ge) (2 Ble (emreee sree! ays) CASIO fx-82AU PLUS II and fx-1700AU PLUS The useable manual Team Steps Made in AustraliaContents 1. Out of the box Ad 1.2 2. Decimals, fractions and mixed numbers 21 2.2 23 24 2.5 2.6 27 28 Getting ready to begin Some first steps MthIO and Line IO Displaying decimals — Fix and Norm Entering and simplifying fractions Fractions and decimals Fractions and mixed numbers Entering mixed numbers Letter memories LinelO 3. Powers and roots 31 a2 33 34 Powers Square roots and other roots Square roots - Pythagoras A financial calculation 4, Statistics 41 42 43 44 45 4.6 Stat mode and SET UP Entering, editing and deleting data Five number summary Mean and standard deviation Linear regression Random numbers 5. Angles and trigonometry 51 5.2 53 54 Degrees, minutes and seconds ‘Trigonomettic calculations Scientific notation and ENG Degrees and radians 6. Numbers 61 6.2 6.3 6.4 Lowest common multiple (LCM) Greatest common divisor (GCD) Prime factorisation Verifying equality 10 13 14, 16 17 18 20 21 mw 25 26 27 29 32 35 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 46 477. Specific to the f-100AU PLUS 7.1 Recurrence relationships - PreAns 7.2. Unit conversions 7.3. Normal probability calculations 7.4 Complex number calculations Index 48 50 51 53, 551.1 Getting ready to begin ‘Turn your calculator ON. In the picture above you can see a SHIFT key. Pressing it allows you to use the yellow functions above certain keys. Note that this key does nof work like a computer's Shift key. A calculator’s Shift key is pressed and released and then the next button pressed. Tn Section 1 we assume you have just taken the se-824U PLUS out of the box and have not changed any of the out-of-the-box (aka factory/default) settings. If your calculator is of out-of-the-box, then we suggest you énitialise it, which returns all the settings back to the factory settings. To initialise, press: Clear? CLR - use (8) i:Setup Z:Memory BEALL All -use (3) Reset All? [C=] :Yes CAC Cancel Yes - use Finally press &d) Reset All Press CAC] key You should see a small [BJ and the word Math displayed along the top of the screen. The [BJ indicates the calculator is set to calculate in degrees and Math indicates the calculator is in MafbIO mode (you will learn more about this later). You are ready to start!1.2 Some first steps An almost empty screen awaits you. Notice the flashing cursor to the left of screen. ‘This signifies the calculator is ready for you to enter a calculation. Let’s calculate 32530. Enter: Boe @ Oo a ‘The decimal approximation, 10.83333333 is shown on the right side (the output side) of the screen. Tar ‘To see the fraction representation press (§ = standard form, D = decimal form). Note the fraction is in simplified form, Press (Q). This clears the screen. Notice the small arrow pointing upwards. "This indicates that the calculator has stored the previous calculation. Press @ on the four-arrow pad. The previous calculation is recalled. Suppose we wanted to calculate 325435, Press ® ®® ® G OD w ger the cursor to the right of the 0. (Or press @.) Press EJete to remove the 0 and then press ©@) then | then Gog). What do you think 325 + 40 will be? 325-30 32530) * 10,.83333333. Tah a Tan aJohn owns a one-man gardening business, Every time he does a job, he calculates the amount he is owed by multiplying the number of hours worked by $55 and then adds 15% to this figure to cover his health cover and other similar things. Tf he completed a job that took 7 hours, how much would he be owed? First calculate 55%7. oar 5x7 385 will now be stored in the answer memory. Now let’s find the ‘extra’ that John adds to this. 15:sAns Now we need to add $57.75 to $385. We can use the answer memory again. Enter: Ans+385 (ins Gea Alternatively we could have calculated a 115% of 55x7. 1, 15657 Enter: 442.75 OooO8 oO OB x) @ Se Ah, the same result!2.1 MthIO and LineO ‘The fx-82AU PLUS IT has three operation modes, COMP(uting), STAT (istics), and VERIF(y). The jfe-100AU PLUS has three extra operation modes, CMPLX, BASE-N, and VECTOR When in COMP(uting) mode, MthIO (mathematical-input-output) is the default setting, When set this way the calculator allows you to input fractions that look like fractions as well as other mathematical forms that look similar to what we would write on paper. The output is also in natural form. Two examples are shown below. 7a 56 t aes Zz To get set up for this type of I on display press Rage BXSTAT @ - for comp = wea which brings us back to the calculation screen. I ‘Then pres a) SET UP it ep Le zzLinelo FiSci__ S:Norm D- G) - for Mthio Result Format? 1iMathO 2:Lineo You are now asked to choose MathO or LineO, press (2) ~ for Lineo. What is the difference between MathO or LineO? One critical difference is LineO outputs decimal approximation answers if we use the &) key and fraction answers if we use the (&) key. See below.MathO tries to always give fractions, LineO is more useful for everyday calculations, LineO is the default setting. Note that the word Math can be seen top right of screen to signify that MathIO is selected. LA in it is2.2 Displaying decimals — Fix and Norm Many calculations you do will result in decimal approximations for a quantity. For example suppose a cylindrical oil tank is to be made for a racing car. The tank has base radius of 6 cm, height of 20 cm and is made of aluminium. bem & Calculate the area of the circular base of the tank, and its volume, correct to 2 decimal places. We know that fe TW So in This case Aes Wx 6” = 361 = log cm? (estimated mesally) Let’s use the calculator for a little more accuracy. Enter: oo [SHIFT] (12) —use a Note that 10 digits are displayed. We require 2 decimal place accuracy. ra) The area is 113.10 cm’. We could have the calculator display the answer to this level of accuracy. 10Enter the settings menu, press: (im) SET UP Press (2) to choose two-decimal-place accuracy. iiMthIO 2:Linero Fix —use © Note that in this setting the result is rounded correct to 2 decimal places, not truncated. To calculate the volume, we do of want to use the rounded figure. We want to use the most accurate value we have — the one with all the decimal places. We can use the ansver memory to out advantage: 10" Ans ® OOO Se which gives us the volume of the tank, Ansx20 2261.95 cm’ rounded to two decimal places. We can display more digits using the Fix option again. Ansx20, 226194671 ‘There are a series of different settings you can choose with respect to the display of numbers. Enter the settings menu, GT SET UP Options 6, 7 and 8 are associated with the display of numbers. 11Press 8) (for Norm) Norm 127 ‘Then press (2) for Norm2. Ansx20 2261. 946711 For general calculations there are two Norm settings, Norm1 and Norm2. One difference between them is that Normt displays positive numbers smaller than 0.01 in scientific notation, whereas Norm2 displays positive numbers smaller than 0,000000001 in scientific notation.2.3 Entering and simplifying fractions "The fraction 2 can be thought of as 51 parts of 68 equal parts of some whole. Is there a simpler way to think about this fraction? 3 wea) Enter (5) G) then Si o Note that a fraction Zemplate appears and the cursor is flashing in the denominator waiting for you to enter the () 51 = wna] Press &). 6S ‘The calculator simplifies the fraction, dividing numerator and denominator by 17. Do you know your 17 times table? 3 4 ‘The default setting displays an output as a fraction (proper or improper) as opposed to a mixed number. To set your calculator to display a fraction, do the following. MEnIO PeLineto] T2emer the settings menu press. SET UP Press: ©@ (to sce the rest of the options) (2) (to choose fraction output) Bow - Ez Press (2) to see this as a decimal and (iF) to see this as a mixed number.2.4 Fractions & decimals When working with fractions we want the calculator to be in COMP(uting) and to be set up to use MthlO and LineO. See Section 2.1 for details. Fractions show the exact value of a quantity. For example, we know that Soh is exactly equal to Bt and that the decimal 0.333 (correct to 3 decimal places) is an approximation for ee Let’s see how the fe-82AU PLUS II and the fe-100AU PLUS deal with fraction calculations. Caleulate Ae, on the calculator, The fraction key will be used for entry. a teat Enter (6) then Blo Note that the fraction appears and the cursor is flashing in the denominator waiting for you to enter the 33. sh Enter @) Note that the cursor is still in the denominator and we need it to be outside and to the right of the fraction to continue. ZH] Press ® to position the cursor as required. bebo OS &. = is displayed in simplified form as i Press (9 to see the decimal approximation. Press (9) again to return to the fraction. 1412, A Calculate 24 4, loulate 384 * 574 Even in this case, a fractional output is given! ‘This one would be a challenge using mind alone. Calculate 2-4. 2584 5748 To do this we can edit the previous calculation, changing 574 to 5748. Press @ and note that the cursor is at the end of, the input line. Press @ again and then press (8) ©). ou esi zed 5748 0.00655767196 | Interesting! Why does this happen? It happens because the calculator has a limit to what it can display as a fraction, The limit is 10 characters made up from the numerator, denominator and the vinculum. No fraction this time, a decimal approximation. Note that 9 will not convert this to a fraction. 152.5 Fractions and mixed numbers You have now seen a little of how the calculator works with fractions. ) s@D Let’s explore some more. Convert Ga toa mixed number. + Enter a and press This process simply stores the fraction in the answer memory. Press (HA) then (#2!) — use @), to convert. ‘The default setting is to display an output as a fraction (proper or improper) as opposed to a mixed number. This setting can be changed so the default display is a mixed number. Enter the settings menu by pressing: Sieg (Sarr} s:cra SET UP. FrSci SiNorm Press: ©® (to see the rest of the options) to choose mixed number output) Now enter Bt and press &). Check you get the output shown opposite ~ a mixed number. Press GHA) (°2~¢) — use &D, to see this as an improper fraction. G47 (22-2) works in connection with the fraction output setting. 162.6 Entering mixed numbers Calculate ie +100 on the calculator. TE] HY (mS)- use og ‘This enters a mixed number template. ‘The cursor is flashing in the non- fraction part. Ener] © @ © B. Now enter © &) OOO) Now caleulate 12 «105 and 12 «110. Press @ to position the cursor to the right of 100 and press Be. Can you predict what 1 2 +115 will be? What about 1 2 1202 Can you explain why this works? F232 x 100 = 260, what do you think 22 105 equals? Check it out. 172.7 Letter memories In previous sections we have seen how to use the answer memory, Consult the index to locate where. Look on your A,B,C,D,E culator and you will see nine red capital letters, , Y and M. Each of these are letter memories, and is able to store a value. Store 7 as the value of A and then calculate A+5, a 7a) STO —use (iQ) a A-use ©) nae 7 re ae At5, A 12) 808 Store 50 as the value of M and then add 5 to M. M has a couple of special functions (keys) that add and subtract values to/from it; you can see them opposite. vg oo GFT sTO M Note the M now visible top left of screen. It indicates M has a value other than 0. 7 awa] To add 5, SH+ Bi] There is no need t0 press the equal key bere. 5 has now been added. 7 3 *Fz] To see the new value of M, hopefully 55, press: HM a) M 55] & 18Store 5 as the value of A, 8 as the value of B and -6 as the value of C. ‘Then calculate the value of Ax(B+C) and AXB+AXC. - 5 eB z on a @ s}e- aa &) CO Gals & @acO) fe B#C) a) GE) GWA GRC So for the values we chose Ax(B+C)= AXB+AXC. Is this true for all values we could choose for A, B and C? Test out some more. To remove the M from the top left of screen, set M to have value 0. Press: SH STO M ‘You can gern the other memories in a similar way if required. 192.8 LinelO LineIO stands for line-input-output. This is the o/d way of operating on these calculators. You can choose MathIO (the new way, with lovely input of fractions and other things) or LineIO. You can make this choice in the settings menu, ‘To enter the settings menu press: i:MthIo 2:Linelo Gury Bige2 SET UP. Firsci S:Norm = Press: (2) — to choose LinelO. O.} Note you do not see the word Math top sight of the screen any longer Enter the calculation seen left. The 4 symbol is the ‘old’ fraction symbol. It is entered with the key. 12..2584+11 874 ‘You will not need to use the cursor keys to navigate since everything goes in a straight line. Press ©). LinelO has a very different look to MathIO. 1242584+11 574 2207 192701 ‘Try the example shown left. 31(18°(3)) Return the settings to MathIO and LineO, Press: (oF SET UP. (® - to choose MathiO. Result Format? 1iiMathO Z:Lineo ‘Then (2) — to choose LineO. 203.1 Powers What is a power of 5? 125 is a power of 5. It is actually the 3“ power of 5 because 5x5x5=125 or 5° (pronounced ‘5 to the 3') = 125. When we write 5° =125, the number 5 is called the base and 3 is called the exponent (also known as a logarithm). * = 64. So we say 64 is the 6" power of 2. Caleulate the following: a) the 8" power of 3 94 oT b) the 4°” power of 9 d) 16° f) 7x 49° 38 o eae B 3) 6561 e 3 7a] 6561 Ee What? 3° =9', how can that be? 1" 7a 4096 sae wo 16° 4096 823543 WH@OOeoB What? 7’ =7x 49°, how can that be? Is 2” =4x8°? Try to work out why. 21A famous tale tells that the inventor of Chess made his King so happy he was offered a prize of his. naming for the work he had done. He asked for 1 grain of wheat for the first square of the board and then double that for the second and double that for the third and .. Let's calculate the amount for each square. Start by entering (1) and pressing &). This stores 1 in the answer memory. Now press &) @ Note the input re answer multiplied by 2. Now press ©]. You can see we now have a recursive process going. Press &) &) ©)........ [have pressed it quite a few times in the screen opposite If you forget how many presses you have made, you can press the @) arrow and go backwards and then use the @ to go forwards. But it will only hold 14 previous calculations in the memory! So you might have to start again. ‘The screen opposite shows how many grains 1 think he got for the 60" square; do you agree? Note that 5.764607523x 10" means 5764607523772??? (the 2s are unknown digits). The decimal is moved 17 places to the right. This calculator can display no more than 10 digits. Another way to calculate this would be to find 2”. Ene 2) OG) &. How many wheat grains in total would he have had? See if you can find out how to work that out. [There are 64 squares on a chess board,] 22 ee 1 ee ia 4 67108864 -764607523>001 2) = ane 389 5. 76460752300173.2 Square roots and other roots Tet you have heard of a square root, eg. V16 =4 ‘The square root of a number, &, is that number j which, when multiplied by itself, gives the number &. If/is an integer, then & is called a perfect square, eg. IFA= 16,7= 4. As well as square roots there are cubed roots, 4" roots, 5" roots, ......., #” roots. Calculate the value of each of the following: a) Vo4 ©) V27435328 ©) loa b) ¥649536196 ¢) oa 9 yam a ae 64 ow 8] 64s a perfect square! I bet you already knew that. @ Ia olerec {649536196 25486 Ah, so 649536196 is also a perfect square. I bet you did not know that. f are O8o0008 5237. 874378 No perfect square here. Such things as /27435328 are called surds 7] GA (Ve) use &) 3 Tea ww 4 So 64 is a perfect cube as 4x4x4=64 7 a (©) GF) ("Va)-use &) | Ser a | 21 So 64 is a perfect square, cube and hex! ae Gu ("/) OOo a 2 Can you explain what is happening here? |3.3 Square roots - Pythagoras Suppose we need to determine the lengths of the currently unknown sides in the construction shown below. We could proceed as follows: 4 2m ceva ye 20% 3c Swe Wax’ > ys Jaro 20w Yom Swe Aare We can calculate a decimal approximation for each of these values. Enter the calculation as follows: ‘The output is stored in the answer memory and so we can use it to calculate the decimal approximation of y. {207 +Ans? 24, 18677324 Enter as follows: So we find 2 = 185 "Mm % IB+Gm (correct te 1 dips) and that yx 31ee"m 8 242m (correct he Vdip.). 243.4 A financial calculation Suppose we wish to calculate the value of an investment of $8000, five years after investing it in an account that pays interest of 3.4% p.a. compounded monthly. We can use the formula: A=Pi14+—— 100 0.03: Calculate sooo on oose ‘on your calculator, @) ej Boow Oe OBE @ Slay Beno Itis possible to set up the calculator to display the result correct to two decimal places; a good idea for many financial calculations. ¥ Ei ettings 7 aeaer Tce ine To a the settings menu, press 3:Des 4:Rad SiGra = 6:Fix SET UP Fisci SiNorm A Choose: Fix O97 Fix — pre sooo(1+2984)°° 9480. 16 Now set your calculator to Norm 2 - (HF) SET UP @ You can learn more about the Norm display setting in Section 2.2. Press [2] to choose two-decimal-place accuracy. Note that in this setting the result is rounded correct to 2 dp, not truncated. 254.1 STAT mode and SETUP When working with data, you need to set your calculator to STAT(istics) mode. It is also suggested that you set it to display the Frequency of each score. If the screen shows the word STAT top left then you know the calculator is set to the correct mode. ‘To set it to STAT mode do the following: Press Press (2) - for STAT fe-82AU PLUS IT Press (3) - for STAT f-100AU PLUS You will be shown all the different statistical forms with which the calculator can help. Press &Q). Now we want to set the calculator to show the frequency of each data point you enter. Press [SHIFT] SET UP @ Press (3) - for STAT fe-82AU PLUS IT Press (4) - for STAT fe 100AU PLUS Press G1) to turn the frequency option on. You are now ready to work with data. 26 1:COMP = 2:STAT S:¥ERIF fx-82AU PLUS II screen shown. Frequency? 1:0N 2:0FF4.2 Entering, editing and deleting data Before doing this section, be sure you have carried out the directions from the previous section, Below are the weights (in grams) of the last 10 tomatoes I picked, 54, 68, 45, 55, 64, 80, 52, 63, 72, 71. Enter these data into the STAT section of your calculator. ‘The most used menu when working with statistics is the a STAT menu. To open the STAT menu press: (a) STAT —use (1) First we need to choose the type of data we have: @ - for Type In this activity we have a single vatiable, weight, so press (1) - for 1-VAR You are now ready to enter the data. ow eS Pressing () ‘enters’ 54 with a frequency of 1 (in this case meaning it appears just once in our data). Enter the rest of the data. If you make an error, as I have with data point 9, simply arrow to it, type it again and press (). 1iiType Zibata Z:Data 4iVar 6:MinMax ZIAtEX din x SIA SEOK Si irk 27‘To clear the data previously entered, with the table visible, enter the data menu. Press: GF) STAT —use (1) (3) for Edit @) for Del-A All the data has been cleared. Press (&Q to return to the screen in which calculations can be performed. 28 i:Type Zibata S:Edit iiIns 2:Del-A z FREG —4.3 Five number summary Before doing this section, be sure you have carvied out contents of the two previous sections. I set my toaster to the ‘number I’ setting and then measured how long it took to pop. I did this 16 times, letting it cool down in between measurements. The measurements (in seconds) are given below. 94, 96, 96, 96, 98, 98, 99, 99, 96, 97, 127, 96, 99, 96, 99, 96. Find the five number summary for these data (minimum value, 1" quartile, median, 3 quartile and maximum value). Open the STAT menu. Press: STAT —use G) yee Zibata First we need to choose the type of data we are working with so press: GD - for Type @ - for 1-VAR ‘You are now ready to enter the data. Oe &) ete. 29Enter all 16 data points. Note that I am choosing to enter every data point as an individual and so the frequency of each will be one, even though some values (like 96) occurs seven times. Check all the data is correct by scrolling up and down (@, @). Edit as required. ‘To calculate the 1" quartile open the STAT menu, (= STAT (5) — for MinMax [e82AU PLUS I (©) - for MinMax {fe 100AU PLUS You can now choose which statistics you want: @) - fora. But the 1” quantile is not ere. Note the cursor is still flashing, Pressing ©) calculates Q1 (¢his is a critical step). 30 i:Type Zibata Z:ibata diVer SrMinMax Zrmaxx dar med au a @ ai 36To calculate the median, open the STAT menu. Press: (sa) STAT ©® - for MinMax [eS2AU PLUSH (8) - for MinMax [Be100AU PLUS You can now choose which statistics you want: @ - for med. But the median is not 96 (this is displaying the value previously calculated), Note the cursor is still flashing. Pressing ©) calculates the median, 96.5 in this case. iiType Zibata fe82A0 PLUS TT i:Type Z:bata S:Sum 4: ¥ar Sibistr 6:MinMax fe 100A0 PLUS diminsk Zimaxx 4imed as mec 96. med . Each of the other statistics can be calculated in a similar manner, although in this case, the minimum and maximum values ate easily observed from the data. ie = 34 39. 127 From these statistics you can draw a boxplot, using paper and pencil. pe CD Tene C3) 314.4 Mean and standard deviation Before doing this section, be sure you bave carried out contents ofthe two previous sections. A candle shop makes a certain type of candle called /arge-scenled, Each candle is to have a label displaying how long the candle is expected to last. To determine the expected time, a sample of 15 candles are burned and the number of hours they cach burned for (rounded to the nearest hour) is recorded. ‘The data is given below in the form of a dot plot. time (hours) @] Re | Ee : j 3 e 3 OG ee or 88 Go soo vo) 10a GO M105 he tr [ow Calculate the sample mean (%) and the sample standatd deviation (6). (a STAT — use First we need to choose the type of data we are working with so press: @ - for Type "BOX AKSe 651/% In this activity we have a single variable, time, so You ate now ready to enter the data. 32Enter all nine scores from the dotplot and change the frequency value when needed. For example, we have two scores of 100 and so after entering 100 press: @ &) Check all the data is correct by scrolling up and down (@, @). Edit as required. ‘To calculate the mean open the STAT menu, press: [SHIFT] STAT @ - for Var You can now choose which statistics you want: @ - for x. But the mean is not zero, See the cursor is still flashing, Pressing (&) calculates ¥ (this isa evitcal step). 1liType Z:Data 3:Sum 4:¥ar SiMintax e820 PLUS TE Fi 7 a z 101.8666667 33‘To calculate the sample standard deviation, open STAT menu. Press: STAT @ - for Var You can now choose which statistics you want: () ~ for the sample standard deviation. But the sample standard deviation is not 1018777777 (this is the value from the previous calculation) Pressing () calculates the sample standard deviation. 34 1:Type Z:bata 3:Sum SiMinMax 101. 8666667 3.8334368524.5 Linear Regression 1948 was the first year that General Motors Holden (GMH) made the first Holden (aka the Humpy or 48-215 or FX). Prior to that GMH, assembled other makes of car. From 1948 onwards, the number of non-Holden cars assembled declined as the number of Holden cars made increased, ‘The table below shows the number of non-Holden cars (N thousands) assembled in each year from 1948 to 1959. In the table, year 1 represents 1948. T year | 1 ed Eee 4 5 6 id 8 9 | to | i | 12 N_| 25.2 | 22.2 | 23.9 | 20.3 | 15.4 | 14.4 | 19.3 | 206 | 15.1 | 10.9 | 13.8 | 13.2 a) Find the slope of the least squares regression line. b) Use the equation to predict how many non-Holden cars would have been made, if the trend seen above continued, in 1974. isco ale dy exists in the lists, delete it ~ see amvant ater ais or press: ACRE Zi TAPS (00g) fo82AU PLUS IL Finke SEi/K {fc f004U PLUS ‘This is a quick way to delete all previous data and also opens the data-type selection menu, Values sociated with the least squares line can be calculated using option 2: A+BX Press (2 See Section 4.1 if you do not have a Frequency column. Enter the data. To calculate the values we require press: HF) STAT — use (1) and then (8) for Reg ‘This reveals the values that can be calculated.‘The values are: A — the y-intercept of the least squares | * . . a P ‘a x — the predicted value of x given a B — the slope of the least squares line et ' — correlation coefficient Y — the predicted value of y given a value of x. To find the slope, B, press: @ 2 To find the y-intercept, A, press: (sar) STAT @ for Reg G@) for A S So the equation of the least squares line is N ¥ —1,06 x year + 24.77 Return to the calculation menu, press: STAT (5) for Reg To calculate the predicted number of non-holdens made in 1974, we note x will be 27. So press: @ forB & @ [SHIFT] STAT &) for Reg @ fora a Alternatively: (AC) @ (ar) STAT @ for Reg Oh, a negative number of rn cars, I guess the trend did not ) for y continuel 364.6 Random numbers Check that your calculator is in COMP(uting) mode and is set up to use MthIO and LineO. See Section 2.1. Press: (AF) Ran# - use ©) Se ‘This function produces pseudo-random numbers between 0 and 1 (with three decimal places). Press (&) a few more times to see more of them. Tan a 1000*Rant RanIntt(1s6) RanIntit(1s 10)*Rb 36 Ooo & {SHIFT} Ran# - use G) Pseudo-random number between 0 and 1000 are produced. Press (©) a few more times to see more of them. will produce pseudo-random numbers between 1 and 6 inclusive, On the screen left, Lam calculating the product of two pseudo-random numbers between 1 and 10 inclusive. If we keep pressing ) continually, will square numbers be common or uncommon? Why? 375.1 Degrees, minutes and seconds One revolution can be broken up into 360 equal turns, each called 1 degree (1°). What does a 90° angle look like? What does a 1” angle look like? What if it is less than 1°? One degree can be broken up into 60 equal turns (small ones!), each called 1 minute (1’). One minute can be broken up into 60 equal turns (very small ones!), each called 1 second (1"). So, 42.5” would be the same as 42° 30’ 0" and 42.125” at ) would be the same as 42° 7' 30" (as 60 +8=7.5) — phew! Convert each of the following decimal degrees into degrees, minutes and seconds. a) 36.5° b) 36.6° ©) 36.25" Before starting we need to be sure that the calculator ae is set to work in degrees. If you can sce a small Bat top of screen, then itis! If not, do the following, (3 SET UP @ - for Deg ¥ AiMthIO Z:Linelo 4:Rad 6rFix 3:Norm or © 36.5 Sl cam geesoro"} o veh a Bove 36.6 a SET: Gan. yon woe.a pattern, what would 36.7° remum? o Va a Jj 96.25 a geo15’a" | 38Consider the reverse process, converting an angle represented in degrees, minutes and seconds to decimal degrees (or even fractional). What would 100° 6’ 30" be represented in decimal form? Convert each of the following to decimal degrees. 1) 100° 6/30" b) 34° 20" 20" ©) 51° 2838" toor6"30°° eae angle using the (3) button: 100°" 30"| aw 8 Now convert by pressing: 1006830" 100. 1083333 | Now press (i) to sce the fractional form and GF (22-2) to see the mixed number. If you get the above screens in the reverse order, your calculator is set to display mixed numbers first rather than improper fractions. Press (HA) SET UP @ (2) and try this again. AA aA 34220220%" 24, 39888889 . Check it. m The angle given in part c) is the longitude measure 51°28°38" of Greenwich. Why is Greenwich important? 51. 47722222 395.2 Trigonometric calculations To calculate the value of @: TOA) First ensure the calculator is set in Degrees tan 3) aot, (GH setup G). en, 35.53767779 | jar (tan-') —use (an) Heaven 8 a ‘ata ) Now convert by pressing: tam (3) 2 35°32" 15.64" 2] Calculate the other unknown angle as scen 1eo-90-ans "| Soest 54, 46292291 %T AZ] Now convert by pressing: 180-90-Ans 54°27" 44,96"5.3 Scientific notation and ENG Numbers can be expressed in scientific notation, correct to 3 significant figures, as follows. Press &Q). Enter the SETUP menu: [suit] SETUP. 7) — for Sci Sci Ovo? @) to choose 3 significant figures. 7 i.--) @) 12458 Se 1.2504 OAD.) Ett this example 3.09.2 2.35607. 2145 | DOVSE 1. 70x07 ooo0oa8 © With the previous calculation active, repeatedly press i). 2,956«08%7.2148 | | 2.956«u8x7.2145 | | 2.956.mB%7.2148 LF? 1700.6 1700000:00% What does it do? Press SHIFT (+) — use GJ, to go backwards. Now set your calculator back to Norm 2 - (gif) SETUP (8) (2) 415.4 Degrees to radians ‘To convert an angle in radians to degrees, set the calculator to compute in degrees. Guy SETUP (S) - for Deg Convert Z to degrees, @ a ae (SFT) (7c) ® als lea [SHIFT] (DRG>) — use (ia) TET fore a 36 ‘The (DRG) menu options can be useful when used in an input, as they over-ride the angle unit setting of the calculator. For example, suppose we want to calculate a: ) cos(7 ). We can do this without having to change the calculator’s angle setting to radians by ensuring the ‘t’ is added to the end of the input as shown below. 426.1 Lowest common multiple (LCM) Both the hot water tap and cold water tap in my sink are leaking; drip, drip, drip, drip, drip, drip, drip, drip,..... and so on. Every now and again I hear what sounds like a single big DRIP. | figured out that the hot water tap releases every 8 seconds and then cold water 14 seconds. How often do I hear the single big drip (when are they in sync)? We could make two lists: hot: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, cold: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, . So if the taps started dripping in unison, I would hear the single big drip after 56 seconds and every 56 seconds after that, with 9 drips in between DRIPs. 56 is called the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 8 and 14, ‘The calculator is able to calculate the LCM of two integers. Find the LCM of 8 and 14. LOM | tue B GA (,) -use O Ow S ‘The calculator agrees with my table! Find the LCM of 8 and 15. LONG 15) | Cet ae B GF (,) — use OD OB Q) a Note that 8 x 15 = 120, However 8 X 14 # 56, Try to explain this observation. What must be true for the LCM of two integers, a and b, to be equal to the product ab? 436.2 Greatest common divisor (GCD) Consider the number 20 and 36, 20 can be found in the 1-times tables, 2-times tables, the 4-times tables, 5-times tables, 10-times tables and of course the 20-times tables. Another way of saying this is that 20 is divisible by 1, 20 is divisible by 2, ... Divisible means divides with no remainder, 36 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, ....... What is the largest number that will divide, with no remainder into 20 and 36? This number is called the greatest common divisor or GCD. We can make a list and compare: 20 is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20 36 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 36. So it appears that 4 is the GCD of 20 and 36, Does the calculator agree? Find the GCD of 20 and 36. a GCD ~ use (Xi) @ (,) -use a GCD(20, 36) Ggege We have agreement! Suppose we have a single rectangular block of land 120 m wide and 1000 m long and we want to divide it into squate blocks, If the square must have integer dimensions, what is the size of the largest square blocks possible? BCD¢120 10003 * | Eb — osc og new 40] GH (,) — use 00) S So a square 40 m by 40 m is the largest possible. 44gCDC121.1008)"° 1! So there is no integer apart from 1 that will divide, with no remainder, 121 and 1003. Such pairs of numbers are called co-prime or relatively prime. Does that mean 1003 is prime? 121 is clearly not as 11X11=121. GCo Cen 5 )aeeieas LCM(6s 15)" So GCD(6,15)x LCM(6,15) = 90. Note also that 615 = 90. Coincidence? Try some more cases to see if this is always true. If you cannot find a counter example, see if you can reason why: GCD(@,b)x LCM(a,b) = ab, where a,b € Z. 456.3 Prime factorisation Is 1003 prime? To find out we could start checking to see if the integers between 1 and the V1003 divide 1003 with no remainder. Clearly we can ignore all the even numbers, since the digit sum is 4 (not divisible by three) then 3 will not work, nor 5, how about 7 ..... The calculator is able to very efficiently perform a process similar to that started above and return to us the number written as a product of its prime factors. Find the prime factors of 1003. (HFT) FACT —use fx) So 1003 is not prime, itis divisible by 17 and 59 (as well as 1 and 1003). ‘Try and find the biggest prime you can in 60 seconds. See if you can find one bigger than me: 124587599 (124587539) 36 has 9 divisors (or factots): 1, 2, 3, 4, 6) 9/12, 18 and 36, How can you determine this from its prime factorisation? Below you can see the prime factorisation of 36 ~ I will leave it to you to think about. Try same other examples, 466.4 Verifying equality Verify mode allows you to check whether or not two aumerical expressions are equal without comparing decimal approximations. Is V20 = 4V5 2 To enter Verify mode. press: 1 7a (3) - for VERIF TRUE/ FALSE fe82AU PLUS IT Press (5) - for VERIF fx-100AU PLUS VERIFY — use [6 for= Ca) False! See if you can figure out my error and get it to return TRUE. Consider the equality Y180 + 4V80 = km. What values for k and m make this true? I think k=11 and m=20 will work. {180 +480 =11/20 TRUE Ding, ding! But there are more, can you figure them out? 477.1 Recurrence relationships - PreAns Suppose we start with the numbers 0 and 1, dowble 1 and add 0 to get a new number, We would then have 0, 1, 2. ‘Then do the same process, but with the last pair of numbers (1, 2), so we get 5. We would then have 0, 1, 2, 5. Now keep repeating, so we would get 0, 1, 2, 5, 12, 29, 70, -. ‘This is a sequence of numbers called the Pell numbers. It is formally defined as follows: Calcul Set the calculator to Comp mode. Press: then @ - for comP = Ha] Press: o o S © wae] Press: 1 “These two steps store 0 and 1 in the two special memories, the Ans memory (the immediately previous answer) and the PreAns memory (previous to the immediately previous) memoty respectively. We can now use these memories to construct a calculation — the Pell calculation. Press: oxans+Preand | (2 (ans ua) PreAns — use [An 48Repeatedly pressing (&) will calculate the Pell numbers. 2xfins+PreAns eat P; Calculate P27 First calculate Ppy and Pog. ‘To save re-entering the calculation, reset the Ans and PreAns to 0 and 1 and use the replay function to retrieve the calculation you previously entered. Press: Oe ae) @® ® Press () to start calculating, Counting carefully will return: 2xAns+Prefns 3166815962 To calculate the ratio, use the Ans and PreAns functions. c, P28 So ee 2.41421. Does this number look 27 familiar? It should, see the screen opposite. Intriguing hey! You have most likely heard about the golden ratio, but have you hear about the silver ratio? Look it up, and discover what Pell numbers are used for. 2xAins+Prefns a 2xAins+PreAns Pa 2 2xAns+Prefns 12 2xfins+Prefns 2xfns+Preans 7645370045 Ta a ans-Preans 2.414213562 7 ae 2 1.414213562 49Ji 1004U PLUS only) 7.2 Unit conversions ‘The e-100AU PLUS is able to calculate forty different unit conversions automatically. Convert 60 kmhr™* to ms~?. Set the calculator to Comp mode. Press: then @ - for comp. Enter (6) (0). 60 nie Press: CONVERSION Number 01-407 CONV - use (8). [ ‘The conversion we require is number 19. Consult the calculator’s manual to see all 40 conversions, and their numbers. 60km/hbm/ sl Press J. 60km/honu's 16, 66666667 So 60 kmhr™ is approximately equal to 16.7 ms™*. 50TT 7.3 Normal probability calculations When in STAT(istics) mode, and with single variable calculations chosen, normal probability values can be calculated from Z-scores. Let Z~N (0,1). Calculate, a) P@ <—1) b) PZ > =2.1) oo) PO z) Q( will calculate P(O < Z (i) —use (ig) ge ® | CMPLX — use 2 ® - for polar conversion So, 2 + iv3 ~ 2.65 cis(0.714°). 54