OPHTHALMOLOGY

Unit 1
Sub unit 1.1 Anatomy of eye
 Structure Of The Eye
 Eye is the specialize sense organ, capable of receiving visual image which is then
carried to brain.
 Shape – almost spherical
 Diameter – 2.5cm (25mm)

Eye ball is made up two parts

A. Anterior Part
 Anterior part is small and occupies 1/6th
Part of eyeball
[Link] Part
 It is large and occupies 5/6th part of the eyeball
 Located in the orbital cavity which is called eye socket.
 Between eye and bone, adipose tissue is present
> Eye ball is attached to orbital cavity by occular muscle
> Eye is supplied by optic nerve
 Wall Of Eyeball

Three layers of tissue

A. Outer layer –fibrous tissue - sclera and cornea

B. Middle layer - vascular layer - choroid, ciliary body, iris
C. Inner layer - nervous tissue layer – the retina
 Outer Fibrous Layer
Sclera
 Tough and white outer fibrous layer
 Covers posterior 5/6th of the eye
 Maintain shapes of the eye
 Gives attachment to the extrinsic muscle of eye

Cornea
 Anteriorly, sclera continues as clear transparent epithelial membrane
 Cornea is convex anteriorly
 It refracts or bends light rays to focus them on retina
 Light rays pass through cornea to reach retina
 Refractory index - 1.376
Choroid
 It is the lines posterior five –sixth of the eye
 It is located between sclera and retina
 I is rich in blood supply
 It is deep chocolate brown in color
 Light enters the eye through pupil, then retina and is then absorbed by choroid
Ciliary body – it is the anterior continuation of choroid which is consist of followings:
A. Suspensory ligaments – it attach lens to the ciliary body. Contraction and relaxation
of ciliary muscle control size and thickness of lens,
B. Secretory epithelial cells- it secrets aqueous fluid into anterior part of the eye

Lens
It is highly elastic, biconcave body.
It situated immediately behind the pupil
Lens refracts light rays coming from objects
Only structure in eye that can change its refractory
Power
Iris
 It extends anteriorly from ciliary body and it is visible colored ring at front of eye
 Lying behind cornea and in front of lens
 It devids anterior part if the eye into anterior chamber and posterior chamber
(aqueous fluid)
 It is circular body composed of pigment cells
 It consists of two layer of smooth muscle fiber- circular and radiator
 In center- pupil
 It has parasympathetic nerve supply which contracts pupil and sympathetic
nerves which dilates pupil
Retina
 It is the innermost lining of the eye
 It is delicate structure which is well adapted for stimulation by light rays
 It has light sensitive layer which contains sensory receptor cells which are :
 rod cells and cons cells
 which contain photosensitive pigment that convert light rays into nerve impulses.
 It lines 3 quarter of eyeball
 Near the center of posterior part there is mocula lutea which is a depression inside
iris is called forea contrails (only cornea)
 0.5 to maocula lutea are nerve fibrous of retina converse to form optic nerve
Physiology of vision
Light falls on cornea
I
Aqueous humar
I
Pupil
I
lense
I
Vitrous body
I
Retina
I
Optic nerve
I
Optic chiasma
I
Optic tract
I
Lateral geniculate body
I
Optic radiation
I
Visual cortex cerebrum - broadmanns are no 17
Function of rods
1. Rods function at low light intensities and are
responsible for night (scotopic) vision
2. Rods have a much low level of visual acquity
Cones function
1. cones function at high intensities and are
responsible for day (photopic) vision
2. cones have a high level of visual acquity.
3. cones are involved with colour vision.
Layers of Retina
Common disorders of eye
Myopia - concave lens
Hypermetropia- convex lens
Presbyopia- bifocal lens
Astigmatism - cylindrical lens
Night blindness
Cataract
Glaucoma
 Refractive media of the eye

Name. Refractive power

[Link]. 1.38
[Link] humor 1.33
[Link] . 1.40
[Link] humor 1.34
Intraocular fluid
Intraocular fluid (fluid in eyeball) is responsible for
the maintainance of shape of eyeball.
- intraocular fluid is of two type .
1. Aqueous humor
2. Vitreous humar .
 Aqueous humour
- aaqueous humour is thin fluid present in front of retina .
- it filled the space between lens and cornea.
- this space is divided into anterior and posterior chamber
Volume :- 0.13ml
Function
[Link] intra -ocular presure and shape of the eyeball
[Link] as refractive media
[Link] nutrition to and drain the metabolites from the
Surrounding structure
 Vitreous hhumor
Vitreous humor is viscous fluid present behind
lens in space between lens and retina
Function
[Link] as refractive media
[Link] maintain the shape and intra -occular pressure
of the eyeball.
[Link] provides nutrition to the lens
[Link] prevents detachment of retina.
[Link] support the lens posteriorly
Functions of ppupil
1. It modifies the amount of light entering the eye .
[Link] control the depth of focus of the optical system of
eye
[Link] of vision is dependant upon pupillary size