Animal Organ

System
Levels of Biological Organization

Cell
Tissue
Organ
 Tissue
• Group of cells with a common structure and
function

Main types of Tissue

Epithelial Muscle
Connective Nervous
 Epithelial Tissue
• Sheets of closely packed cells that cover
the body surfaces and line internal
organs and cavities
• Named according to the number of cell
layers and according to the shape of the
cells
Number of cell layer
Simple Stratified
(Single layer) (Multiple layers)

Pseudostratified
(Single layer but appears stratified)
Shape of the cell
Squamous Cuboidal

Columnar
 Number of Shape of
Epithelia Example
layers Cell
Lining of
Simple
Single Squamous alveoli in
squamous
lungs
Tube in the
Simple cuboidal Single Cuboidal
kidneys
Single Lining of the
Simple columnar Columnar
columnar intestines
Stratified Lining of
Multiple Squamous
squamous esophagus
Pseudostratified Lining of
Single Columnar
columnar trachea
 Connective Tissue
• Consists of a sparse population of cells
scattered throughout an extracellular
material called a matrix
• These cells produce and secrete the
matrix that is usually made up of a web
of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly or
solid
• Fxn: binds and supports other tissues
1. Loose Connective Tissue
✓Function:
bind epithelia
to underlying
tissues and
hold organs
in place
2. Fibrous Connective Tissue

✓Densely
packed
collagen
bundles
✓Forms
tendons
3. Adipose Tissue
✓Insulates
the body
✓Storage of
energy
4. Cartilage
✓Shock
absorber
✓Supports
ears and
nose
✓Cushions
vertebral
disks
 5. Bone
✓Structural
support
✓movement
 6. Blood
✓RBC – carry
oxygen
✓WBC –
defense
against
diseases
✓Platelets –
blood clotting
 Muscle Tissue
• Most abundant tissue in most
animals
• Consist of long cells called muscle
fibers
1. Skeletal muscle
✓Responsible
for voluntary
movement
✓Striated
appearance
2. Cardiac muscle

✓Also striated
but cannot
control
contraction
3. Smooth muscle

✓not striated
✓cannot
control
contraction
 Nervous Tissue
• Fxn: senses stimuli and rapidly
transmits information
• Found in the brain and spinal
cord and in the nerves
throughout the body
• Functional unit of nerve tissue is
the nerve cell or neuron
Neuron

BACK
Tissues
make
up
organs
 Circulatory Digestive
Respiratory Endocrine
Integumentary
Immune
Skeletal
Nervous
Muscular
Reproductive
Urinary
Organ System

CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Circulatory system
• Fxn: distribution of nutrients,
exchange of gasses, dispose of
waster products
• Parts: Heart and blood vessels
 Heart
• Atrium (plural, atria)
–Receives blood from the veins
• Ventricle
–Pumps blood to the arteries
 Blood Vessels
• Artery
–Carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart
• Vein
–Carries deoxygenated blood back to
the heart
• Capillaries
–Network of capillaries infiltrate every
organ and tissue
 Blood
flow of
the
human
cardio-
vascular
system
 Blood
• Consists of red and white blood
cells suspended in plasma
• Plasma - liquid part of the blood that
contains solutes such as ions
• RBC - carry oxygen
• WBC - fight infection
• Platelets - for blood clotting
BACK
Blood clots plug leaks when
blood vessels are injured.
Organ System

RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Main function:
gas exchange
Mammal Respiratory System

Nasal cavity → pharynx →

Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi
(singular, bronchus) →
bronchioles → Alveoli
(singular, alveolus)
BACK
Organ System
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
 Skin
• Has two layers: epidermis and
dermis
• Functions:
–Prevents the animal from dehydration
–prevents penetration of microbes
–Has sensory receptors
–Synthesis of Vitamin D
Hair
–Produced by a hair follicle
–Has important sensory function
–Insulate the bodies of animals

Oil gland
–Lubricate the hair
–Condition surrounding skin
–Inhibit bacterial growth
Nails
–Fingernails and toenails
–Protective covering composed of
keratin
–Fingernails – for fine
manipulation
Organ System
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
 Skeleton
• Main functions
–Movement
–Structural support
–Protection of vital organs (such as
brain, heart and lungs)
–Production of blood cells
Hydrostatic
skeleton
–Protect body parts by
cushioning from
shock
–Give body shape
–Support for muscle
action
Exoskeleton
–Rigid
external
skeleton
Endoskeleton
–Vertebrates’
endoskeleton
composed of
cartilage and
bone
Vertebrate skeleton
Composition
of the bone
 Joints
permit
different
kind of
movements.
Organ System

MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Muscles: main fxn for movement
 Motor
neurons
stimulate
muscle
contraction
Muscle contraction
Organ System
URINARY
SYSTEM
 Urinary System
• Main functions
–Homeostasis
–Formation and excretion of urine
–Regulation of amount of water and
solutes in body fluids
How is urine formed?
Organ System
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
How is food processed in the body?
Digestion in the gastrovascular cavity of a
hydra
Digestion
begins in
the oral
cavity.
Human swallowing reflex
 Peristalsis
moves the
food bolus
through
the
esophagus
The stomach stores the food and breaks it down
with acid and enzymes.
 Small intestine is for chemical digestion and
absorption of nutrients. The liver and pancreas
produces enzymes to aid in digestion.
The large intestine reclaims water and
compact the feces.
 The digestive
tract of
herbivores and
omnivores are
longer than that
of carnivores
since vegetation
is harder to
digest due to
cellulose in cell
walls.
Endocrine System
 Hormone
• A chemical that acts as a chemical
signal
• Made and secreted by organs
collectively called endocrine glands
• Carried by the blood to different
organs
Hormones are
carried by the
blood to target
cells.
 Hormone
• Two major classes of hormones in
vertebrates
–Amino-acid-derived hormones
–Steroid hormones
 Gigantism and
dwarfism are
result to the
abnormal
secretion (too
much or too
little) of Growth
 Diabetes
Two types:
–Type 1: insulin dependent
–Type 2: non-insulin dependent (cells fail to
take up the glucose, usually occur in >40 yrs
of age)
Organ System
IMMUNE &
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEMS
INNATE IMMUNITY: Inflammation – redness and
swelling
May be cause by physical injury or microbiological
causes
May be localized or systemic (fever)
Lymphatic system fxn: (!) return lymph fluid to the
circulatory system; (2) fight infection
 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: Vaccination
Injection of weakened or killed virus or
bacteria to prime the body of the infection
Organ System

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Schwann cells are example of glial cells
that support the neurons.
Organ System

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 Reproduction
• REVIEW:
–Creation of new species
from existing ones
–Two types:
• Asexual
• Sexual
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Ovulation to implantation