outreach and hiring practice

B. Target recruitment

b.2. Training

b.3. Advancement of opportunities

[Link] place acvomodation and accessiblity:policy and practice

* To reduce

- Procedural justuce

-Interactional justice

* Outcomes(specific positive)

-Reduced expenses relating to low employee taken over

-Increased wirker commitment and identification with organizational success

* Improved

 Productivity
  Employee health and well talking
 Coopration and collaborating

* Increased work performance

*Inclusive organizations benefits

=Higher

 job satisfaction
 Productivity
 employee morale
 Lower turn- over

> Improved

 Creativuty
 Innovation
 Problem solving

>Increased organizational flexibility

4. Building inclusive community

->Under inclusive community

 Respect all its citizens

 Gives full access to resources
 Promots equal treatement and opportunities
 Eliminate all forms of discrimination
 Engage all its citizens in decision making
  Values diversity
 Respond quickly

=> Inclusive workplace/organization

 Appropriately connect with employees

 Interact with different people
 Create employee resource groups
 Place importance on inclusion
 Hold better meeting
 Invest in diversity trainings

Why Building inclusive community?

 to eliminate exclusion
 People have the right to participate
 Diversity enriches our lives.

*Motivation of the community is vital because

It affects

 Types and sequences of stratiegies selected

 Resource available
 Amount of support and obstraction
 Expected outcomes

* Characterstics of inclusive community

1. Integrative and coopratives

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link] and sensitive

[Link]

[Link]

*Means to establish inclusive culture

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link] admit mistakes

* How to establish inclusive culture?

A. Considering what we want to achieve and what the benefits will be

[Link] an inclusion review of your work place

[Link] where works is needed and create an action plan

 Actively involve all

 Build a culture of inclusion and respect
[Link] the plan with staff and put the plan into action

 Staff survey
 FGD
 Engagement with employee networks

[Link] monitor and evaluate the plans impact and use.

*.What we found to plan the future action

10 Characterstics of inclusive organizations

[Link] diversity and inclusion as away of life

[Link] performance on the basis of observable and measurable behaivors

and comoetences

3. Operates under transparent policies and procedures

[Link]

[Link] and maintains a learning cultures

[Link] comprehensive and easily accessible system of conflict resolution at all

levels

[Link] to serve the community

[Link] its missions and core values

[Link] earned privillages than unearned privillage

10. Accepts and embraces changes

*7 Pillars of inclusion

[Link] [Link] C. Choice D. Policy [Link] [Link] G.

Opportunity

*Inclusive values are

 Appreciating diversity
 Equality and equity
 Cooprativeness
 Participation
 Community
 Sustainability

*Indegenous inclusion features

 Core competencies are embeded into the irganizational culture

 Sharing irganizational exprience and achievements
 Human rights and responsibilities are promoted and respected
 Comprehensive indegenious procuirment,recuirment is corporate social
responsibility

Indegenous people are employed and retained in all areas

Chapter five
Inclusive for peace, democracy and development

Peace:-creating mutual understanding and positive relationship between

individual groups
*Sources of conflict

 Conflict any disagreement or incompatibility of needs interest,ideas and

goals.
 Spiratual - family -individual - histotical - national/ international

=> Peace requires

 Fastering inclusion
 Ensuring accesa to justice
 Strengthening social values and resilence
 Good gevernance and humanities

* Democracy

- The rule of the people,by the people,for the people

*Democratic Values for inclusion

 diversity
 Equality
 Representation,participation and accountability
 Fair and equitable resource distribution
 Rule of law
 Fundamental humanity
 Minorities right

*Develooment

-It is a positive growth/change in economical,social,political aspect of a country

*Inclustion for development

 Support people to learn productivitive,successive live independently

 Creates participation
 Values diversity and unique contribution
 respect diverse needs,Culture and values,demand and ideas

* Diversity

 Age and generation differences

 Ethinicity
 Gender and gender identity
 Disability and ability
 Religions and apiratual belifies
 Socio economical status and background
 Cultural diversity
 Increased/ improved

>Productivity,creativity,profits,and emoloyees engagement and turn over

->Company reputation

-> Wider range of skills

->Cultural insights

-> Performance

-> Reduced fear