I

.l

ii
l. I T, .I

Syllab.~s. ,,. . •- .. . u:11 l ·. ·

~CAITE~G MATRIX: Scatter_mg ~atrix ;~operties, Pvectiorutl Couplers - 2 Hole,-~P.1e Hole,· [~] .mat:rbc of
Magic T~ ~d ~ e r . . · · .. ·,
· , -_ , , · · - .t . ~n... ~:• il" ~ 1.... ,1 ' l· •.:.:. .
1
~ _,,. , ... .

• ' · ' "" . • I \ I ,

1
, • , t; f11 ! " i ' . • ,) \ . ., ,• • • , •.. .
MICROWAVE ME_AS~s: J?esqip~~n of Microwav~·~ndt:_ Oifferent:Blocks and their Features; Errors
and Pr~autionsf Measurement of {',ttenuation, Frequency, St~ding W:a~;~~~ urements, ,measurement of Low '
. I

. I I • • ' , .,, .. .
.1, I
and 1¥gh VSWR, Cavity~-lmpedan~e Measurements. . . , .
•1
• ,· t.
: 1,1
Ii

I' \ ''~ ... __.... ., 1,_, ,(' 1 \ 11 ,',' ., I

~I

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
. ,tit).~.''
I'
.,
Cr Con_cep~ of s~~tt~f!ng 'r'atri~.~nd; i~,~[o_perties._· ,.,:
' ..
, .. 'i i I •·,., l

O' . Basic Idea and lyp~s 'o f'tHrectional c~\Jplers: · , , ,, 1 'II'., t

, .. : , • .. . ·, . • •. .-·, , . ,' . .. ,, '.- l : .. • 1
r:;7 Cqnstruction and workil"!g.,~ f -~o holft. cUutc;tlonal c~ypl~r Q!"d B~the hole ·type dlrectl_onal coupler. ·' •· "
r • r• J • : J ,•: • ··:· , _; : • ' . '· • . • ' '. ·, ' •

r::::r- s;;rric!i°trlx
•
of ~ario~iw~v~gJlc;fe' bQmp~~~rits such as dlq!t_f:fic?"!'ilt c~uple,r,, E-pl~ne tee, .t-1~9.lane teF,.m~gic; t~e, .gyrC?,tO_r,·
. i .... ' • • •' . :_~ . •:., } • ' ,
I
I

isolator and circulbtor. · - •.. 1 • _ .. I

., ') .... t" ·,-1':c.:· .J.1..1f•·· ·- . s:t•'•· ,1
1
. • _: , . .- ( .. , · .. ... . ,, .
.I
r'""'=>. . D · • ··1 - f' • ro~aue,"-~h se•ue j:w;tt,;explanatlon of its va~iOU$ blocks .a itd its features. · I
l '
',.J · escript ~I'! o, m1c ,... . ,.,. •>f..,•r• . • ~~-- __;_ _ . __ .. . . .. , ,, • . . . . . I

- i'
o, -, Basic ,; d~d ~ ~;~--~-~;/t-1n i ~·r:~b~e·rn~ci~urements:and precaution~~~ avol_~ _them. . ,, · 'j.
• • - • • •• ·' • I - .... -.,,."'\. . - • ~ ; -' l~ :✓.,ii ~ .• •
,..-=, · . f
r·,ous p· arameters like atterwat!on, frequen.c)(, \ow & high VSWR, cavity .Q and impedance.
',.J Measurement o .va _ . . . . •. . ,.. .. . .

., ,vi NTR.00.U C'J!tDt:-1 ·• .I l

I ' ~- '
:r I
0
j:1 I \. I

· , .,. · .. • .· dl •.d ; boutttle consti'IX:tlon ~nd working of commonly used waveguide components such as directional
. · In the previous untt',-we stu e a .
(~ J
1 . . . . .
: . . fc1..1 •..i •j ·ll'-'e' E- pla'n~' lee/ H~plane tee and magic tee) and ferrite devices (1..e,; gy.rator, lsoldt.o !'., an~

l
couplers wavegu ge -tees .}• _ . ·- . - ~ - . . . . . . .
. ·.' : :·_,. . ·.~:-2:- :-:- ~,: I :.~~;L'~ istuss!f.11t"'matnemcitl~al·aribly~ls 'of these COmJ)0nents using Scattering' parameters, also known
circulator): In thls un_t,-wv .. . _ .•t • ·, , _ , , , . .. · , •
. th ~ ...st common' network parameters used to describe .the performance of the microwave:devic;es ,,
as S-parameters, are e mo
. I th frequency domain.
-~n,llo
'.
I ,. · ·, . · · ..,·· .• .,,:,,, . · · -·
..

f
or ~lrcuits or network~ n ..~, · . 1 . , i .. r •. . ,, · , · .... ·, , )' .. :_'.,
• . lneerlng,,we often come aerciss the·need r
1
• •• · • · · • ' · • of measuring dlffere~t values while using· ln·~lffe'tent
hnherfleld of microwave eng · , , , , ,· .. , . . - l • , - · . , , · •
. ·. ,. . ·a·; ipower/ attenuatl_on, ~hase shl_ f t: V~V'(R, Imped~,"~~ a~<:! _Q fa~ ~r__!ttc. ~!_!_lie !!ff~ _c:tlve usag~. !l'.l·thJs
appU~ations ~uch . , , , tfle ·l umh-'~nt measuf ~m·ent _tech?iques~ . ---, '• (, •9 ·• •:.,,,-.-:,• , ':' ..:. . . -~· ' :
I

unft, we :Nill tllscus~ about , ··. ·,. • · ··' . , ,

11 .
, 1 J • ' : ~··: ; 1li ;ri . .: .,
. 1, 1.i! . ·"' .J r -~? ~, :~';'• , ·: ... ...
. \· ..

--~~'11~~~~- SPE.CTRiJfA 1ALt-lN•bNE JOURNAL1FIJ'RtENGINEtftlil~:StUPENJS.j#~~w~\~~~;j

 tJr, 1 u-HYDERABAI)
•--.-.-"~~RT
,MICROWAVE AND ·OPTICAL COMMUNICA 11urv»
100
Q1.

.--
Define 8-matrlx and mention th• UH of

~uesTi~i41'.wii'H:-sg~U'il9iji,~J
I. Scattering matrix is always a square matrix i e ·.a-~ll .
07
-
~~
.

tte ·. •• , .._
UNIT-4 (Sea nng IYl8u.,._and M?OWave Measuremen111)
.A 20 dB coupler has a dlrect1v1ty of 30 ct@
.
Given that, .
.
' :'•1tl!, ,

._
.

. . ,.,~ ;' ,_ .
c.alg,l■t. the yalue o~ !■ol~on. · ·, -; • • ...,
i - , _, Q1(d) I-JDec.•11, (1111.. 01,.,
1

101
1
■c:au.rtng p■rametln In mlcrowavn. ·~ of S-matrix·is n >< n. . . · ·• e . For a coupler,
11oc111 ,.,. ~ 2. The diqonal clements of an ideal N-port net}v0 . Coupling factor, C =20 dB
'
01 1 zefO, if all the por1I ltlatched perfectly. • rk are- ·
Djrectivlty, D = 30.dB
(or) · I . ., "'m .
device holds •Ym'
3. A rec1proca microwave Isolation, / = ? ·
State the ■lgnlflcance of 8-paramete,- at high
fraquenciea,
, r_·.
Aprtl,llay•11, (RU), Q1(1)
l~;~ . ..i· ,. . , .

property. i.e.,
Sv=~, ; iii
.,
• , etric,
. The isolation can be defined as,
Isolation, / = Coupling factor (C) + !)irectivity (D)
In matrix notation, it can be expressed as
..1 .. , , -. :
On s.ubstituting corresponding values in the'abovc equation,
(or), [SJ= [SJ' '
I = 20 + 30 = 50 dB.
Define ecattarlng matrix. Nov.lDK.•11, (RU), Q1(1J 4. ;'; 1 •.~ ·.-' ·
For a lossless network, S-matrix ~xhiti'rts· ,·..,1·tary
! . ~ . ~ ~ .. .::. , · · . -• property. j
· 1: . Isolation,/= 50 dB
i.e.,
(or) [SJ [SJ•=. [J] .l as. List out the d~rent c:otriPGnent■ used. In a microwave bench.·
Explain the ■lgnlflc■nce of ■c■ttarlng matrix. s. If the ports of a network (2-port) shifted by a p~e of♦ , Ans:
Wi'i@SJiiiiiiie o13 - f r ~mJ and ♦2 then S-matrix of device after shift are evaluated
as, 1.
The different' components used in a microwave bench are,
Reflex klystron or gunn oscillator as a source
Nov./DK.,17, (R?JJ, Q1(1)
(or) e-.lt1 0 ] [e-1+1 0 ] I 2. · Isolator . <.
[S'J = [ 0 e- .lt2 [SJ 0 e-12 , 3. Attenuator
Why the a-paramete,-.,.. used In mlcrowavn?
~•,.•;: n,~ JiGarame1mJ This is known as phase shift property and it is applicableI 4. Wave meter
Ana: for a microwave junction having number of ports. 1 5. StandardiJig wave detectors.
NovJDK.-11, 1111u1; a1m
S-matrh Q4. Ust - advantagH of S-matrtx.
.,,,, ,th• ~
6. Slotted waveguide
Ana: 7. Tunable probe vernier scale
The S-matrix (or) a scattering malrix is a matrix which
The advantages of S-matrix are, 8, Rack and pinion arrangement ·"
is UBCd to repl'CleDt all inputs which aie applied to the ports ofa ro ,
given network in a matrix form. 1bc elements in this matrix arc I. The check unitary property of [SJ it used t~ the power 9, Waveguide detcclor.
known u 'scattering coefficients' (or) 'sca~g parameters'. of ~ oflossless strucrure. QI[ What type of slot la used In mlcl'owave bench?·
SJ&nlfle■ace of S-ma4Jix or S-panmeten · 2. The [SJ-parameters change only in phase if reference Ans: llay/J......19, (R15), Q1(1J
plarlcs are changed. " · · ' · The slotted line is one of the basie instnnncnts used in radio frcque11cy test and measurement at microwave frequencies.
S-paramc,ten can be used at any frequencies, but at I
high frequencies such u RF and microwave frequcncit's · 3 · Thc;[SJ mairix describes ~e properti~s ofthe component It consists of a precision transmission line with a movable insulated probe insezted into a lo_ogitudinal slot cut 1into the 'line. The
powcn usociatcd with travelling waves must be calculated. (as; if it were a black box). type of slot used in microwave bench is transmission line (wavegui~) type. · •: •
S-panunetcn at high frequencies make these calculations simple 4. The properties of a [SJ matrix gives us a clear idea of · 010. Why Isolator ls used In m~ve rneuurements? Dec:.-1,, (R111. Q1(1)
and accurate. S-paramcters are used at high frequencies to ' -what can be achieved and what cannot be achieved. (or)
dcsaibe the behaviour of complex networks. . ., , . . ·
<;15. What are ..tt)• different types of directional What Is the need for an Isolator In' MW measurement■ and where It la placed? Nov.lDK.-17, (RU), a1m
Q2. Why Z and Y parameters are not mea■ured at couplers?· · · ' ··
Ans: ' •, . .
microwave frequencies? Dec.-1,, (R11j, a101 Anar · ·
. (or) . . . _., . . · Isolator is used in several microwave circuits such as microwave bench set up because it provides a ~cry small amount
. The.different.types of directional couplers are, of attenuation when transmitted from port (I) lo port (2) and '!)UUDIDD amount of attauiation;'Wbm transmitted from port (2)to
Explain why h, Y and Z P■rametera 'c annot be I. ~
Tuo-~ole directional coupler. port ( I). This fea!W'C is used in matching a source with a variable load. . · . . , ,.
measured at microwave _frequencies, • -'
. 2. - .Four-bole.directional coupler. It is ,placed between variable attenuator and·frcqucncY meter.
Anes different from low frequency mea■urements?
3. · Reverse.,coupling directional coupler (Schwinger coupler)- Q1,. How are microwave measurements
- Z, Y and h-paramcten are llled in the analysis of low 4. · ijethe-hole din:ctiona,J coupler. Ans: • · '
frequency circuits. Becauaeat.low ~ the total voltages
1ne a1nerences, oc,';'~ 1vn· --..~--.,.
·measurements arc mmtio.oed in taQlc. 1, ·._ - ~
and total currents are.m~~.jiLthe petwork analysis. But at QI. Define coupling ~ r, an~ dlrectl'(lty of 1 · -
Microwave Measurement
~icrowavc frequencies, travelling wavca come into the analysis. , .dl~onal cou~~r·. , , ,, •• • Low Frequency Measurement
Ana: . 1 , I. Powa- is.~ t l y without calculating-the
For this, the microwave powers associated with travelling waves I. . In order to measul'e die powcr,,.jnjtially the voltage current and the voltage. . · . •
· factor which
, • The ·
. is a measure · of
· •the rateo
·· of
must be c a l ~ Due to this reuon ~ arc.llled at Coupllag Factor: and current must be; calculated, . ,c
2. In case of power'lneasurcments, Ratio ·of powers is
microwave frcquencica .imtead ofZ. Y.and h - ~. power.levels in maur and auxiliary w~veguides of.a two-ho1e;
,1;_,_ 2. In case ofj>o~er mcasJrcment, both input and cnbugh.
Q3. What a,. th• propartlaa of 8-m■trtx? --llll!.~upl~ ~.k,1i1>wn,as.~upijng fa~t~~-.· ·<r<'· c output powe~. J!lust _be_known-
,. Circuits arc di~butcd. · · ·· · ' .
3.
-
1
Anas ))Ireetlvtty: The factor which is a measure o.f_hpw,,well th , Circuits are Jumped clements. '
lllay/Ju-1t, jlll15), QJ(I) 3. 4. Exact values are not n~sary.
8forward travciling wave
in the main wavegcide couples 0 n!Y.10 ... '
The properties of S-matrix include,
1
specific port ofthe auxiliary waveguide is known as direcbVJlY
of the directional coupler.
4. Exact val11es must be kn0"'.11· r-,. ,
. .WARll1118: X~--iM1 11'1Ml- 11 'N1I 19tty ~~~'°-f•cHEGAL procaedinga. 11111 ~a11eiifsPECTRUM.ALL-11:0IE ~UR!IIALfOIH~61~,RINGS:.W.~ ~•Mcmfi~'l' .~• -;)
\ '
( .....
 ,_r
102 MICROW~VE AND OPUCAL COMMUNl~A' IUIU> 1.,,. I u•n 'Ul:ftAaa...
I ~ ~IT~ (Scattetlng Matrix and Mierow~ MeasU1_81nentsj •:~ L' ,,. . ,.
012. What . . the poee1111e lfflM'I In high frequency meuurements? : .:,., . 1103
A.nm' • . I • ""I! • ~•11,(ltiai,~
I.
2.
3.

The dlffCRlll lYJICI of cnon UIOCilled with high frequency measurements are,
Error due to b)'licriala
Milmuch ~ in lbe dllrincl.
~
nonlinearity of the modulator characteristics.
Error due to truerowave 1ftquancy instability.

.. . , ,: ,, , . , -~- .
'· • ,
•
1
t·
'

1
t
•
i Mr · : :.....•~
~~
_·
-=:'!fl.
~ ~-i vlnl<>L ~ ~f;u,,oNa3 · ·"·· · ·· ,
W--WWiii4%A
the properties ~
lj
4 ' Q17. What la• leatlerlng matrix? Di1cuaa t h e ~ or 8-paramatan. Uat of 11
· Error may be callled by vibrations of ~uipmenl and other external disturbances.
---
S. These IIICUW'Cmcllll desire the manual interaction which, ultimately leads to an error. AftS:
Nov.A)oc..12; (RIii~ (M(al .
Q1S. What ..,...,. c h a ~ of detK1Dra u1ed In microwave measurements? s-Matrlx
Anal ... . - -
The ~matrix (o~)- ~ matrix is•-~ matrix r,fvca ail pouible n:~oos bdweco incident~ reflected ~ve
The c:haractcristia of detecton UICd in microwave measurements are,· power of a microwave JIIIICtion. Tl_!c elcmcnta ln_tbii matrix m: known u 'Kallcring coeffici1;11ts' (or) _'scattcnng parameters ·
I. In order to dc:tect low ~ucncy aquare wave modulate9 npcrowavc signal, a non-reciprocal detector diode must be m ~
in the trammiaion lbie. . . It is denoted as,
r ~1
Examples or these d ~ ~ point contict diodes or Schottky barrier diodes. [b] = [SJ [a)
2. To detect the moduliled aiina), a crystal dctec10r is conncctcd at one end of the w11vcguidc. • , :111 .:1
~
3.
In order to avoid amplitude and phue variations and to get perfect detection, a tunable stub is used to match the ~
lo the microwave tranamiaion syatem and that tunable stub may be,
{i) Tunable waveguide ddec:tor
{ii) Tunable probe detector

. ⇒
[!] =
lllJ 122
,, '-i

•· ·
.•. ,_

lz..
m
. f
1
{iiij, Tunable couia1 ddec:tor.
Column matrix· Scaticrini column Matrix [al c:orrespoodidg • ..
4. Schoulty dc1cctor ~ be UICd in which the output fs proportional to the input power. [bI corresponding matrix [sJ oforder to iDcidcot wave {or).
, 11r
Q14. What_Is Q of• cavity resonator? to reftcctqi wave n><n input powers.
'• •,!•, ~
·~•I • t•tl -, .
(or) output powers.
Ana: • I• •• • • • Nov./Dec.-11, (Rni G111!
· The quantity which is a measure of the frequency selectivity of a resonant or non-rcsonan1 circuit is known u 'lj'llity The scattering parameters an: fixed properties ofthe linar cimlits, which dcscribc how the cnagy couples between a pair
factor 'Q". . . '; . of ports or transmission lines coonected to the cin:uil. ' ·
MalhcmaticaUy,
Formally, S-parameters can
be defined for linear eledronic compoiimts. They are algdnically n:lated ID the impedance.·
Q m 21t I< Energy
·MuinNn energy •onod admittance and also to transmission parameters'. .
i.e.. \ Q = - ; \ .. dlaipated per 'cycle ·:..o Properties
Where,
I. Scattering matrix is always a squan::matrix i.e., the order orS-ma1rix is n " n.
2. The diagonal elements of an ideal N-port ndWOlk are mo. if all !IJc pol1S malCbr:d perfectly,
W - Mulmum llllircd tncrgy
'.,I J 'r
P -Average power loss. 3. A reciprocal mi~wave device holds ~Clric property. i.e..
~ Q15. What la a YIIWR matar and how will you detennl~ the VSWR?
Ana: · NovJo.c.-11, (R1JJ, Q1tl)_

. s, =s11
.· '

: ;-1-J
In matrix notation, it can be expresscd'5.
, . . .. ; . ;, : .~,;,
1igna).mc1cr is a high gaiii,
A VSWR
microwave · high Q_, low noise amplifier wbicli is tuned normally to a fixed frequency ll)?dulalcd. [SJ= [SJ'
4. For a lossless network. S-matrix exhibits unitary property. i.e..
VSWR can be dctcmiined by din:ct mclhod (slotted line) and double minimum method
Q1&. What.,. the cllffeNnt poulble errors that will effect VSWR measurements? Ap,11111ay-11, (R1JJ, a1 1111
1 ·- S.
[SJ [SJ" = (I]
Ir the ports ofa nctwOrk (2-port)_shiftl:d by a pbascof♦, and ♦, t b c n ~ o r ~·~ shift an: ~ -as, .
(or)
~ntforthe different~ of arron USOC:lated with the mea1urement of VSWR using a alotl9d Uni
a,tup. .. .
csi •• te- J+,.
0
O
e-1+2
l £SJ le-.1+1
0
· ~ 0]
e ,
. \. ·i,. •
~ ·• ,~ 1•0• ,= ' .'r-:".:•Jl.... ~.·
,r ..
Ana:
This is known ~ pbasC sl!if\ propcrtY ind it is applicable fur a ~wave junction havin& IIUIDber o f ~
The different typea o r ~ uaociated with the incasun:mcn, ofVSWR using a slotted line setup an:,
1. Linearity error. , r·
Sigalftcaace
2
, . There ia no IOCUrlCY In ~ined i'caulta'bcc:ausc'of'the limited d)'namic range of detectors. The S-matrix isa squire J!181rix._it gives the powcr..n:lationships betweeo.~-~OUI-QIP\4 uid bUlpUl pol1S ofa
• .· ,'I • •·. , , , , ,

micron~
3. . This proccsa desires the manual interaction which, ultimately leads to an error.
]
junction.
\
l
' f/lii: WAUiNI: x..iN--.~liHllllilAttllffjltfWffiild,gullty'ls UABLE to laca LEGAL proceecings. - ⇒~ . ~~-A~,
~t!i \~wi,~
'"\:'.: ,1,~. :~ ..•. SP~CTRUM ALl.-.OIE JOlllilA~filllllGIIEBUB~i{IIBilRS!U!!14f .~-~£S:di
.
104 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL \;UMMUNI'-"' 11v1•-»
A microwave source with n number of ports is
~ as shown in figlR. ·
~

· .,
1• line
z.. .. z.

I Q18. :-Stateandderlvetheu~ltarypropertyofsrn-;;d·
,
Ans:
·
.
. ,

l"''" 1-v-n I UC11ABAD

Unitary property sta~es that the sum ofproducis of
.
· ·
term i~ S-matrix of a lossless network. with its conjugate i s ~-

· Dec.-11, 1R111, Q1""

T-4 (scattenng Matrix ano Microwave Measur81l)ents,-. ,, ., -., , w:,
u••
tel111
.inated. .
Then,

. ,
""sl}s =o ; ~
~N
••I
•
n , ,., .

-.._ . .
a. ·
.
1 ·
....... ., ,.. ....,.,. " •
presslon for the coupll"!!
,

two-hole dnc:tlonal
- - jf the ports i ana j are ~cited llnd remaining portawa, 020. ......, a with neat diagram and .
_._..,
105
o. f
.

- ... .. _.
two-hole.dlrectlonal cou.,... .
...
"N The above expression can be wri'tt . . Ans: . • J ~ jllcN(al ........ QICa)I-A>ac.-11, IR'IJJ. 05Call
-LS., s:, = I . . · en in matnx
.. 2-' ine !, ;...
----,

i.e.,
,. , · 10
representation as,
[sf[sf =[u)
Two-Hole Dindloaal Cou"pler
A two-hole directional coupler with a travelling wave
.. IOIS'ce
z.. -z.
Where, N - Number of ports.
For a !~less network, the sum·or power incident pt !IIPUt .
~ " Where, propagation . consists of two . waveguides, namely, main
wavcguil!c and . _auxiliary wayqwde , widi , two tiny Jiota,
ports is equal to the total power reflected from output ports, It . (U] - Unit matrix (or) identity matrix. common between them as sljown in figure. Toe ~
......... ~
_between the ccntcn of two tjoy holes must lie:,
can be expressed as, ,,. 4.1.2 - - ~ ---211c11e, ....._..
..
N N
Q19. Explain the functlonJl features of ,Directional IL=(2"+1)~ 1 ... ( I)
z.. -z, ,,..
Llli.f= ,.Lla.F ... {I)_ coupler.. ,, ,, bilan:M1, (R11J, Ql(•J
Where,
. (or) ·
Where, ,
filura: a-Pert..,_.. DniCI Discuss about dlrectlona• ·coupler with neat· J.., - Guidc:wavel~
a. - Incident wave power diagram. . ,, ·' OctJNov••zo, (R11J, QC(•J Mm
'a,' is the incident power wave at the junction from _ r..,-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_----~--...,..i,;
I" soun:e, and b, is the reflected power wave from 1• line (of b. - Reflected wave power. (or) I
• I
Pmt (.1) - ~-1 -·- -►--------.-----·-►----- .. ----------•---~· Pmt (2)
load). 1bcn, a, and b, (when the 1• line is terminated to z, .,. Since, [b] = [SJ [a] Write short n_otes on d'rectl~!',al coupler. ~ I .. ! :
Z0 remaining all tmninated to Z characteristic impedance) are Ai to
0
related as, b, = Sn.a, wbc:re, i = I, 2, 3, ..., n. b. =
N
LS. a
Ans:
are
Directional couplers th'e'microwavcdevices that arc
- I,
.
'
♦---- . ·-----co----- ' -----·
'
1 1
i•I Port()) ~~ ____ j_ ____,.!___________Mkd Pmt (4)
specially designed for power measurements. These can be built
The value of b, also depends on the a21 a3 ••• values (when · I
On substituting the value of b. in equation (I), , by connecting two or more•wavegujdcs.togcthcr. '-
all line loads are tmninated by z, .,. ZJ. It is expressed as,
b, =Sn.a, + Sa.a2 + .:.. + S,..a•. LI a-. f
L II;s"' a, = ••l
N N
11•1 i "! l

r N
... (2)
. ' Figure shows tba( a directionai'coupler is. a fOW"·porl·
waveguide junction made 'up of two wavcb,u~ 1
namely, main
-..j
• -1 L• (21r+IJA,14.
fll-w;T_,..llirwctiNalcou,ler

I--- L-Amilmy
wa...,.io ·
waveguide (1-2) and auxiliary wavcguidc (3-4). There is free F' , f • • ~
Thus, for different values of •i', ·, n' different equations transmission (withouf-reftcctitin) dfJ)Offl between port (I) mid When an incident power. P, is fed at the port ( I) of~
Assuming, only the i" port is excited and all remaining . .
are obtained a_a follows, · ports are terminated with matched loads. Then equation (2)
port (2) and no transmission of powef bdwcen the pair ofports bole cii=tiooal coupler, reccived_power P, is f~.taincd al port
(I) and (3) or ports (2) and (4) respectively, when all the ports (2). pie incidcrrt powa- coming out from boles A and B are out
"1 • S.1Di +S.2<1i + ..... + S1,,"a. bec;omes, , .i•~~ arc terminated with their characteristic impedances, . ofphase by 180", since the incident power b'IIVCls a distance of
N ' . N .• . .• . Jl
b2 = 8i10i+Sn11i+ ..... +~a.
L Is.1 al +s.2a2 + ...... + s"' a,+ .... +s.NaNF= ~,a~p Mam ~ .
f - c - - Port (2)
Q./4 +)./4) wbCll it comes back from hole B:·So;..thc-incident
... (1) ~•1 11 • 1 I Port ( I) - - --, . C<q>q' pow.ca.cancel each other aod proc!uccs a zcmpowcr (P,"" O)
De\lEe I - - - Port (4) al port (3). At bole B.both the incident powers arc in phase so,
...(3) Port(l) _ _ ~
they add .ip and produce a forward coupled' j,owcr, P, at port'
All thae equations ~ represented:in matrix f~ as, Auxi~, 1 j ~ a.epile
, Here, the incident power a. is zero for all 'n' exccptJ~r (4). The magnitude ofthe power coming out of2 boles depends
b. ~ s.113i + So21Ji + ..... + s..a. 1
up0I! the dimension o(the two boles.
n = i. Which implies, ' Figurw: Directlanal Coupler • - ' j • · '- i,
N • The structure of coupler determines the degree of The degree of coupling is detmnined by the size and
1::ia.f. =laif coupling between port (I) and port (4) and between port (2) location ofthe boles in the waveguide walls. It is very diflicult
m-L.Ltlll\·
••I to proc!ucc high desi:ec directivil)"over a band of frequencies.
and port (3) respectively.
Froni equation (3), , When power is fed at port (1), 'the resulting powers are
.,, ii ~
Coupling Coefficient
obta~ed ·at port (2) and port (4) respectively but, no power is The factor wbi~h is a measure of the ratio po~ "J
11 •
LIS.if
l-
laif =laif
. ,• obtained from port (3) bccaUSC no coupling exists bctw,:en port levelrin main ·and· IIUXiliary waveguides of a two-hole
i.e.,, [b] • [SJ[a] ... (2) (I) and port (3). Similarly, wbcnthe power is fell at port (2), the diitctii>oaf"c6aplci'(s6own in·~gure)'lis'lno-.w aiTc:iupling • ,..,.}J...i lt!Otl
resulting power is obtained at port ( I) and port (3) but, yields factor.
• l . \,,IJJ - . ·
Here, '_[SJ' is !be scattering matrix and each ofits clement f1s~r=1 :!: A
no power at port"(4). ,,.., ' ' ' .
is called u scattering parameter that gives the power relations ••I · Mathematically,
N • Applicati~os of ~tional coupler includes, ..~,.,-,
Coupling factor = ~
between the ~ and ·output ports.
LS.,s~ =, 1
The diagonal elemcn11
reftcc:tion
S 11 , Sn, S,.,. .,., S., are_called
coefficients oftbat respective line. ~ o n (2) also
••I
Hence, for a lossless junction,

[·.-snl s·.=1s
,,,
12
1111 ]
2
I.
3
· ··
·

Power monitoring
Source leveling
lsolationofsignalsources
I
· rncnts
I ,·.·. ,. ', ',,. ·
1
. ~ - ,i,-• • ' '" " J'· p
Cq~lingf"KtD~!IW)"')Olo;
P
. , ,. ,
~11 •. ' . .
... • lf•l• ·•
•! I'•' ""'
interpml the contribution to~ outward tra~cllmg wave.~~• · .f.-
s., s:,
(i;'.};t••i!liiiiiiC•••"'""" AL!<'~plE JOU- ,naGl■-CTU~~:;::l
with the help of ,cauering m_atnx the behavioral characterisucs 'l.., a ·1
4· Swept transmission and reflccuon l"casure · . 1
of the device can be ddmnined. •• I • ~Jt
- WARIIIB:~ff--•~~~J"'-'IU!tt•UABLEtof.tctlEGA lprocaedings. ~ I., ,
~ , _ ,.___ ::A i~
 106 MICROWAVE AND OIIDCAL C.PMMUNICATIONS [JJIITU-HYl)iRAa ,
__,~~~--
Where, I
. .
, ... 1
.
• . ~
~]
uNIT-4 (S~tte~ng Matrix ~n~,Mi<:'owave ~surements)
-offset
- ..
nole . : .. ·-- . _, • \' - • ~ •. r 107
P,- Power input to pan (I)
Here, the offset value 'd' ia given by, - .. i.e..,,,JS./,,+ is,.r -1
P1 - Power OUlpUl &om port (4)
Coupling coefficient of an ideal two-bole directil)ll81
("")
sin-;- =
.
"Jf:,
).
,t.-

r is;f-+ ISJ ~ 1 . · .
ISp,f : ,.IS,/.' a,1_ .
coupler is in the range of3 to 20 dl3.
Pmt I
While, Coupling 'C' =20log[(I +x")/rJ IS,! + IS,l - l
Directivity
Directivity 'D' = 20 log(l/r] . , - The,S-malrix ~ equation {2) CU\ be further simplified
The' f.acto.- which ia a mCUW'C of bow well the forward using the uro property. Then,
Where,
.~
lnlVd1ing wave in the main waveguide couples only to a specific S,,S- D+S41 rd• 0
r==◊/
port"ofthc auxiliary waveguide, ia known u directivity of the
din:ctionaJ couplet shown in fi~_- . r= ( -t 6'crj ) S'-'("")
ur- ·.· s.2 •Sz,1 .
s.. -s.,
Mathematically, .. ~:~ 3ab).1 a
.. SaY'n+S14 S',.•O
( S4.1
,.
Directivity D • :.L and.
I • )f 2
.':to
Q22. What are the charactarl1tlc1 of two hola
direction coupler and derive the lHnatrlx of It.
•S,..
. ' p. Figura: Bttb•Hale Diractian■I Coupler and
' ........1.,fll1f),Q11 s,.,s-•• +s,.,s-,. • 0
,o ..~.f:.- J1
A bole is located either at the centre of CO[!llllon broad
(or, I '(·.·SzJ•Su)·
I Ona~. D(~ • wall of inclined waveguides at an angle 8, or at an o ~ PQSitioo The above equation can also be written u,
'd'. of iwo parallel waveguides. ; Derive the S matrix of dll'IICtlonal coupler and
define all the parametera? ls.2s;1 = ls,.·.s;.1
Where,
P, - Power OlllpUt from port (3)
The following consideritions should be taken when the
aperture is smaller than the wavelength. ~ m- .. IS.2ISzJI • IS.,IS,..I ... (3)
Ans:
Similarly, ls.~:.1- ISzJs;.I
(i) It works as a electric dipole, which is perpendicular to the Dlc.-1', 111191, Q1ICI)
Directivity can a1Jo be written as, aperture, and having dipole moment directly proportional Characteristics of Two Hole Direction Coaplu
to the normal component of the electric field in the main For answer refer Unit-4, Q20, (Refer Only Coupling .. IS.2IS.,l=ISzJIS,..I ... (4)
D - 10 log ( 1,°) + I~ l~g ( ~} (ii)
guide. . . . -· Coefficient and Directivity). Dividing equdion (3) by equation (4),
It also works as a magnetic dipole in the plane ofa ~ Derivation of S-matrb:
~- ~
~ D•IOlog(¾f IOlog(~)
having dipole moment which is directly proportioflal to
the tangential component of the exciting magneti~ fi~ld
The directional coupler-~tains fotD' ports. So a 4
matrix is required to represent [SJ matrix,
>< 4,
!
IS.2IS.,I - ISzJIS,..I
at the aperture. · · · .;., Hence, IS.,I = ISzJI
= Isolation (dB)-coupling'factor (dB) (iii) , . Due to radiations .of electric and m·agn~tic dipole, s,, s., · .s,!, s,.l ' .
Similarly, Sil =S,.. ,
coupling is available to the auxilary guide. i.e., [SJ= s,, S22 • Si, • s,.. _ ... (I) ,
S31 Sn · Su S34 On assuming a positive and real variable 'p • IUCb that,
Since, holation (dB)= 10 log ( ¾) (iv) Magnetic dipole radiates asymmetrically in longitudinal
directions, while electric dipole radiates equally, and I s,11 ·s,2 s~ sf : Jr•1·1 ; , s, -s,. =p= s;. (reel number,p # 0)
2
!:. Directiv;., (dB)• llolalio11(dB)-c;;_uplinsfac1or(dB) I longitudinally in both the directions. . The. four poru. ,ff
a difCftio~al .coupler are perfectly On IISIUllling as positive and real variable 'q • 11,!Ch thats,
(v) ·Toe port 4 and port .3 powers can be controlled by matched to ilie junction. ·
For 1111 ideal dim:tidaa1 coupler, _d irectivity mlllt be S,4 =Sn =jq (q# 0)
adjusting the distance 'd' or by varying ilie angle 8 :. s,,' =S:ri=sn'=S.. =O
infinitj,. The typical value oftbe dim:tivity is.only 30 to 35 dB. between the two waveguides. From the syininetrical property, s, = SJ/ since, sll. s~ + s,•. s;. - o
lmertlon1- Centre Hole: Generally, P. ~ for centre coupling bole. By using the above property, .. s,;. s~ + s,,. s" - o 1·.: s;, = s,. = s;. J
Therefore'. -the couplin~ and directivity are defined as,
Tbc amowrt of signal attenuation in ·the rilain guide ia S 12 = S21 , Su= S"' = S.,_ s,..
=S43,Sn =S,.,_ S., =S,. s,. .p [s~+SzJ] -o .
called •imcrtion lou'. It ia given by the ratio of power incident . [4 Jl l
2
. ). ] For ideal 3 dB directional coupler, the back power (P.>
C=-201og -Ucos8'+- 1 dB 1 1
to the power truumittcd in the main 11ml. 2'/..~ . iszero.i.e.,P,, =O ;. · • \, _S ince,p#O, S~ =-Sn
3ab • , • 1
r.
Hence, there is no coupling between ibe ports (I), (3) [·.· SzJ = jq)
. ,_inpon4 •
LC.,/• P-iaPortl (dB) . D= 20 log 2p2 cos8+ KJ dB
· 2Jl 2 cos8- KJ
and the ports (2), (4). " I
O•'
1
. S~ "'-jq '
,ffence, the sc:atrcrilig' par■meten of a 3dB directional I
~
1be insertion lou of
coupler is infinite.
1111 ideal two-hole directional
· Where,
L
i.e., Su ·= S" = 0 andS,.. = S42 =O
' ( ,·-' \_ () .I 1 •
~ ,are given by. ,
;; ·
... ~uatioln:1,.r ~ ~ ~ l ~- .• ,.." , . ,1. , r.o s.2 o s.. .,o·· s,2 o s..
• Q21. Explain th• prlnclple of operation of Bethe r0 - Radius of hole '' , .
ht/' . , -[SJ ="ls.0 o . SzJ ,o s,2 o s,. o
hole dll'9Ctlonal coupler. ·
p~: s., 2r
\ • ~J,
a >< b - Cross-sectional waveguide dimen_s ro~ · 0 Sn . O, 1· ' ... (2) '
. S= o s,, · o ·s,. S23 0 S,.. "' O S O S12
Anas ,.
s,. o s;. o S. 4 0S,..O SOS
14 12 0
Betbe-hole Coupler
Bethe-bole coupler~ waveguide coupler contains two
A
~~m
i.
Using tli~ ,i-el~~~n [SJ ~~~..~,/~ ·.
~ s., s~ s~.
.•] 'Ii 1
0 0 0] :
l
, 0 p O jq
[s., ~ : ~ o o
o s., . o , s,. o ,. o o !SJ a p o o
I
Jq
coupled waveguides. arnrlged ~gl~ through •
u shown hole s., .o s,, 0] s· 0 I · • :· o, Jq • o· p,
· [·.· _s, 2 -pandS,.=/q)
2K
·~
in figure.
I K•.- I"'.
• I '
s,.
0 S 23
0
0
s,.
S,.
0
23 S
s,. • o, s,.
• ; O O O I jq O p 0
. '
GU NARIIIB: ~ - - J ~,:,~,CIIIMINAL hAJltonl ~ - II LIABLE ta face·LEGAL proceeding,. - ft:~ J j j$.i!iCllHIM ALL-IN-ONE ;JOURNAL-FORHGINEBIIIIIN~TUDl!lffll ""' ........ ' ..
\ •,:•t, •1
(
I •
••:-~
\.,_• ...~~
,{
 ... MICROWAVI;: ANI) OPf-lCAl COIV!MUN!CAJJ_Ot,IS' [JNTIJ•l-iYDERABA I
~
IJ.NIT-4 (Scattering Matrix and Microwave Measu1'91Tlehbi) i OL1/\ J ' fl OJ ( .r 1 -
~08
Q2l. A d,lrectlonal coupler I• having coupllng factor ,; , Coupled port pawer, P1 =? , Q25. For a dl~onal coupler, the Incident ·· • - .
. - lf)9
~
• 10 dB and directivity • 40 dB. Determine the Isolated port power, P• =?
• lj • :!50 mW. Calculate the PoWar· In tll8 P0Mr la , - ~ (i) ~ po~ at main.arm - 1 .,V [1',l •
po-r coupled In forward and n1verse direction Power al main arm = ? auxlllary ann. The coupling factor,_ madlnBand . Outnut nowei: at coupled port, P,. =;'Jolin --➔ (ii)
' ::; r N ; ~ .J >- .. 30
• • "''_. •.. , 1 •'Ca...J
when Input po-r ls•10 W aHumlng the coupler
la loaaleH. ~•: No,,..,,_,;11, (R1J~ Ql(b) (iii) ,- 0utputipcr,1tCI' at i&olatcd-port, P, a ? •
. Ans:
• :,e-. Ap11111Y·11;(1113),04(b)
.,
1
1

·The power through coupled and isolated p

calculated by considering the expressions of coupling
and directivity. ·, .
~;s ·
lire
cieiJi
~iven that, •·
0
(IJ " The exprecnoo·ror output~ at main arm ia givm by,
For a directional coupler, Output power .;, Input power-Auxiliary powa- ... (I) .
Given that, Coupling coeffi~ient, C =: IO log
. P, pl .
j_ 'de ,
. Inc1 nt power, P, = 550 mW ,
,., .-.... 1.· , , . , • ~ ,, ,
,umliuy power of main arm ~ t, .c.1 from ... _
• --eb
II o ta'?';" we.
For a directional coupler, Coupling fac19r; C = 30 dB
⇒ JO log p = 10 coupling factor given by,
lnp~1 power, P, = IO W / I
Power at main ann ~d auxifiaiy arm = ?
Coupling factor; c = IO dB
Directivity = 40 dB ,,. " ⇒
- ·- - .!l.__=iO The power at main ann is obfaipecfby using the following ~•IOh>g(f) --· (2)
t,.. '"'·" Py '· ' '"
'• 0 expression, ·
Coupled port power, P1 =? ~ C(dB) = 20.dB
p = ~ = lOxW-' ' - I ••
O~tput power = Input power - Auxiliur um ... (I)
⇒ I
. Isolated port power, P, =?
The pow,e[ fhrough , coupled and isolated ports are ,
10
I 10
= ,o,~,w
Auxiliary power of main arm i-. obtained frQm ,the
coupling factor given by,
~ 101og11 C=20
~ C= 10' ;
calculated by considering the expression of coupling factor and ·,
directivity.
.Jrl '~ ~" ,; j :: P1 ct mW j
p ff

. P.
C= 10 log 10 f
.
... (2) 4. •
~ ·c=IOO '
i
' L'
Directivity, D = 10 log 10
I.
Then, equation (2) beconla,.
:. On substituting the corresponding valuea in equation (2), I
c= lOlog
I p we gel, (550 x 10- 3)
80
(·.- P 1 =80W)
1
P, ,, ·n . => 40 = 10 log ...1... A I~= 10log( ) j,
⇒ JO logy =JO . p. 30 = 10 log, 0 . P. . P, I
I ⇒ 4=,Jog Pi 550 x 10~ 3
p• 1000 = P. 80
⇒
=' lPi ·= 1Q. =·1 VI It , ~ -=10 10
P4
P1 10 10 ; I~,•
⇒ P1 = 10' 1,,:1 1.,: .1~ . [·: 10 log 10 C= 30, C b I~, C= 1000] 80 .
p.
f·. P,=JWj P, = 'jijii' = 8 x IO- ' W ... (3)
=> P =P"><" llr' ' P, = 550 x I~~ W
Directivity, D = IO log,. yp , •
=
I •
JO· l X 10- ◄ P, = 550!lw Oo substituting t h e ~ values in equation (I)'.
~
,
I Oulput p0WU = 80 + 8 JO-f
!'1
6 ·~ t • . ,;.: ~I
_= 10-'W=O.lµW /: . Power auxiliary arm; P, = 550 mWI ,· X
40= 10 lo'g }'b = 80W
⇒
/:. P;=O. lµWj .. Power in' main ann is obtained by substituting the
I ~•
- pf .
n ;. t
.,
Recc;ived outpili p6wer: •. com:spondiog values in equati~ (I); I_._ Ouqu power =80w ·j
"' ⇒ ' il=log ~ - 11 II
- •
P, = P, -
·' ,.,. '
P1 - P• (insertion loss excluded)
A' i.e., .1.· •j '1 ;1•· I (Ii) The output po~ at coupled port is given by,
pf = 10'
ii .'
= IOmW- ,I mW - O._I µW
• • 1' ,... .., Output power= P, ·-: P,
= (550 x J0-')-(5.501X IO--')
IP.= 8xlO➔ W ! (·: From equation (3))
. Pb =(10-l .-0.,0001)x 10-' W
=0.54945 I <!ll> The expression fol' dircctivi!)' of a directional coupler is
P• = P1 x IOi' =8.999x 10-',W=8.99m~ . given by,
= 549.45 mW
=!W x l(J-' / :. P, =8.99mW I
= lo-'=0.1 mW
r--:---,,-e--~ , (I ' RciceiVed power (in l!B) =10 log -1. · , . .I
\: . Output power at !Min arm is 549.45 mW)
026. Incident po-r to a ·dlrectlonal coupler Is 80
D=IOh>g(~) ... (4)
I-·- Pb= 0.1,mWI . P, . ·. ,,,\ it
watts. The dlrectlonal coupler hll coupling - .BIil. D(dB) =30 dB
.,,: , ·ut,t• rr_,
Q24. A dfrectlonal coupler .h as 10 dB coupling ) I I! ,, ' " ' ' (IOx lO-l) factor of 20 dB, cilrectlvltY of 30 dB and Insertion ~i'olog ·.o .:5o ..,IL •'"..
,, ,,. . coefficient and 40 d B ~ . IM8r11oi)Josa of 1 , => P,(dB)= l~ log 8 _99 >< W-'. 1:•:,1,~ loss of 0.5 dB. Find the outpUt poww at. F..'-,·~~~ ••
dB. For ah Input ~ r of 10 mW at theJnput port 1 7 D'7' 10' - 1000
(I) Main arm ·,
1 ... of the 11)11(1 ann, determine the power at different ' = 10 X 0,0,4624 = 0,4624
' ports. Othe~ po,rta exceP,t the one at which the ,, t. , "· 'j .. (II) ·Coupled Oo ~bstituting correspooiiing ~ues in equation (4),
~
[ .-. P,in, dB= O,A624 dB
I
1
measuremir ii! made,an1 match ~1111111d. , (Ill) Isolated ports .._.' (llaldl-21, (Rtl~ ~cl I
1
iOOO a 10 I (. BxlO_.)
Ans: :, , I , ., ., I · _Overall receiv~d'po~er, (P) = p •, - Insertion loss . · Af\s: · • ,)&Jl)oc:-11,(R1Sl,Q4(~)1Doc.•14.(llii).mN og - p', -
, . . .
Gi.,,.n that, '.
.~,.. ' I
fl ••l (
=> p; = 0.4624- I = - 0.5376 dB Given that, . • ·1 . • """
0
(Bxl0-9
- - ) ·-10
. 1
•
For a direc1fona1 coupler, For a.directional coupler,
,r . 1 1. [P,' f 0.S376d8] , • - , 1 Pj • .
Coupling coefljci~ t, C~= I~ 1'13 lc
1
"i , Output power at main ann = Overall received power
. -so,.,,_ ••ti•l,,n,•:.i
" ,,Jncidentpower,P, - . . ~ .. . ...
I ., I -► ' : Coupling factor, C"' 20 dB
= 40 dB .:-,A P 3 = BxlO = 8 x IO-" w
I
Directivity, D • , I ,,,
r? , , 1 j '
' =, P,' . ' • • IQIO I
Insertion loss,/= ldB , =-0.5376dB . 11·v1·ty, D=30dB
D·1rec . · . . I . p, _ _,, I ,,,
Input power, P,·= 10· mW , · . [ Output power at main ann = Oili'376 dB/
... . I occ1B •-~·•· .~•• '' 1 ·· i-8><10 w
lnsemon loss, - .'J • •
~ WAill'ING: X■ro---~ ii~.ft~CRIMrHAL~~~~dau11yia lfiaC{iP ""' LEGAL ~ SPECTRUM ALL-11-0IE JOURIAL Fltll'D811E£Rli6 STUDENTS~ -!!f.fl... -1:, _. ':J
-~ • ·IIICII
__.,.
proanumgs. ~ ,;. ' ·..t.r·- ,... -
.,!lt..,,_.,i..:.
·•a
...~ ' ,'ll
 .a.c_.,& '.!4!"' a 1p:ffl:'ffl'P .f
~ MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNTU-HYDE~e
I 110
By using symmetric property, ·. ~ uNIT-4 (Scattering Matrix Bnd M~owave Meas11r•q11~)-~
i:f;j-inii;.iiNfl
• -~ 1 •
s., -s,, \ ·-. -
~ ~ ' , ·, '1
.1-,r ~ I
Qy ICl~vJna-~
•• • ") •
(!) aq/ (2).~ gd.J ::>
111 ~\ I
,,, Pow.rr~~ 1
Q27. &p1a1na,;s-m.tm.....,...1t111onot•mulllpoft
rn1a-.... ,___.and ... slgnlflc:anCe-
s,, -s,, ·. lSi,°r+ISi2f +j~;;zr- f , 1 ' •• r ' ,t11,.,
. -..O,C..11, (It'll). QtO(b) s,, -s,, ISi2f+l~f~ Ai,f-1 ,.1 , • •
., ., (or) .
[SJ. =·rss.,..
S,2 S11]
Derfftthe~.,.... .,, • • port ...
Juncaon. - ,--
111k:1_awa,
__,.,.
. ' i.e., .Sn -S11 IS..f_:_ ISnf-:~
S11 -s,, 0 ,·.1.IS,.l2~ 1SJ . )', ,; 'I
l
Ans: . bl~ / I
By using unitary property, s,, -sn .•. (S)
The two-por1 microwave junction ii u shown ii! figure
(I). s 11 ~ 12 s,, ] [s;, S,°2 s;, o oo]
[1 1
Fl..,. ' From equation (3).
[s.,
S11
Sn -
-S11
-s11 s~, s~ -s;, =
0 Su -S11 0
1 0
0 0 I
If the two waves are incident into port I-and port '2, the
addition of these two waves will be out through port 3.
1&,,r+_is,.r-1 ·
·:: . : ./--· -~· s. / : : From the above matrix, The required S-malrix can be obtained by the follol3/Ulg
21.5'.,r = i_ ,,
2 _ .!.
IS,.I' + IS.,I' + IS.,I'~ 1 llePS· ' ISII1 2
..,.,11 ~,,ii~!Sul' + IS,;1'= I
..'. (I)
·-(2)
I• As H-plane has 3-ports, S-lllalrix is a 3><3 matrix.
s,,-72I .. ... (6)
The S-matrix. for a nwrport microwave juncti~ is, s11 • s,, s11 ]
IS.,I' + IS11i' = I (SJ = S2, Su
(SJ ,- [s" s.,] ·
.!.(3) S23
• [S11 S,2 From equation (4)-. Fl,
s,, Szz .. 21$,,f= I
Where,
Sn
s;, 1(,', f s;,i = o
I
:. ["'] • [S" Su] [a']
b, S21 Sn a2 ("-' (b] • ~S] [a)l
S11 =--:rr s, - Scattering ~cient S,P, *O
In a 2-pmt mic:rownejunction, a toCal offour S-parametas Si,s;, -Si,s: 2 ":' o ... (~) . i - Output port n-e,s;,+s:,=o
are praent. .s.,. s,,.
S21 and Sn. · • From equations (I) and (2), j - Input port. s;, = -s:,
S11 correspoods to rdlcction
cc{efficierit at port (I j, when S11 =S13 2. For the H-plane to be symmetric, scallering coefficients S11 =-S., , ... (7)
the-input is applied at port.(J),.wittl matched terminated port - ( .
. Froni equation (4), of S-malrix must satisfy the following condition. By subatituting equations (6) and (7) in equation ( I)
(2) i.e., a2 = 0.
s (s;, -s;,>•=o
f
we get,
s,, corresponds to traosnu.ssion coefficient at port (2),
when the input is applied at port (I).
11
.-. s,,=s,,= sn 1·.-.s13 'F.OJ
S., =S23
· IS,,P+ ISj+ IS,,P= I
3. From the symmetric property, 1
s,, correaponds to 11m1Smiuion coefficient at port ( i), Substituting the above relation in equation (I),. L!J - •
is,.r + ~..r + ITil
"Ji1=;
when the input is applied l!l port (2). S12 = S11' ~ll = $ 32, S.,_=Sll
Sn corresponda to reflection ~fficient.atport (2), wtien !Sul'+ !Sul'+ ( 4. S,; = 0, ~use the port-3 is tcnnfuated in matched load.
the input•~ 'applied at port (2), with matebed tcnninated porl 2• ..
t"n
r = 1-.!.2
(I), i.e., a 1 - 0. • It' j2 .!.2 By applying all the above properties, [SJ matrix can be
•.• 2..... E I
written as, 2IS,.P =2
~ ~I
· Slp.lflca■ce
. •2
I
s s., s.,] _..!_
lr,
' :z
~ .IS..I -
S11 11
4
-For answer refer Unit-4_,_QI 7, Topic: Signifi~.
028. Build the 8-matrtx of E ~ 1'~ Ju,;ictton. r ;· ; i .,!
. [SJ-
[s., S., Su , S,,
s., 0
s,, = ½.
r½ *J -
1 ... (8)
Ana: -Jlloc.,.tZ, (llllli Q4(c) ',,.1 s.
• . , •, 'J ., · I I -I From the unitary property,
J matrixB-plane tee· has three-porb.
· Therefore, S-matrill is a 3 x · (S] = 2 2 Ji From equtions (S). (6) and (7) we get,
r,
. ·1 -I . O i.e., (S][S-] = I I
s., Su s.,] Ti Tl . [s;, s., s,,][s;, . s;, s,,=-2
~
i.e., (SJ ~ S2, Sn
[ Sz, s:,] .=(_11_0
s;, [' ,: ·ool •' I
_ S31 ·S u s,. Q29. ~ 61!18-matrtx for, H-plana Tea. • /_
1 Su
, Su
1
Su
Su
Su
O
S12 _Su
( , S~
o ·o· o' I · · sn • .!.2
I
. (llodef Pape,, Ql(b) I lill!rdl-Zt, (Rtl). Ql(•II
The oU1put obtained at ports (I) and (2) is 180" ~ut of • . (or) · . . .. From the above matrix we .get, By 111bstituting all ~ i n g values in (SJ matrix
phase, 0ar1vl111a ■caU.rtng matax of.H-plana Tee. s I'*'<, ·,, ~.<, i'= I
I 11 l'f12 iu'IJ . • ·
·... (!) weget; . .
. i.e., s" = -fu , : . .. I : Anet _.,.1s, (RGI~ Q41•1 IS l'+IS13l't iS,,f =I .... (2) [1/2 -i',2 11,nl
s,, ~ 0, if port(~) (i,e,,. ~PIil port' is perfectly
I
And The H-plane Tee junction whose· side l!ffll port (i.e, . "· 1s 12+'t<, l'•I ' -' ... (3) ' . ' ' . (SJ ..' -1 /2~· 1~2 I/Ji·
• lj l""IJ I r. r.
marchcd..to..the junction. -. ,1 , , , • ; . port-3) it alOtM: terminated in a matched load is shown inn~· . s,,,+,S
·.Sf; •. ;
Su •0 . .,' ' :' . ,', • ... (4), • _ _o._ _ _ _ __
l / ,i2 l/,i2
11
lll[WAJIUS: Xara1/IIJ~41~liliilili'~ ~ 1~J..-lt~•~UA81..Et11 !•!,EGA_l Pl9Clldnp. Ji~9 ~ 1 '~ ~PECTRUM,ALL-IN;IIIE-J8UIIIIAL Ffllil161■EE111&,~at)tlau~,,daiijija~".~ •·,)
~:.
{'
- -- -- 113 .~,
•
11~
mo. Con1truct end explain ■boUt Magic TH and
MICROWAVE AND, OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNT.U•HYDERABADJ
,,,111: From the unitary property, - t1Hlf-4 (Scattering Matrix ii'na Miaowave Measutlilf:lentsJ
ii'ii" Explaln the c:haractart111c:a of a l1iortclrcu1ttor ' I ,,
.:.
~-'':>.
port■
-tl.
11,tlng 111 J-t:natrlx. How can this be uaeci u an , If lbe two a perfccdy matched; Ihm S.1'- s -0
21
,
calculm 111 1-p■r■meter1. qcuNo¥..a:111111, Qll•I [SJ[S-J= [ / J 1,olator? From the propcriy'o, isoWor S =0 ~,.,., ~-1.
s;, s;, ( 12
Find the S-trtx of I magic TN.
(or) . [s11 • , · s., s,.
sIJ "J
$22
lls;,
sll •- s 14 s 1:2 s;2 s;1 s;. ,.,.-: Then, lhe S-matrix of an ideal isolator becomel u,
(or)
Apltllllly-11, (1113), Q10(1) s,, s,, O 0 s,, s;, . o
s,. -s,. o o s;, -s;, o
The most commonly uacd circulator ia port-3 or port-4 '
cireulator. But, a basic circulator can have any ilumbcrofpon,.
1
[SJ • [~I ~] I
Cbar■cterlltlc of 3-port Clrcalator.
....
,Whit 1, m■glc tae? Dertv• the s:.m■trfx for in■glc
, Toe main characteristic of circulator ia lhat each um ia s o oo] =,[',o]
looos;,
21)[
An,, 0I 0O 0 ol nnected ro its next arm only. That means, a signal ttm.-mitted 0 '1
-[l
Dlc.·14. (MIi, CMl•I - ~1
Magic lee ii alao known u hybrid tee or E-H plane tee. 0 1· 0 reaches port ~i) and !hen port (3), (4).
:;,111 port (I) 1s~,r = 1
II la Wied IO oi:,tain comple1ely matched lhrce porttee junclion.
0 0 I s-niatrlx of a 3-port Clrcubtor s
Therefore, 21 • 1
Magic tee can be uacd IO l'IICUUl'C lhc impedance, u a duplexer According IO Carl~ theorem, a 3-port circulator ia a Then, the S-malrix of an ideal isolator ii becomes as,
⇒ IS11I' + IS12 l2 + IS.,I' + IS,.f' = I , ...,(1)
and u a mixer. "- JossIeSs , perfectly matched non-reciprocal 3-port micro and
IS;,I' + IS22I' + IS,,I' + IS,.f' = I ... (2) wave junction. ~= [~ ~]
S-matrb: of Malle Tee
IS.,I' + 1s ,,12 = I
[s:, ,.°s s J.
By uaing the properties ofE-H plane lee, we can obtain ... (3) 12 11 Q33. A l'Klprocal two-port microwave device ~ •
!he S-matrix of a magic lee. 1s,.12 + 1s,.f' = 1 ... (4) [SJ= ,Sll VSWR of 1.5 and an lnNrtlon loss of 2 dB. Find
Figure 11ioww lhe E-H piano magic iee. From equation (3), S31 s,; o • the magnitude at .s -pa--. of the~-
,..... 1s,,12 + 1s.,12 = I
[ ·: For.pcif~y matchedcondition]
AM:. .
£.<Inn I s s; +Su s;1 = 1
12 2 ... (I) Given that, /
' \,.
⇒ IS.,1'= 2 For a reciprocal two port microwave ckvicc,
I
s21 s;, +s21 s;, = 1 r ... (2)
VSWR= 1.5
s., = ,/2 • I
s,, s31 +s,, s,,•= 1 • • I.
• ... (3)
. ,. . Imcrtioo Josa, 1 - 2 dB
From equation (4), Sp s;, + s s;, =- s,. s;, = 0
12 7 ... (4) For reciprocal twoportmiaowave device, S-puamdal
are related as,
1s,.12 + 1s,.12 = 1 Considering,
S 21· ,tOI
s,; =S22 and
2 - I 11 ,, J ., , I :01tl .
⇒ is,.1 - 2 S = O; S,,,= I; S
i
s,, = I S,2 =S21
11 12 =O;
The expression for insertion loss of mi~wave device
Port-I
I
s,. =Ji
sn =,o[/'~ : !] 1
: , · interms ofS-parameters is given as, :i
·( I /(dB).= -20 logJS21I
Flfura By comparing equations (I) and (2), [SJ= L O O__ . _
o· I rro ; ,~I ih!_Jil ~t0 ' ⇒ = 10 • """" "
f
I ' ,I' ,:n · l, I IS,,I .
II hu 4 poru, hence [SJ 4 • 4 matrix. IS11 I' =IS,,I'
,., ~ This Japoit'cin:!llatM1tAieusdPMrdccouplingisolalor I ⇒ s,, = 10 .. ' "'
s11 Su s.,
i.e., S _ S21 S22 S11 s,..
s,.l , · s,, ;,,s,,
as shown in figure'. ~ ⇒ s21 ~ 10i'¾ = 0.794
On substituting lhe values of s,, and S14 in equation (I),
[ s,. s,, s,, s..
s., s., s., s.. I I
1s 11 12 + 1s1212 + 2 + =1 C !: I IOm!'(atar
I:. S21 =0.79 I
2 ~n•,-: 1.: • .
Port-3 hu H•plane tee aection. Hence, S., =S,, =0.79
s" - s., IS,,I' + IS,,I' = o The expression ofS11 intenns'ofVSWR is given·u,
. ,rt'f.,
Similarly port-4 hu E-plane iee aection, S11 =Su = O • VSWR-1
Matched S11 =S,,=VSWR+I
:. S,..= - S14 S11 =S22 =oO .!l!,!!...:..
From figure, lj- _., l "" 1' I • ' -(' 1.5-1 0.5
:. By substituting lhe values of S11 , S12, s.,, s,. and S": :. S" = LS+I = 2.S
s,. =s., =0 [ ·: porta (3) and (4) are iaolaled] in matri)!:, t. "·I~"used at high pow~r levels.
The decoupling isolaro; I
By uaing lhe 1y'mmetrical property,
·Q32. Find the S matr:lx of Isolator.
= s=o.2 I
i.e:, s~=~, 0 O l I ' ,r,b ' 'iio.JDec.-11, (RU~ 01oi•h l
⇒ su =s,, ' Jil Ti ,·, ls.1 -0.2 1 I
⇒ S11 =S,. •
0
0
-I
'Ji Ti
l\ iJ1 • I • • ' ; 11 ' (or) .
I
S= .r · matrix of an 11olator.
· ,cattertng
Ana: Dertve the :. Sw= s,, - 0.2
⇒ sn = s,, I I O
0 S-malm of given two port
'JiI Ti . . .. .
⇒
⇒
s., ·- s.,
s.. -s.,and .Ji ·Ji
-I
Q
•
0 , _,_..,.00 __,.,.,.,.,.,
rec·
r.' '
...-
Isolator are the two PC/11 ~cv~ces which~ no~- 1
llcnuation from port 2 to pott!f'. '
S _ ,[
·
s,.21 '"]
s~ '."
[0.2
llllaOW8VCdevicciagiwnu,
0.79]
o.79 0.2 .
⇒ s4 1 - s14 J s
* The above matrix ia called lhc S-matri;;
• of 8 magic Tee,t
. rsPEC-~L(. . .,JOURIAl FOR 11.ff\lMiZt:tJ
· l!IGIIIEE111116 SIUDENT'S.Nfl' ,.
_ _WllllDIG: X■ro~i~ ot.WAiair':ria'OJ~Nlt ~ct.'Alffiit■ ftiiiftll .,i1ty•1■~l!ABLE IQ t1c1 LEGAL proCllllngJ.~ . , ~ " ' .. ,.•
-~~
-~ -- ~ i· - -
 _114
Q34. Detennlne acatterlng matrix for th• followlng
Junction .. ahown In figure, I
.

MICROWAVE AND OPTgL C..Q.f,1M~NICA_TIO~S-IJNTU.-:_t'iYDE~BAl)J _

v,

I ,
I
•
,
Here, ·· 1
ZOI -Characteristic
.-
Zo2 - Characteristic impedance c'.lbutput.'
In this case,

••s, •• • ua ". I· · , 3 --.....

impedance of input-.,
:en~

IJNIT-4 (Scattering Matrix and Micr.owave Measurements-)

- Similarly,
Isolation = -20 log 18 1
,
25 =-20 log IS12i
S 12= 10-"""

,· '
12 C
obtained as,

1 a , dien
ons,'d_er, b, = - 2a, + a 1 +Jr
.
I

1
2 power Ill port-

us
2.
is
r
( 1) la,1=-x20=SmW
l
Y, O+JB 2
I '. s11 = 0.0562 and P, = - -
2 01= 2 02 =•r. e -
,:~. -
S =S =O
11 22
2 . 4
_ _ 1' ''!IIL ·, - J• , •
••t~ . b·-Power at port· 2 = Sm wj
.Ana:
Figure
Then,
A =A, B = Y0 JJ, C= - , D =D
, . ..
~ ....
, Y0 s=[s" s.,]·· S21 Su . Cons,'der, b, = .fi
a, + .fi · b-
a , then the .power at port•3 1s o
. -•, JC taincd as,
The given two port netwOQ: is sltown in figure.
f-
-·· . ''
··- s = ---cJhu,
11
A+YoB+?,i+D
,, . , 0

A+Y0 s -=- -D
_.1,.,fl~
,-. Scattering coefficients, [SJ = [0.944 · o _
Q36. A20'rnWalgnallafed to one -of the collinear

0 0.0562]
p;= Cri-Jia, I= ½x20
r l+0-1-1 -I
'
·:A= l,
•
Bi="o)'.
,. I port1 of a loaaleaa H-plane Tee. Calculate the.
power delivered through each l)Ort when other
=IOmW
1.
. .'.:_..l !
V Y, _ G + jl
1 Y, V,
= l+0+l+I = 3 ( C=.!o, D ;: J •ports are match term,lnated. b·-Poweratport·3 = 10m Wl
l·. . ' l
· C An•= Q37. For the given acatterlng parametera for a two-
}·
-
-A+Y0 B--+D .
f '
Yo -l+0-1+1 -1 Given that, port network calculate the equivalent Impedance
s22
Rp,.
= ·
·, A+Yc,B+.£.+D
Yo
=--:,---,--:--=-
1+0+1+1 · 3 For a lossless H-plane Tee, parametera If the characterlstlca Impedance la
son.
t
From figure,
. I . S _
{
AD-BY.0 x-
Yo _ 2(1-0J _ !.
C) . . Power fed to the collinear port I= 20 mW
The other two ports 'arc terminated with matched S 11 •OA_+ J0.7
Yo= G+ JB loads,
12 - A+Y.B+.£.+D - 1+0+1+1 - 3 s,. = s., = j 0.6
Yo , o -Power delivered to port-I = ?
The ABCD-parameten for the networlc shown in figure
·arc obtained as,
s 2 ,
= - - - - - ; o - = - -- = -
2 2 Power delivered to port-2 = ? S 12 = 0.3 - J 0.8.
Sin~ V1 = V2 21
.
A+Y.oB+.£.+D • l+0+l+I
Yo
3- Power delivered to port-3 =? Ana: -./Dec.-11, (R13), Q10(b)
A=landB=o · , S-matrix for H-plane.Ti:e is given as,-
I
The scattering matrix for the given network is, Given that,
From figure,
½ -½ fr,l For a two-port network,
V2_= -,r-
1, -1,
or / 1 = V2 Y0 + 1 ·; •
2
~= [; "
S21
S12]
Su
=[· ~I
!. .::.!
¾•] 1
·
S= ·½ ½ fr,
[lr, fr, 0 Scattering parameten, s,, =.0.4 + j 0.7
By solving the above equation for specific conditions, , r ,3· ~ S12 =S21 =j0.6
But from the given da14.
C=Yp, D=J Q35. Find the S matrix for unatched laolator having
⇒ Port-I is fed with some power i:e., a, = 20 mW Sn= 0.3 - j 0.8
Therefore, ~n,lnae'!fon !ll.¥,f)f /liS ~~~IJd,laolatlon of 25 dB.
⇒ · Port-2 and port-3 arc terminated i.e., a, =a,=0 Characteristic Impedance, 20 = so n
[: ~] .=[; ~J . Nov~-1~, (R13), Q10(•J
Then, the power at ports arc given as,
[~1
, I
(or) I Equivalent Impedance parameters, Zn• 2 12, Z,,. Z 22 =?
From the above parameten, scatteriilg matrix can be! A "'at,:!lad
laolator h111 lnaartton •loaa of 0.5 . ,
[·½ ½· fr,l
·½ .:.½ fr, [a·J
Impedance parameters interms of S parameters arc ·
obtained as, · · dB and laolatlon of 25'd8. Find the scatte_rl?g ⇒ Oz ,= a1 . obtained as follows, ·
coefflclenta; b, 'fr, fr, O a,
s = :i+li-c -15 (' ' - 1(1 +S11)(l-S22)+S12S21]
II "'c,1'+""'B;-+~C!e'+-D"° Ana: I . a,
I z.,-Zo (1-S )(1 - 'S )-S S21
-:i+li-c +l5 ) Given that, ⇒ b, = 2a, - 2a1 + .fi 11 22 12
8 = ~A~+"B~+-=
22 c~+D;;,-
For a matched isolator, · I· 'I a, = so[ (1 +o.4 + j o.7)(J - 03 + j_0.S) + (j o.6Xj o.6)]
!1~,, ⇒ b2 = - a, + 2 a 1+.fi (1-0.4 - j0.7)(1-0.3 ;!- j 0.8) - {j 0.6)(j 0.6)
s12 = 2<:il5-RJ Insertion loss
' 1. ~
=0.5
'
ilB 2
A+B+C+D • j
o[(I +4+0.7 j)(0.7+0.Sj)-0.361
Isolation = 25 dR · - ⇒ b _ a 1 +a1
8
2 , •...,J(5';;i ! · r ti' r1 :; •1· i;io ) - ·.fi, ' =S (0.6 - 0.7j)(0.7 + 0.8j ) + 0.36
21 = :i+li+c +l5 Scattering
'"1"1 '~ ..
coefficients = ?
Wheri:, The expression for insertion loss of a matched isolator
·eo ns1"der b' = -a, . rt• I
a,· then the power at po
I . + -,:;
·I --a ·= 5o[o.06+i .c;lj] .
ia giv~ by, ' , " I 2 . 2 1 v3
~-~-0.0IJ
:i = A {I; a- B
- ---,::-::- •. rt'''"'• ' • 11J.'"t - ,. ,, I is Obtained as,
. ' .yz;; - vZ01Z02 Insertion loss = - 20'log 1S 1· · '· '· ., •
21
= 50 (0.035 + 1.20/)
= (.!.)
2
· o.s =- 20- l~g IS I ,,.t; ,la, I · [·: a, =a, =OJ
_
C ,= cJz.,z., ,·
-
D =D~
z., ii., '-.'', .
"
,l .
, .. ,.
• s,11 I•='•ib-•.s,zo''- 2~ 1d
11 ··r, ,m, 1,,
1• ! • :,,
, . "
l
•
P, 2
I:, Power at pofl • 1'= 5 m~
, , ,
I I:,2 11

= 1.75 +60j
= 1.75 + 60 jl
• _?oz
Cll(,WAJIIIIG:~lh/.i,Mfl--,,•of,lfili•b'~ iJ-1-CRIMINAL 1ctr,Antam, fCMtd.flllilty. ~~~11e1 LEGAL incilldings.
'

;; S11 • 0,9_44 •,'. (

c::a
,, ,I "
~?fu§~1ii.ilSPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
 116
z,,
_ \ · 2S
Zo (1 - S 11 Xl - S 22) - S S 21
_ 12

\ I
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNTU~H't'DERABAl)J
·

The S-matrix for 3-port.circulator is given by, . . _

lS 11
, [SJ = S 21 S21 S,i
Su S 11 1
-
UNIT-4 (Scattering Matrix and Microwave Measurements)
,
Wl""II ~ )
117
=50
l 2 >< (J0,6)
(l - 0.4 - j 0 .7)(1 - 0.3 + j0.8)- (j 0 .6)(j 0 .6) \ ·
Since,

' s
JI

s32 s
ll
' .., (1) ( Swidmg
md,cator 1....:::::.)
l
1.2 j
- 50 1.34 - 0 .01 j
1 Insertion loss = - 20 log, 0 JS21l Variable intiaion Crystal de1"tor
@@@
12,2 - - 0.33 + 44. 77jt ⇒ 0 .5 = - 20 log, 0 JS21l &tie-
_;__ Frequency
·pr<[bc~ .... - ---------:;
-l
meter
~
- 0 .025 = logJS 21l
z,, - 2o (1 - S )(1 2- sS ) _ s s \
Sll = 10-0.025
I - - -~--:-l ~ - I ( ~~c'::.nnm1
II 22 12 21
Signal I~ Termmtion
- so\ . 2(i o .6) \ 1.-. s21 =0.944 \ generator _________ :
0 lriable "Flap" O
_(l - 0.4 - j 0.7)(1 - 0 .3 + J 0 .8)- (j 0 .6)(j 0 .6) Slolled •
lllemator li,e · I
50 >< 2 >< j0.6 . Similarly,
1.34 - 0 .0lj = --0.H + 44·77 J fltlra:6-allm,lfllic r-B-ii
JS,.I = JS 11l = JS,,I = 0 .944
Microwave tubes such as a klystron ~illator or a backward wave oscilWor or a gunn diode oscillator is used as a microwave
12:, - - 0.33+44.11 11 An!! Isolation = -20 log JS12l signal generator. They generate low 111icrowave power (about mW). ·
The output from the source is ei~ a square wave or a ~ntinuous wave (CW) modulated at I kHz. The sweep oscillator
- l(l-Su)(l +S22)+S12S 21\ 20 = - 20 log,1S 121
2 20 (t - . can also be used as a solircc gcnerator,_to generate_periodic signals. The variable precision attenuator provides the attenuation ·
u s )(' - s ) - s s
II 22 12 21 s,, = 10- 1
ranging from O to 50 dB llp0ll insertion rOSI. A variaj,lc flap attenuator is employed to check its l'C3(!ings with that of precision
= 50l(t -0.4 - o .7J)(I + o .3 - i o .8)+(j o .6)(/0.6)\ .-.s., =0.11
1
a
attenuator. The frequency wavcme1;er or simply wavcmcter with a movable cyclindrical cayity gives the frequency calibration
when it is tuned to resource condition. It is connected to a slotted line carriage which consists of a crystal detector. The modulated
(l'-0.4 - 0.7j)(I - 0.3 + j 0 .8) - (j 0 .6)(j 0 .6) signals is detected by using crystal~ inserted in the E probe. The SWR inlpcator is a tunable volbnetcr that reads the value
Similarly,
_ l(0.6 _ 0 .7j)( l.3 _ 0 .8 i> _0 .36 l- 1s,.1 = 1s,,1= 1s,,r= 0 . 1
of SWR in decibels and various typea oftennin.iton are used to terminate the end of the waveguide as indicated in the figure.
so (1.34 - 0 .0IJ)' · Precautions required In Microwave Meuuremeaa .
P=~ =~ Two b~ic requirements in microwave m_easurements using experimental setup are mentioned below.
_ 50lo.22 - t .39 i -?-36} S+I 2+1
1.34 - 0 .01, ' (i) Due to improper matched tcnninati~, reflections or standing waves occur in waveguide and the load admittance_c~ges
j :. P =0.334 \ resulting variations in output power and resonant frequency ofmicrowave sowee generator. These error.1 can be mlJllmized
= sol-0.14 - 1.39 i \ · by providing excess attenuation between the source generator and the remaining experimental setup.
1.34 - 0 . 1 J s11 =_s,, = s,, = 0_334 (ii) Deeper insertion of a coupling probe causes reflections in the wave ~de and results change in the ~sition of stand!ng
= 50(-0.09 - 1.038)1 On substituti~g corresponding values in equation 'ct), the waves and hence SWR value. To obtain the desired output 8:1 the detcck)r, the attcnuatlOn must not be.so high. The reflecbon
Zu = - 4.S - 51.9} scattering matrix as, and wave discontinuties can be avoided by insertingJ bc probe loosely and by maintaining full amplifier gain.
f·. Z 22 --4.5 - 51.9 11 040. With a neat dlagr:am, explain the construc:tlon of a slotted line.
l
0.334 0.1 0.9441
[SJ = 0.944 0.334 0.1 Ana: .
l
~,
z11 Z12} 0.1 0.944 0.334 The main function of slotted section is to detect the standing wave pattern present inside the waveguide. Figure·shows the
⇒ Z= Z21 222
l.75 + 60j _ 0 .33 + 44.77jl
4.2 MICRO~AVE L\;EASUREM~NT; ~ ··-~l;::1 typical ·construction of slotted line.
- l - 0.33 + 44:77} - 4 .5 - 5 l.9j 4.2.1 Deserl~tlon"of Mle,rQwave -B e;;i;°1
:. Equivalent impedance parametcn, Dlffere_n t Blocks and Their Feat~j
Z=
t:75 + 60}
•
- 0 .33 + 44.77}}
l - 0 .33 + 44.77j - 4.5 - 5 l.9j

Errors and Precautions

..~- -·
. .
Q39. Describe the blocks of microwave bench and
their features.
Q38. Obtain the ac:attet1ng matrtx of a 3-port circulator.
(Modol Papor, Q9(a) I Nov.1Dec.-1e, (R13), Q11(al)
Given lnHrtlon los• of 0.5 dB, l•olatlon of 20 dB
and VSWR of 2. (or)
An■: Draw the block schematic of a typical microwave
Given that, bench and explain the functlonallty ·of. eac:h
.component. • o.c.-14, (ROil, Ql(•l
For a 3-port circulator,
Ans:
Insertion Joss, / = 0 .5 dB
Microwave Bench Setup
Isolation = 20 dB
VSWR ~ 2 The general .,measurement setup fo r estimating the
. parameten like freque'JCY, power, VSWR and impedance at Ftpra
J
S matnx,_[SJ = ? \ microwave frequencies, is shown in figure. ·
@.~i'i?.CGISPECTRUM AlL•IN-QN~ JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTf'A
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 -;}'
uNIT-4 (Scattering Matrix b j Microwave Measurements)
Il'
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNTU-HYDERAB~
118 . MICROWAVE AND .I h' h ' di . -.... 119
. Toe meter consists ofthree sea es w JC m catcs n°l'lllal ·- Where, .
'The slotted line mainly consists of three parts. They arc, SWR. expanded SWR and dB scales. Besides these, a vo11a P, - Input ~er
1. . Slotted sec~!)n !)fa tranSmission line. scale with muimum reading o_f IO m V is included. Usuauy,:
P. - Output power.
· u·
2.
be
A !rave mg pro carnage.
· total gain (about 125d8) is calibrated mto 10 steps. The non... ,
· , I h' h · bel ·~"" 1
,II
• . . • . scale ranges from I to 4. The sea e w JC '1'. ~w normal scaic The commonly used method for the IJICaSurancnt of attenuation is RF Albstitution method. This melbod is pmticularly
3. A fac1hty for attaching detecting mstrumcn · .
15
reads the VSWR between 3 and I 0. The cahbrat1on ofexpanded suitable· for the nctworb with_large attenuation .fXI
low input powers because the attenuation is measured _at a single_~
The broad faceofthewaveguidecontainsaslotatccnter SWRscale is between I and 1.3 and is used for reading VSwt pasition. Thus, ~ results obtained arc accurate compared to the ~ ratio mctbc,d_ The output powa- of a mu:rowavc Signal 15
which is parallel to the axis of the waveguide. Th~ sl~t ~ocsn 't · of value less than 1.3 with higher precision. dB scale is pl3Ccd estimated by placmg a network whose attenµation has to be measured as shown in figure ( I).
radiate any power for the dominant mode travelling '.nside the below along with an expanded dB (0 to.2d8) for measurement
waveguide. The relative field strength of the standmg wave of VS WR in dB. ·
pattern inside the waveguide is sensed or detected by a small Netwod . I
Operation
probe, which is inserted through the slot. This probe is placed
on a carriage plate, which moves on the top-surface of the VSWR is defined as the ratio of maximum voltage to
wavegqide. The output from the crystal dctcctor is proportional the minimum voltage. The input to the VSWR meter or tunable

Microwavc
source
whole
attematiDD
bu tobe
Sbaed
lilll, .. ..
to the square ofthe input voltage due to the connection between voltmeter is the signal detected by the microwave det~tor.
probe and detector. An output proportional to the standing wave . Maximum deflecti1m on VSWR scale can be achieved by tuning.
~
,:
pattern inside the waveguide is obiained when the position of by using pad _o f probe carriage. The full scale deflection (FSD) ·I
Crystal
. indicates a VSWR of I. Assuming that FSD corresponds to JO
.;
the probe is moved along the waveguide slot.
detector
mV with a VSWR of I and probe i s tuned to obtain a deflection
The square root of the ratio of maximum output to thi:'
· · IOmV . fipra(I): &,eriln■ll1al S..., ta..._.An-tielt..,._1811ibn1aa
minimum output gives VS WR, as the crystal is a square law of5mV,thenVSWRis measuredas SmV = 2
device. A centimeter scale with vernier reading of 0. I mm In figure (2), the network is replaced by a precision c;alibrated attenuator.
The maximum VSWR that can be measured by -us~ g :j
(minimum) is used for noting the positions. A low frequency /4\\\\\\~
modulating signal C4J1 be obll!ined by the slotted line _c arriage VSWR meter is JO. For VSWR > 10, slotted line technique.is
with a tunable detector on the oscilloscopo. The loose coupling employed.
between the probe and the inner conductor ofth; line is used for . Applications of VSWR Meter
·
Microwave
source
Variable
precision
alllOOuator
Sloaledmc
i
measurement purpose. The characteristic impedances of both
I
VSWR meter is used to '!leasure the standing waxe
main line and slotted line are the same.
.r atio in high frequency communication systems. Some of them
041. What Is VSWR meter? How Is It different from include,
voltmeter? Explain Its features. - I. Wireless Communication Systems · Crystal
Ans: 2. Cellular Communications
detector
VSWR meter is a twiable voltmeter with high gain, high
Q, low noise voltage amplifier operating at a fixed frequency of
3. High frequency aerial communications (HFNHF/UHi;) . fitmw 121: Experlaeatal Se1llp ta ..._I'll A-liN Aftar Sallstitlllia .
I 1cHz. . . 4. Wimax Communications. Using the experimental setup shown in figure (I), power of the signai is obtained. In this case, the attenuation ofthe network
is measured by directly reading value from precision attenuator.
Figure illustrates microwave VSWR meter. ;(2 '2 Mwu,-n;'~of Atteti~~ ; Freq~
~ '0 2 Sta nding. Wave ·~M e·a s uremer,t ' Q43. Explain the po-r ratio method of measurement of attenuation.
r --~
. @g~
...
·Z~
.. .::"- =
~ :•
~~; ~€,

- ;. ,Measurem.-wt of Low and Hlgl! V

L. . Ca!!I Q ""'"'- ·-
with neat diagram.
(or)

., . ~·,
Q42. Explain the procedure for measuring attenuation,
. .• ,
Nov~.-17, (R13), Q11(b)'
· Explain how the microwave attenuation can be
· measure<!, Nov.-15,(ROt)Ql(b)

Ans: ·
Power ratio method is the most simplest way of measuring attenuation. The experimental setup for the measurement of
attenuation is as shown below. · ·
t:
I,
(or)
U SWR How to measure an attenuation of a given
microwave signal? . Nov.'13, (ROt~QIC•l
(or)
Fl9un : Ex,-tn.tal Setup t.r tile......_, ef_A-.tlea Uli■I , _ Ratlolhtllatl
p~ Exp.lain the RF substitution method of measure- The measurement of attenuation is carried out in two steps.
s • ~ 2 . ''~? -; ment of attenuation. . I. The output power of a microwave signal is mcasind as P, using a slotted line carriage without attenuation device. lI
,, ~ ~~
Ana: 2. The output power of a microwave signil is obtained as P, using • slotted line carriage with an attenuation device between
. 0 ~' - - The ratio o(~put power to the output power is kn°"'.11 frequency meter and slotted line. ,
,. Sc:MofO.VSWR-..,, . Ci"'- . Consider p and p are the output powers of a microwave signal measured using slotted line carriage without and with an
as attenuation. Gencrally, _it is expressed in decibels (dB).
attcnuati~n device between frequency meter and slotted line respectively.
. p
The ratio of power measured in each setup, i.e., P,IP, gives the attenuation in decibels.
Figura: Mlcr-.ve VSWR meter
I Attcnualton ·· (dB) IOlog-L, P a
M~ )I(;_#
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0
SPECTRUM·ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS1 · •')
, .....,.~ c ;-;; ~n~~
 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUN ICATIOIIIS .(JNTU-HY DERA
r
~aADJ
120 ::-:-:. ~ ~ ..
LJNIT-4 (Scattering Matrix and .Microwave Measurements)
• ... ~
121
Limlllltlou On subsurunng the correspondin g values iri the.above
I· In this
.· thod, · d"-tly propo.rtional to the signal generator output amplitude equation,
· me drift. •
measurement accuracy 1s ".-
2. Zero carry over takes place in attenuation measurement i.e., smalferrors occur when the reading ·
of power meter is made
zero on one
J =IOlog(f )
range and then reused on another. · ·. ·
3. It.provides good range switc~ing and resolution only for full scale rea&ing or any value
' close to the full scale re:uiin'_g.
Advanlllges
I. ln this me(ltod, errors generated by
· t

25 = !()DJ
P, lI
signal generator RF output level drift are minimized through continuous m onitorin 25
2.
of signal level by power sensor.
This method employs high directive coupling to improve source match.
· . g
:. P, = lo"-'= 12.53 x 10-'
,.-.P2 = 12.SJmWl
!
044. Compare the po-r ratio and RF substitution methods of measuring attenuatio n provided ~
microwave componen t
0'8, Descrtbe how,the frequency of a given mlcrowm,
• source can be measured using two different
Ans: The compariso"n between power ratio and RF substitution methods is mentioned iii table. filurw (2J
1
methods. ' Apr11111ay-1e, (R13J, 0111,, 1 The frequency for wave meter method is expressed as,
Power Ratio Method RF Substitution Method
(or)
1. = ½
I
1. Setup for power ratio method is shown in figure (I). I. I Setup for RF substitµtion method is shown in figure t i).
Write sh~ rt riot~~ on microwave frequency ~(~)'(if+(1J
measurem ents. Where m, n and p are integers and can take values 0, I ,
2, 3, 4 and so on.
lI
An•:
.047. -Draw the block diagram of microwave bench
The frequency ~f the source signal, is measured at ·
setup and explain the slotted line method of
microwave frequencies by using any one of the following .
frequency measurem ent
methods. · , . / ·
· A1ura(IJ Alls: lllrch-21 , (R18), Ql(b)
Figure (21 1. Electronic Method for Ftequency Meaaurement
2. I In this method, input and output power arc measured 2. I The output power is measured by including the
·10 •this method, a reference frequency· is compared
Figure shows the block_dia$fUD of microwave bench
with or without the device whose a ttenuation is to be setup to measure frequency using-s lotted line method.
network whose attenuation is to be measured .
measured.' with the unknown frequency (signal whose frequency is to be
Klystron
3.1 In figure(!), the device whose attenuation is to be
measured is added in between the frequency meter
and the slotted line. ·

3. I In figure (2), the block containing the network whose

.attenu11tion is to be measured is_replaced by variable ·
precision attenuator.

measured) as shown in figure (I).

Variable low ·
&.quency
llanmnic
generator
.
Mmr
.
4.1 The ratio of pow~ measured in each setup, i.e.,
4. I Attenuation is measured at a single power position.": ·
01cillator
VSWR
P,IP, gives the atten1.1ation in decibels. tpet,or
f,.
Table
Q45. The calibrated po,wer from a generator as read at the po-r meter
Ans:
Given that,

Is 25 mW. When a3 dB atten~ator with

a VSWR of 1.311 Is Inserted between the_gerierator and ~etector what value should the power
meter read?

Fip111I1~ Blocll Dl11nm If ElectnnlcMatlled far ~ y

. .._-1
The harmonic output is mixed .with theunknow n •
frequency in mixer. Here/.., and nf. can be easily foun~. This
method is 99.99 percent accurate.

-
Frequency .
AllcmWor
~~

Slllllding wave
...
deleolor
Then, the procedure to measure frequency using slotted

Termination
From a generator reading, line method is described as,
P, =25 mW 2. Wave Meter Method I. Obtain the modulated square wave in the CRO. •
Attenuation, a = 3 dB When the cavity frequency ~ atcbcs with the unknown 2. Cahl>ratc the VSWR meter.
signal frequency (whose frequency has to be measured) as
VSWR = 1.3 / I
shown in figure (2). Transqiissio n type gives high output at the
r Adjust the slotted section so as to get the maxima and
minima position.
Power meter reading before the attenuation is provided P, = ?
measured frequency.
4. Ifthe reading is taken at maxima point, bring the VSWR
Power meter reading after the attenuation of •3 dB' is inserted =?
Abso"rption type gives low output at the measured · meter to maxima point and rotate the frequency meter ·
The expression for attenuation in a circuit is given by, freq~ency. Hence, its cavity wave meter is preferred for so that dip occurs (towards the left end of meter).
a (dB) = 10 log ( : : )
laboratory purpose. In this: method there exis..ts a movable s. At dip position noti: down the frequency meter reading
short circuit as shown in figure. By varying the cavity length. _and also not e the dB value from VSWR meter.
resonance, frequency can be changed . The tuning .can· be Immediately rotate the frequency meter back to the
Where, F:. • P, and P,.. = P, · original position so that the pointer reads to maximum
calibrated in tCfD!S of frequency by known frequency input
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position. (Zero position in VSWR).
. ,
. . 1 """"'/f.8 '
AL proceedings. ~ r::: . , -~· ¥ · JSPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE'JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS; ~ -. ' ' :-'_i-.,
,...:w....
 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL co~MUNICATIONS [JNTU•H:YDERABAo UNIT-4 (Scattering Matrix and·MicrowaveMeasurements) c "'• ·
122 oi.r, '. ;t
Calculate the difference ~ccn two maximas or two minimas, which gives_'J...P,. · --.!, 1be expression for VSWR is given byir
,, -_ 123
6. 1, 11
t,, , " I 1 .. •, t
s•=· ~.... 1-t!rl . ..,· !·,. ~.
7. Calculate the frequency and wavel~gth using following relations as,
V. =
l'l\e relationship between ')..o' ')..• and '). is aivm by
c: c•
1 •, • lo • t.c lrl '.:·,)-
Where, . · ·•
I I I
11" = 11"+ '),;
0 , ' f'-:- Reflection coefficient = ~
'J..., = 2a, Where, a is dimension of rectangular wavegui_de. . V,
When f=0 ; S= I ,
Thus, "-. can be calculated. From this, 'f value can be measured as,
When f=l , S=oo
/=~)
,._
8. :nie same process is repeated for different frequencies of~stron operation, which can be varied by rotating the sere\\' When r ·= 001 S= I
m clockwise or anticlOckwisc direction which is provided in tl!e _reflex kly~tron. · ·
1. Low VSWR Measurement (S < 10)
048. How to find low an~ high VSWR of a given load 11t ,m lcro~ve.frequencies? Explain. Dec.-111, 11\111. 01'1
(or) Figure (2) s~ow_s the setup which is used to measure lo~ VSWRs i.e., less than 10 and the readings are directly taken from
the ysWR meter. .f
Explain how to measure the VSWR of a given lol!d at mlcr0111(l1Ve frequencies
.• J ,.._ • •
w!th neat block.diagram.
-
May/June -111, (lt15), Qt1 Microwave
I
..:(or)
Sobe
,l'nlt _
Explain the double minima method of'tneasurln g V$WR. Aprll/May-18, (R13~ Q10(b) ,
'" · (or)
Define VSWR. ~~rlbe the m~thods for ,meas1;1rtng high and low VSWRs. Nov./Dec.-17, (R13), Q10(b)
(or) 1:
Dlscuu methods for .measurement of low and high VSWR.
(or)
Nov.-15, (R09), QI(•)
~, f!pn (2~ &perimlilt Setup t.r lnr VSWR
What Is VSWR? Explain the method measurement for low and high VSWR? ··, , .... In.this method of measurement, an adequate reading oo O.C. millivoltmeter is taken by simply adjusting ilie attenuator. The
rm.-13, (Rot), Q8jbl
I maximum ·reading on the meter can be ol!tained by moving the probe on slotted waveguide i.e., V_. Then. the fulf scale reading
(or)
is noted down by adjusting the value .ohttenuator. Next, the minimum reading on the meter i.e., V.., is oi,tained by adjusting
Explain the procedure for measuring VSWR<10. Nov./Dec.-17, (R1 3), Q11(1) "1e pro~ on the slotted line. The,ratio of.first i;eading i.e., V_ to the second reading i.e~ V.., gives VSWR. When the meter is
l(Refu Only Low Y.YWR !,{epntr;;;_,_ ~ O))j l calibrated in terms ofVSWR; the maximum d~ectioo on the VSWR can be obtained by adjusting the pad. When VSWR "> 10,
Ans: the meter gets congested and accurate
meas~ent is not pcissible. So, the above method is not suitable for VSWR > I0.
Voltage StandJn& Wave Ratio (VSWR) 2. High VSWR Measurement .
·J ..
Voltage.standing wave ratio is defined as tlte ratio of~um to nrinimum voltage on·a tine having ~landing waves i.e:, · VS WR meter is used to measure
.... VSWllvalues
.
ofless than .
. 10. For ~easuring tho; VSWR valUC$of greater
. than IO double
~
minimum method is used. Th<; microwave bench setup for the measurement of VS WR using double minimum method is _as shown
VSWR,S
. =
in figure (3).
I
• . ' Jl "~'.l
Figure (I) shows the stand~g waves along the length of the line, which are due to the mismatch ofload at the terminatio)l:t" VSWR
meter
2 f"( l ,• _I_~'
• tiJ ~· ! r~ P''. .,, ..-;._·,~
} t,•.r
·'•
'\."lolr, t: I
t
.. ..:,,l ~ ,•.- t:r U• ., ~<,.
t v... ••
j
~

~
_,:n ,•
. !fJ
"' I•"' ,1 J jl yq,
ii
.c., ,11 .. ,, .
Variable, .
source attenuator
0
J' , ¾<m) 'C,·· Fit~;_ (j~EJi;9rimllital $.ui, far llflll ¥SWR M_,_,
1111 .,i
,~·'( · In this method, initi~ly''thi: probe"in slbtted line is adjusted to get the minimum voltage. Then theJ)l'Obe iJ rocated such
that the voltage of the wave becomes· ./i' limC:l the minimum voltige. At this point, the distance _d, is noted. In the 11me way,
J .J I
Flpn1 11 I: Standln1 W■va 1lan1 lenfth of the line ,. , , ~ the distance d is:ndtcd at a point where the voltage again reaches to fi times the minimum voltage u shown iofipre.(4). .
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2
1 ~
124
Vol1age(V)

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMM UNICA TIONS [J~TU-H

YDERABAJ>J
· QIIO. TWO Identical 30 .dB dlractlonal coup1 e;;---
u1ed to 11mple Incident and reflected Po
111 -
tJNl'f-4 (Scattering Matrix and Microwave Measureme_11ts)
.
Distance Detween two successive minima,
The expre.ssion for V_oltage Standing Wave Ratio
125
2v...,
1.n a wavegu ide. · V~WR • 2 and the outputvttr
the coupler samplin g Inciden t power • 4.S
What 11 the value of reflecte d-po~• r? ·
rn: d1 -d,= 1.5 cm
VSWR, S=?
(VSWR) is given by,
). .
.. . ( I)
VSWR, S = lt(d, ~d,)
I Anal Nov./Dec:.•11, (R13), Qs(b) Then, the expression for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
vmln ----L- I Given that,
(VSWR) is given by,
).,
Guided wave length is given by,
d, cl, ~(=)
For two identical directional couplers, VSW R,S= ~ ).-~ ... (2)
... ( I) I-. ✓i..> - A'o
C
VSWR= 2
Flpra 141: Plet ■f V■ltat■ YI Dlstlnc■ Then, by using the relation between guided, operating
Coupling factor, C= 30 dB . Where, A, = 2a = 2 x 3.5 = 7 cm
VSWR can be calculated by using the fonnula, and cutoff wavelengths i.e.,
Coupled power, P1 =4.5 mW C
~ I I l And).,= lo
VSWR = 1t(dz-d1) Reflected power, P, = 1 "if= "if+
_o I
A',
3 x 1010
The expression for reflected power is given by, I · I I = 8 X 109
Where,
P, = pZ.P,. •.• (1) ⇒ 11-""="i!-11
I C
A. - Ao The expression for coupling factor is given by, ,.
O
=3.75 cm
1
- ./_1-(lorA.,'f I 1,,' -).'
C
⇒ 11" = ;, i..•·
• 0 C
On substituting the corresponding val~es in equation (2).
'A.,,=7 . C= IO log,{ ;~
). ' )..i..,
guided wavejength is obtained as,
, = ✓A' -i..'
A., =2a. 30 = 10 log,0
.
(-P._,_~
4.Sx10·1 )

⇒
• ' 0

... (2) A = 3.75 • 7

• /(7'r - (3.75'r
049. A •lolled llne Is used to detenn lne the SWR Where, le= 2a
=4.44cm ·
value of • waveguide. Adjace nt m,111 positions 10' x 4.5 x 10-' = P, =2x4= 8cm
ara located at 13.31 cm and 15.45 cm. If the : . P, =4.5 W C 3 x tO10 On substituting corresponding values in equation (I),
separation betwee n -the two-min imum power
. The reflection coefficient (p) is obtained as, And_).~= lo = t5 x JO9 =2cm VSWR is obtained as,
·points Is 2 mm, what Is the value of the SWR? 4.44
VSWR-1 On s11bstituting coriespo~ding values in equation (2), S = _7t_X_(-,
X_10__-cl
Ans; p"' VSWR+I
). = 2 x8
/(8)2-(4 )2 =2.(Je5c m
Given that,
For a slotted line,
p' =
2-1 I
~=3 "' '
On substituting corresponding values in equation ( I),
= 14.13
.On substituting co~nd ing valu~s in equaifo11 (I), ~ 065
l·.s = 14.B I
Adjacent null positions arc located at, .., ='J.Jl5
reflected power is obtained as, . VSWR, S= 1t x t.5 x 10- 1 Q53. Two identical directio nal couplere are placed
z, = 13.31 cm
!.·.S =4.38! In a waveguide to sample the Inciden t and .the
z, = 15.45 cm p = (.!.)' X(4.S)
.
I, ,t
' reflected po-r. Ttie meter readings show that
, J ission
Q52. Calcul ate the SWR of a transm
Separation bc:twceo the two qi.inimum powerpoints the po_, level of the ~verse coupler Is 10 dB
mm "' systel'fl operati ng at B GH\:. Assum e TE, 0
is, (d, -d,) = 2 2· x 10-1 cm._ = .!.x(4.S) down from the level of the forward coupler .
9 wave ~ansm lsslon ln'slde a wavegu ide of
Then, for double minimum.method VSWR is given by, dimens ions a= 3.5 cm, h ,. 2.1 cm. The distance What Is the value of the SWR on the waveguide?
1.-. .P, =o.s w 1 . "11
A, m~asu r.ed .'betwee n twice minimu m power Ans:
SWR = VSWR = JC{,d, -d,) Hence, the value of_reflccted ~wer is 0.5 W. points (1ucce1slve minima) Is 1 mm on~ slotted Given that,
·
Where, . Q51. Calculate the VSWR of a transm lHlon 1y1~m llne.
For an arrangement of two identical directional
= 2[z2 - z,] operating at 15 GHz. TE,. modes I• propagating · Ana:
c- Paper, q_t(b) I NovJDoc.•11. (R13),Q11(_
I ))_ , _
11 · co~leis.
through the wavegu ide of dimens ions 4.0 and
= 2(15.45 - 13.31] 2.1 cm raspect lvely. The distanc e betwee n twO
Given that, P,....,,.(dB) = - 10 dB+ P.._,,(dB)
succes 1lve minima 11 1;5 mm. · For a rectangular \\'llveguide o~ting jn dominant
:. i.1 = 4.28 cm SWR on the waveguide, p = ?
Ana: mode i.e., TE 10, ·
Nov./Dec. -11, (R13), Q11(b) I
Then, converting above power relation into nonnal form
SWR =---
A,
Given that, Broader dimension, a = 3.5 cm ·
=> 1C{,d2-d1) as,
Shorter dimension, b = 2..1 cm
For!l rectangular waveguide operating in domillallt
=---
4.28
1C{,2xJO-I)
mode i.e:, 'l'E 10, • (
:operating frequency,f. = 8. GHz P......., =[P'~•"'] _ ... (I)
Broader dimension, a =4 cm Distance between two successive minima, d, - d, = I
=b.8118 But, the reflection coefficient is defined as, r = Pnn., ..
P,orwan1
Shorter. dimension, b =2.1 cm nun
!:. SWR - 6.8118! I -~ting frequency,f. - 15 GHz . · VSWR, S=?
RING STUDENTsQ" 1f§;.!~ 01 , •• _J
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• •
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UNITr4 (Sc;att~rtng Matrix and Microwave Mea~urements) 127 ,
...
~-
Oij -
1:1,..
!
t -3
! - '"
0 r1 ·ro r.2 .
;
.
4,....• J Jr1 1 '
l,..
___J
------, Bandwxlth ~ ---.f
requency (Hz)
Figure (21 ·-
By neglecting the coupling between ~icrowav~ source and ca~ty and that of detector and cavity, QL = Q0.
Disadvantage
I
. In the case of very high Q systems, the accuracy of this method is poor due to narrow band of operation.
-..
4.2.3 Impedanc e Measurem ents
- - . -
Q55. oe,crlbe the measurement of Impedance using slotted line, reffecto~e ter and Smith chart.
Ana:
Measurement of Impedance using Slotted Line
Mi<:r:owave tes~ bench hol~ good for measurement fo~ almost any microwave parameter is as shown in figure ( 1).
VSWR '
Pow.er supply meter
Microwave Variable Frequency SJotted WG Unknown
Isolator attenuator meter sectim. impedance
signa 1source
unidirectional
Figure (11
An unknown impedance is connected to the load, to measure VSWR, ~velength and position of voltage at first minima
(x.). The unknown im~ce and load ~t-terminated output are then replaced by short circuit. The position of voltage at first
2
minima (x ) is now measured. The:. shift in minimum is measured as, (x ~x•) • On Smith chart a circle is plotted with center
~
2 . . . t
VSWR and the load as radius. Toe shift in m~ima on the circumference of the Smith chart is marked. The shift in minima point
the S~ith chart 'is then ceirccted to the centre of the VSWR circle: (i.e., one) by drawing the line. The point at which this line
~
~'
0
cuts the circle gives the valu~ of unknown impedance as R + jX or R - jX
.. .
Measurement of Impeda~ce us~g Reftectometer
'Reftectometer is a microwave measurement device used to measure the impedance at microwave frequencies. The schematic
diagram of measuring impedance using reftectometer i~ as shQwn in figure (2).
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__,, ..
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 VNIT -4 (Scattering Matrix ar,d Microwave
------· - • 129
fre que ntly Ask ed & Imp ort ant Qu est ion
--· --- ~--.- - - -- - - --
s
Q1. Defi ne S-m atrix and men.tion the use of scatt ering
. . para mete rs In micr owa ves.
Ans: Refer .Q l . (Aprtl/ May-1 8, (R13), Q1(I) I Nov./Dec."'18, (R13),
Q1(1) I Nov./D ec.-17, (R13), Q1(I) I Nov./D ec.-1S
Q2.
. .
Why Isola tor Is used In micr owav e mea sure men ts? ·
, (R13) , 01(1)
'
~
~
Ans: Refer Q l 0.
Oec.-19, (R16), Q1(I) I Nov./D ec.-17, (R13),
01(1))
Q3. Expl ain the func tiona l featu res of Direc tiona
l coup ler.
Ans: Refer Q 19.
Q4. Wha t are the char acte ristic s of two hole direc
(llarch -21, (R16), Q3(1) IOd./NovAO, (.R16), Q4(a)) 1W
Ans: Refer Q22.

tion coup ler and deriv e the S-m atrlx of It.

(lllytJ ..,..19 , (R15), 010 IDec.-19, (R1&), Q10(a

rn
~
)) ' .
QS. Incid ent powe r to a direc tiona l coup ler Is 80
watts . The direc tiona l coup ler has coup ling
dB, direc tivity of 30 dB and Inse rtion loss ·of facf or of 20
0.5 dB. Frnd the outp ~ pow er at,
(I) M"ln arm
~
(II) Coup led ·
(119 l1ola ted ports .
Ans: Refer Q26.
(March -21, (R16), Q3(c) I Nov./Dec.-18, (R13),
04(•1 I Dec..-14, (R09), QJ(b))
Q6. Deriv e the S-ma trix for H~plane Jee.
,,
II1,~.11II
Ans: Refer Q29.
,_, ,,~ ••~ •ll--· it-.~•11
Q7. Cons truct and expla in abou t Mag ic Tee and calcu
. late Its S-pa rame tars.
. 3
.
II
Ans: Refer Q30. . (OctJN ov.-20 , (R16), QB(a) I Aprilll lay-18 , (R13), ~~
Q10(a ) I Dec.-14, (R09), Q4(a)) •
QB. DHc rlbe the bloc ks of micr owav e benc h and their
featu res.
II
I
Ans: Refer Q39.
. ·2
(Nov./ Dec.-1 6, (R13), Q11(a ) I Dec.-14, (Rllt),
• n~
Ql(a)) •
Q9. . Expl aln the ·proc edur e for mea surin g atten
uatl.o n with neat dlag ra_m .
. Ans: Refei Q42. . '
Q10. How to find low and high VSW R of a given
load at micr owav
(Nov.JDec.-17, (RU), Q1.1(b) INov.-15, (R09) QB(b)
INov.-1
e frequ enci es? Expl ain.
3, (R09), Q8(1)) ~
1W
(Dec.-19, (R16), Q11 I May/J une -19, (R15), Q11
I April/lt1ay-18, (R13), Q10(b ) I Nov./Dec.-17, (R13), QiO(b) I
Ana: Refer Q48. •,
Nov.-15, (R09), Q8(a) INov.-13, (R09), QS(b) I NovJD
ec••17, (Ril), 011 (a))
Q11: Give th~ mea sure men t proc edur e for meas
uring Q facto r of reso nant cavi ty.
~
.121
~
Ana: Refer·Q54.
(Nov ~-17• (R13), Q10(a) I Dec.-14, (ROI), QI(•))
:
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 130 . MICROWAVE ANQ OPTICAL COMMUNICATI
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·Q12. Wha t Is a scatte.rlng mat rix? Disc
uss the lmp orta f'ce of ·S -par ame te~. List the prop
. . , ertie s_~ -_s.~
Ans : Refe r Ql 7. · Im ' .
.
Q13. Exp lain the wor king of a .two-hole
dire ctio nal cou pler with a nea t diag ram
~ ~
the cou plin g and dire ctivi ty of a two- hole
direction~• cou pler .
and deri ve-t he e~p ~lo n f;
. . .· ·
An~: Refe r ·Q20. /
·
..
Q14. Exp lain the S-m atrix repres,entation lm~. Cus
- .. ,. aan
of a mul~iport mic row ave netw ork· and _its-
sign ifica nce . ~, .
Ana : Refe r Q27.
Im~~
Q15_. Builc;I ~e S-matri?( of E-plane Te~ junc
_
t ion.
Ans : Refe r Q28.
(mportant Ql.aon
Q16... And the S mat rix of isolator.
.
Ans : Refe r Q32.
Important au.11on
Q17. Find the S· mat rix for a_matched isola
tor havi ng-an inse rtion loss of 0.5 dB ~nd isol atio
n of 25 dB.
Ans : Refer Q35 . ·
. .
~18 . Des crib e how the frequency of a give lmpo rtant a..tlo n 1
n microwave source. can be measured usin
g two differen~ methods..
. Ans: Refe r·Q46.
tant Questbr Impor
Q19. Draw the 'blo ck . dlagra~ ~f mlc_
rowave be~ch setup and exp~ain the slot
me~surement. ted line met hod of freq ue~
·· · . · . ·
. Ans_: Refer Q47 .
' Important QIMtioll
Q2~ . ~~s crib e the measurem~mt of
Impedance using .slotted line, _re~ectometer
and Smi th cha rt.
Ans : ·Refe r Q55 ..
. linporlant Quatlon .

l. -
\ .

1. - _In an H-plane Tee junction, 20-mW power is app~ied to . ~

.

load 60 n and 75 n conilected·to ports ~ !Ind @. port® ·that is perfec,ly matched to the junction. Calculate th8 d d the
power e ivere to
r.
. . ,.. ~ . .
2. ' An isolator has an insertion loss of 0.5 dB and an isolati [Ans: 9.92 mW,9.6mW1
perfectly matched to the junction. on of 30 dB. Determme the scatting matrix of the is
· • • · ·
· . .· ato~. if the isolated ports _are .
01
.' \
-. '
.
. . . lAns: [S~ = [l> . ... .10-1! TI
•
3. •. Double minimum methoct i~ used to determine the VSWR
value on a·waveguide ..If the separ
. . : • io--0.02s o ll
:- twice mi_nimum_pow~r points i~2.5 mm. Dete~ine the ation b tw . ·· · · :·
_value .of VSWlt e een two nulls is 3.5 cm and that betwef!!'
, .
In a phse shift measuremen ' · · [Ans: 8.9126] ·
. t setup, withoutthe waveg . uide component. (whos e phase · t b
7.2 cm a nd the ref~rence null was at 10.5 cm. With the is o e measured) the . · ·
"d __ ...,i
component. · component, the reference null got h"ft d
,' gui e wave
.· • · . s 1 8 to S.3 cm. Determine t~ length s fflllPIII ...
phase shift-of.mi
.'
... [Ans : 60°] '
II
l l >

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