Iratfic Management concepts : Aer ir. QuanySarzad Hossa? ° , seventeen oper Traffic Management Depa gt ee aa 8203. Bang 4345". Introduction «Ae cE -°8 Tt is the science of optimizing output of existing system without or TA Guu “iu ihemieeLenimiematitfeccismtennias” CEA ‘Tt 1s usually warranted when the demand is greater than the supply AULT Maho + It helps to exploit the existing system to its ultimate capacity yy « Tt reduces investment required for expansion of the system + Tt is usually concerned with the low-cost short-term ‘measures wa **~* : fo improve overall road capaci . * to ensure safety J verall objectives tu mmnuze conflicts between both velvcle vehicle and yehicle-pedestrian, cones an exsy mime by = 4 Segregation Vehicle and pedestrians - Moving and parked/stationary. vehicles - Motorized and non-motorized. vehicles _ Fast moving and large slow moving vehicles 4 Controlling ond regulating ~ Vehicular and pedestrians movements Taternal frictions within the traffic stream (viz cross/turning/merging/overtaking etc.) - Trip demands + Improvin = Roadway elements - Vehicle configurations _ Traffic control and regulation system - User's behaviours Public transport facilities - Pedestrian facilities : sommuni St Management approaches ‘+ Supply management + Demand management4 Ve Traffic Management Concepts 7 LTTE & Physical measures _ Low cost © Correcting/improving roadway geometry and surface condition ©” Islands/channelisation, curbs, flaring, exclusive left/right turning janes, signs/markings etc. Pedestrian guard rail/median barrier Controlled pedestrian crossing Bus lay- by Street lighting Co-coordinated/Vehicle actuated/Area traffic control " ” 2 Traffic calrhing measure 000000 ~ Expdasive (Ex pansave> Widening of junctions/links Grade separation: both for-vehicle & pedestrian ‘Segregated transit facilities: Elevated/Bus way/ Under-ground Pedestrianization/ pedestrian mall - at shopping center or where pedestrian density is very high Construction of new link/road, off-street parking lots, terminals etc. co 000 ° + Regulatory measures Capacity improvement (generally for peak-hours) Provision of clear-ways (parking, standing restriction) Banning Right/ U-teems: turns Entry restriction: for seein vehicle to city center Access Control from side roads Banning/restriction of freight vehicle (force to use off-peak time) One way operation e Tidal-flow operations (peak period measure) Parkirrg control Use of terminal facilities for larger size vehicles @00ee reo Safety improvement (generally for of f-peak periods) @ Speed restriction @ Overtaking restriction @ Over weight restriction © Auto free zone 4 Technological measures = Intelligent/Automated Highway/vehicle, - Advanced Traffic Information System(GIT Oe oe igation system STANDARD PHOTOSTAT ©. Drivers: Route guidance/1 0 lormation system AUET MARGATE © Users: Up to date travel i ‘© Auto crust control/collisiol ‘© Active marking/headlight 0 Adaptive traffic signal con ° (VMS) or dynamic signs ° jetection/ Enforcement Use of variable message sig Auto - Surveillance/Inciden| + Demand Management - it is warrant when supply is less than demand even after taking all traffic control and management measures and at the same time there is ne Scope or plan for jiate road expansion program. (Prerequisite conditions) need 10 provide alternative mode of transport. ® + Restrictive measures Parking control/park and ride - Fiscal measures: Road pricing, extra tax on entry license/fuel etc. Control over vehicle ownership + Strategic measures Providing improved public transport, walking and bike facilities e @ = Giving maximum priority to High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) and space efficient mode Encouragement school buses/commuter buses, carpooling etc. Introducing flexible office hour, staggered shopping time etc - Providing improved tele-commmunication & IT facilities @ Strict land use planning and contro!| ,¢ rita ; / Channellzation ‘Approach JUNCTION TREATMENTS For TURNING. MOVEMENTSTraffic Management Concepts One-Way Road System = Introduction ‘Two-way Traffic System + Operational difficulties at - At apriority controlled x-section - there are ©3224 potential vehicular conflicting points (excluding 4 U-terns) » between ing and straight-ciead vehicles of the same and between right-turning and »pposing straight-ahead vehicles © Also conflicts between pedestricns and turning vehicles At undivided mid-blocks/links ~ two oppusite traffic stream cause © Undue/hazardous conflicts and © Inefficient use of median interface area At approach - turning vehicles cause high relative speed differences with Straight- ahead vehicles, 4 Consequences —» vest These conflicts especially caused by turning vehicles © Make intersection operation more complicated © Reduce intersection performance and © Are a principal cause of both cor.gestion and accident + Limitations of traditional management 3s Ker - At_intersections channelisation/flarin:)/exclusive-turning lane can reduce conflicts between turning and straight-ihead vehicles of the same approach ahead vehicles - Protective turning measure is also inefficient, since it usually results in a fairly long signal cycle with consequent - Though median“island at mid-blocks can reduce conflicts but restrict efficient use of roadway width = Moreover, both median-island and channelisation take a considerable amount of roadway spaceTraffic Management Concepts 4 Improved Regulato ures = to reduce vehicular conflicts to a minimum level and to improve overall roadway safety and efficiency One-way Traffic Operation « One-way systems are those in which motor vehicles movement on carriageway within the system is limited to one direction Tris a regulation type measure Primary abjective of this system is to improve traffic movement and thereby increasing roadway capacity = Simplest tool for relieving the traffic congestion without expensive and a Unlike parking restriction, people well.come this type of measures provided there arealternative routes. /eleame- ©. Most effective in the congested central areas of cities where ‘© Proportion of turning movements and pedestrian concentrations are very high and © Road network have grid-iron pattern Studies have shown that the conversion of two-way streets to one-way operation. o Increases roadway c: i ‘as much as 50% (USA)/100% (UK) co Reduces total accidents by 50% even with increase in total traffic volumes Full system | purposes road with having alternative lly in parallel roads. Partial system - the heavier direction of flow) onlysinspeskperinds-temeteh distinctive pe of tidal-flow condition and other times carries two-way Benefits of One-way System eam Copacii inne ‘a it make traffic operation simpler and smoother by: ‘eliminating conflicts between - (0 right-turning and opposing straight-ahead vehicle at junction © opposing straight-ahead vehicles at mid-lock/link reducing conflicts between © turning and straight-chead vehicles of the same approach (thereby decrease relative speed dif ferences among approaching vehicles) co pedestrians and vehicles ( both turning and straight-ahead traffic)Traffic Management Concepts @ moving and parked vehicles (due to increase of lane changing opportunity) ae ~ making He rking/un-parking maneuvers easier/safer and less obstructive ey aHOTOSTAT © as all vehicle move in the same direction and RRNA: © there is no wrong-side parking «as it increases average speed of traffic stream by making flow smoother and uninterrupted rit reduces geometric (lost time/cycle)and operational delays by making eee af fic signal design simpler with minimum number of phases ond 3 progressive signal design easier and mare effective (need to consider only one direction of flow) é _ ast enables efficient usage of the carriageway by making 4 © extreme left/right and interface areas of undivided road fully usable (es motorists find it more convenient and less confusing to drive in ‘the absence of turning and opposing vehicles) ©. odd lanes, median, channels, islands etc. fully usable ‘Improve Safety as: ~ removal of opposing stream, eliminates: ‘© right-angle collisions at intersections co head-on collisions at mid-blocks © accidents related to headlight glaring problems _ removal of turning mévements, eliminate rear-end collisions at approach - crossings become safer and easier = as there is no turning and opposing vehicles, drivers and pedestrions need to look-in and negotiate with only one direction of flow © as suitable gaps are automatically generated with traffic signal Other benefits: ~ Journey become smoother and comfortable = Increases average journey speeds - Reduces journey times 7 Improves reliability of journey times = May allow on-street angular parking Lessen need for. -control police Negative Aspects: re - Non: ‘drivers may find it dif ficult to reach their point of interest - Transit operation may adversely affected é . Mid-block traffic collisions may increases as a result of improper weaving by drivers due to increase in lane changing opportunity - While there is usually a reduction in the total number of accidents, the higher speeds may increase the severity of accidents.7 Traffic Management Concepts / ; However, study shows that the disadvantaged) Implementation Requirements ‘must have suitable alternative roads (preferably grid-iron type of road ‘network) gapess ai err need to eesess the impact on: co transit operations © freight movement ° road side business.and major traffic generators i Wo One-way scheme should be thoroughly signed at all points where, motorists may-have-o-dacision 40, make a decisuew- “No entry” and/or "Two-way" ‘rat fic signs should be placed at the entrances and exits of all the intersections within the scheme Where neces: ‘supplementary “No left turn’ or “No right turn” signs should also be displayed “ihould be installed on both sides of the carriagency In most cases signs “Traffic Management ConceP'2 © 16 Crossing Conflicts co 8 Mergit Conflicts Bivarging Conflicts { Total Conflicts =@2) me ION1 affic: Management Concepts | © A crossing Conflicts (2 2Merging Conflicts SGpneattone TIONTraffic Management Concepts —— | Total Conflicts/Ann _ [ With Red Light = 3 =§ u With Green Lic’ Kee ae POTENTIAL VEHICLE-PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTING POINTS AT SIGNALIZED INiERSECTIONTraffic Management ConceptsRestriction of Turning Movements Turning vehicles (viz. right/ U-turn) make yunction operation complicated, as they obstruct traffic flows through the junction while negotiate © With the opposing straight-ahead vehicles and as well as with the tight turning path to complete their maneuvers AY - May not be any problem during off-peak periods but serious congestion can often be caused during peak periods especially by the right/U-turning - vehicles % 6 few right/U-turning vehicles con couse 0 sispropertionate loss of junction capacity Left turning vehicle does not usually obstruct traffic flows through the Junction, Right Turns Effects of right Turning Vel ~ Reduce junction capacity: © As they often slowed down and obstruct the following straight-ahead vehicles As the presence of right-turning vehicles ina particular lane tends to prohilit: «~ inhibit the use of this lane by straight-ahead vehicles © As they cause conflicts with the vehicles approaching from_the opposite direction © As the right-turning vehicles that remain in the intersection ofter ‘the expiry of the green period, delay the start, of the next phase © As due to curved turning path, even protected right turning maneuver ‘takes more time to clear junction than that of straight-uhead vehicle. Cause safety problems: "o When right turners showed down suddenly or try to make turn a without giving indicator, cause the chance of rear-end collisions with © When following trapped straight-chead vehicles are forced to make lane change, cause hazardous conflicts (side-swipe) et dugh relative, speed with the moving vehicles t + When right-turners misyudge the speeds of opposing vehicles, couse right-angle collisions Forms of Right Turns: = Off-side turn = in this case right-turners have gaod visibility and can see on ‘approaching gap in the opposing stream mt ap Sarzad Howsain oye tne neene (omg Shsenweg Site ss 'varyeseo™ aGbeh Ato Tee CE-2KE 3 STANDARD PHOTOSTATE Introduction KUET MAINGATE ‘the following straight-ahead vehicles. ———= per~ Neor-side turn - visibility is often restricted < pa: = Unprotected turn - when turning movement's performed by accepting ‘i ‘ gap/at the end of green using inter-green period ie, without any pricy measur Protected turn - when allocating all-redd period or special green stage or separate signal phase protects turning movements Control Techniques * To force turning from proper position ‘=. To prevent turns at a time and thereby «To reduce conflicts among right turners and with the following straight-ahead vehicles G © Flaring + To create exclusive right-turning lane and thereby = To reduce effect of right turners on the following straight- chead vehicles Protective/priority measure: o Extended intergreen period - by inserting “all-red” period between the amber and the red/amber signal © Early cut-off - the green time of the opposing arm is cut-off by o few seconds before the arm having o Late release - delay the start of the opposing traffic by o few seconds z o Separate phase - o Separate green period is inserted in the cycle _ Restrictive measures/ Banning right/U-turning movements ‘In many instances, particularly for important busy junctions, 11 's better to ban right-turning traffic entinely during all or part of the day, rather than attempt to provide protection for . ‘© It isa regulation type of measure. — / ©. Usually banning is considered/warranted'—s vin, ; +, When there is a small number of rig Mufherd, forwhich. “ protective measure is not justifiable Me yy + When other measures fail to improve cope probtem ; ; Pre-requisite conditions for prohibiting turns St ; : © Availability to suitable alternative diversion routes © Need to examine the possible impact of traffic diversi «If the regulation, simply shift the problem fo angther junction+ Extra travel time must be investigated STAND PHOTOSTATE = Difficulties with the right turning mass transit KUET MAINGATE co The scheme should be coupled with continuous monitoring and enforcement (Banas of Conrling Right /U-turs) «x = « eliminate conflicts between turning vehicles and vehicles approaching from the opposite direction and thereby _make traffic _ operation smooth/unobstructed - resulting © increased discharge speeds of vehicles © increased junction f co reduced rate of accident = simplify junction operation and thereby 0 aids pedestrians © simplify signal design © aids enforcement Turning Prohibition Signs * for full restriction- conventional "no right-turn’ sign can be mounted on posts for partial/peak-period restriction - overhead signs or filter-signal need 10 be used = care should be taken for proper signing of the diversions Left Turns ~ left turns usually cause minimum vehicular conflicts and hence they ore rarely banned - however, they causes conflicts with the pedestrians _ left-turns are banned (restricted) provide safe parking crossing: co when the number of pedestrians on the cross roads is'usually heavy and © when there is no pedestrian phase in the traffic signal ar-no separcte signal setup at the cross roads. 7 - when traffic volume is heavy on both directions - at high speed junctions _. en arrow roads (where the majority of vehicles cannot complete the turn in one movement, 1sCoNFLIcTs AND Loss OF EFFECTIVE WiotH “DUE To RIGHT TURNING VEHICLESRE-ROUTING RIGHT-TURNING TRAFFICTraffic Management concep!s Speed Restrictions Tntroduetion! = xcessive speeding’ is the single most widely blamed cause of accidents * - ‘Excessive speeding’ means a speed greater the safe speed which , roadway conditions con safely allow - The term safe speed 15 relative and depends on many roadway conditions; a safe speed © At aspecific time may not be safe in another time co At one location may not be safe under other conditions at the same location Imposing speed limits on highways is very important fo make roadway safer - risa restrictive/safety/regulatory type of measure © Givea Forced measures (0 Speed breakers/jiggle bars/rambling © Funneli : * Objectives/ Need for Regulation of Speed = Usually id ‘© To supplement motorists’ judgment in determining speeds thereby: = To ensure safer travel + To reduce accidents © Specially + To optimize progressive traffic signal + To implement advanced traffic _control_& management technique vt meee At motorist traveling at high speed because of: + Early arrival tendency at a destination ~The psychological thrill of driving at high spe - Miscalculation/underestimat ling =» Competition attitude etc, ona - Increase stopping distance ' - Increase headway ‘ + Decrease resistance of skidding 8 ea phe, 77"ratte management Concepts Decreasing sign legibility Decrease pedestrian perception STANOARO F" Miscellaneous effects KUET © The risk of mechanical failure © Loss of control 6 Less time to identify/understand surprised situation o Less chance of correcting error © Less control over vehicle Warrants for Mandatory Speed Limits For a particular site when field observation revealed that due to over-speeding = the principle factors controlling safety deteriorate substantial the number and severity of accident increases significantly Types of Speed Limits/Speed Zoning ‘There are two basic types of speed controls Upper Speed Limits - Regulatory Control - that have the effect of law and are enforceable Advisory Control That? at are not enforceable but warn motorists of suggested safe speeds for specific conditions at a specific location co Especially, at road locations used by high numbers of non-local drivers © There are two types geen speed limits: Absolute Limit - With this type of restriction, a numerical speed limit 1s specified for a road or group of roads Variable Limit - Speed limits are displayed by using electronic sign (VMS) according to the prevailing weather conditions. Lower Speed Limits In addition upper limits, it is now being suggested that lower speed limits should be imposed on high-speed roads to eliminate forced lane changing imposed by slow leader and thereby to reduce the chance of accidents Criteria for Establishing Speed Limits/Speed Limit Studies = The establishment of safe speed limits must be based on proper engineering and traffic data Before imposing speed restriction, the following factors should be considered: © Speed of traffic stream - + The 85” percentile speed for upper speed limit = The 15" percentile speed for lower speed limitee eT vig Signing for Enforcement nee What would be the safe of © Road conditions © Environment of ‘he roa ‘Traffic conditions and ¢ ont | © Accident rates ~ past icc lent rates gies paste indication of vnether 1! ere is any nec ‘s=_y of posting any speed limits. ° r Speed Limits Signing intervals depends on ty''€ In u-ban «reas, interval is not 1 0 mph (65 km. or less On ‘reeways and rural areas, interval between 1 to 5 miles d location of highway than 05 mile (0.8 km) if speed limvt 15 40 requency of signing varies considerably. with (6 to B km) enforcement of Jew 15 tion measures, strict penalized For success of speed regu needed BEY Motorists who ‘aoket the limit sn ist be identified ond panelized ‘So continuous monitoring is rq ired to ensure thot drivers obey the speed regulations Ways of enforcing speed reg slo ons ‘9. Create public awarenc 3s publicity) about © Checking vehicle spee ‘st particular location minor oad proach speed of vehicles on the mame if the design speed of major road vehicles were known? Where From A = Major-road vehicle B = MMinor-road vehicle ie Potential collision point e ‘orner point ABC = Visibility triangle De Distance required by vehicle on the mayor-raqd totavoid collision safe? Dez Distance required by vehicle on the munor-rood to avord collision satat ab = Distances of \chicles A & B’respectively from the corner point of the obstruction. hicle on the major-road V, = Design speed of vel Va. = Safe speed of vehicle on the minor road tz Average perception-reaction time of drivers similar triangle AABC and ADE D/Ds= Brby/a ste aD./(De-b) 20 ‘o