REVIEWER IN ENGLISH 10 (First Quarter)

I. DESIDERATA by Max Ehrmann

Desiderata
- is a Latin word meaning “desired things”
- written by Max Ehrman
- contains 10 stanzas in total

Go placidly amid the noise and the haste, and remember what peace there may be in
silence. As far as possible, without surrender, be on good terms with all persons.

Speak your truth quietly and clearly; and listen to others, even to the dull and the
ignorant; they too have their story.

Avoid loud and aggressive persons; they are vexatious to the spirit. If you compare
yourself with others, you may become vain or bitter, for always there will be greater
and lesser persons than yourself.

Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans. Keep interested in your own career,
however humble; it is a real possession in the changing fortunes of time.

Exercise caution in your business affairs, for the world is full of trickery. But let this
not blind you to what virtue there is; many persons strive for high ideals, and
everywhere life is full of heroism.

Be yourself. Especially do not feign affection. Neither be cynical about love; for in
the face of all aridity and disenchantment, it is as perennial as the grass.

Take kindly the counsel of the years, gracefully surrendering the things of youth.
Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden misfortune. But do not distress
yourself with dark imaginings. Many fears are born of fatigue and loneliness.

Beyond a wholesome discipline, be gentle with yourself. You are a child of the
universe no less than the trees and the stars; you have a right to be here.

And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should.
Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be. And whatever
your labors and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life, keep peace in your soul.

With all its sham, drudgery and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world. Be
cheerful. Strive to be happy.

II. ARGUMENTS
- is an academic process where there is an exchange of diverging or opposing views
- it requires reasoning or discussing of views of the speakers/ writers aim to inform
and persuade the listeners/ readers.

THREE MAIN COMPONENTS

a. Claim or Assertion
- main point or proposition that the speaker or writer is putting forth
- the central idea that the argument is designed to support

b. Evidence or Support
- demonstrates the validity or credibility of the claim
- arguments are made stronger by providing evidence, data, examples, anecdotes,
expert opinions, or logical reasoning that backs up the claim

c. Reasoning or Logic
- it is where the argument explains how the provided evidence supports the claim
III. EXPOSITORY WRITING
 It is a type of writing that aims to inform, explain, describe, or clarify a
topic to the reader.
 It presents factual and objective information in a clear and organized
manner.
 It doesn't include the author's personal opinions or biases, but instead
focuses on presenting a balanced and comprehensive view of the
subject.

Types of Expository Writing

1. Descriptive:
 provide a detailed and vivid description of a person, place, object, event,
or idea
 its goal is to create a clear mental picture for the reader, allowing them to
visualize what is being described
Example:
Nestled at an altitude of nearly 8,000 feet, Machu Picchu boasts breathtaking
vistas that defy description. Surrounded by mist-covered peaks and lush green valleys,
the site seems to merge seamlessly with its natural surroundings. Wisps of clouds drift
across the mountaintops, occasionally revealing glimpses of the majestic ruins below.
As the sun rises or sets, the play of light and shadow creates an ever-changing tableau
of colors that dance upon the ancient stone structures.
2. Definition:
 the author defines and explains the meaning of a concept, term, or idea
 it aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject by
breaking down its essential components
Example:
Empathy is more than mere sympathy or compassion; it involves the ability
to step into another person's shoes and feel what they are experiencing. It
encompasses emotional resonance, cognitive understanding, and a willingness to
engage with the emotions of another. Empathy requires setting aside one's own
judgments and perspectives to create space for the authentic feelings of others.

3. Process:
 explains a sequence of steps or stages to achieve a specific outcome
 it breaks down complex procedures into manageable parts and provides a
clear guide for the reader to follow
Example:
The water cycle commences with evaporation. Under the radiant heat of the
sun, surface water from oceans, lakes, and rivers transforms into water vapor,
ascending into the atmosphere. This vaporization process removes heat from the
surface, cooling the environment and preparing water molecules for the next stage.

4. Comparison and Contrast:

 the author highlights the similarities and differences between two or more
subjects
 it helps the reader understand the relationships and distinctions between
these subjects

5. Cause and Effect:

 explains the reasons (causes) behind an event or phenomenon and the
consequences (effects) that result from it.
 it aims to show the relationship between actions and outcomes
Example:
The primary factor driving the decline of coral reefs is the increase in global
temperatures. The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, trapping heat in
the atmosphere and leading to higher sea surface temperatures. As a result, coral reefs
experience bleaching events, where the symbiotic relationship between corals and
algae breaks down, causing the corals to lose their vibrant colors and making them
more susceptible to disease. Furthermore, the absorption of excess carbon dioxide by
the oceans has led to ocean acidification, compromising the ability of corals to build
their calcium carbonate skeletons.

6. Problem and Solution:

 the author identifies a problem and offers one or more solutions to
address it.
 this type of writing is often used in essays, articles, and reports that propose
solutions to real-world issues.
Example:
Plastic pollution poses a multi-faceted challenge due to its durability,
non-biodegradability, and widespread use in daily life. Single-use plastics, such as
bottles, bags, and packaging, contribute significantly to the problem. These items
accumulate in landfills and oceans, breaking down into microplastics that infiltrate the
food chain, endangering marine life and ecosystems. The scale of plastic pollution
calls for comprehensive strategies to curb its escalation.
To address the pressing issue of plastic pollution, a multi-faceted approach is
imperative. Firstly, reducing single-use plastics demands a collaborative effort from
governments, industries, and individuals. By promoting the adoption of reusable
alternatives and implementing measures like bans or taxes on plastic items, the
rampant usage of single-use plastics can be curtailed. Secondly, bolstering waste
management infrastructure is paramount. The enhancement of waste collection,
sorting, and recycling systems can effectively minimize the accumulation of plastic
waste in both landfills and oceans.

7. Classification:
 involves grouping similar items or ideas together based on shared
characteristics.
 it helps the reader understand the relationships between different
categories within a larger subject
Example:
Solar energy captures the power of sunlight using photovoltaic cells or solar
panels. These panels convert sunlight into electricity, providing a reliable and
abundant source of energy. Solar energy systems can be deployed on rooftops, solar
farms, and even in space. Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource, reduces electricity
bills, and contributes to decentralizing energy production.
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air to generate power.
Wind turbines, often seen on wind farms, spin in response to wind currents,
converting rotational motion into electricity. Wind energy is clean, emission-free, and
can be installed on land or offshore. However, its efficiency is influenced by wind
patterns and requires careful site selection.
Hydroelectric energy derives power from flowing water, usually in rivers or
dams. Water flow drives turbines, generating electricity. Hydroelectric power is
reliable, sustainable, and produces minimal emissions. Large-scale hydroelectric
projects can provide consistent energy, while small-scale systems can be suitable for
remote areas.

Parts of Expository Writing

• Thesis Statement
• Introduction
• Topic Sentence & Body paragraph
• Conclusion & Call to Action

1. Thesis Statement
 The thesis statement is a clear and concise sentence that presents the main
argument or central point of your entire expository essay.
 It outlines the purpose and focus of your writing, providing readers with a
roadmap for what to expect.
 The thesis statement usually appears at the end of the introduction and
guides the direction of your essay by highlighting the main topic and your
stance or perspective on it.

Example:
"Regular exercise not only improves physical health but also enhances mental
well-being, making it an essential aspect of maintaining a balanced and fulfilling
lifestyle."
a. main topic (regular exercise)
b. purpose (exploring benefits)
c. stance (it's essential for maintaining a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle)

It serves as a guide for the reader and sets the direction for the subsequent essay
content.

2. Introductory paragraph
 is the opening section of your expository essay
 its purpose is to capture the reader's attention, provide context, and introduce
the main topic

Key Elements of an introduction

a. Hook
 Introductions often begin with a compelling hook, which can be a question,
anecdote, statistic, or any other device designed to capture the reader's
attention and interest.
Example:
The Benefits of Regular Exercise

Exercise is a simple and accessible way to improve our overall well-being.

From boosting our physical health to enhancing our mental clarity, the
advantages of regular physical activity are undeniable. Regular exercise not
only improves physical health but also enhances mental well-being, making it an
essential aspect of maintaining a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle. Whether you're
a fitness enthusiast or someone looking to incorporate more activity into your
daily routine, understanding the positive impact of exercise can be a motivating
factor. So, let's delve into the various ways in which regular exercise contributes
to a healthier and happier life.

b. Thesis Statement
 The introduction typically contains a clear and concise thesis statement or
main argument. This statement informs the reader about the purpose and focus
of the essay.
Example:
The Benefits of Regular Exercise

Exercise is a simple and accessible way to improve our overall well-being.

From boosting our physical health to enhancing our mental clarity, the
advantages of regular physical activity are undeniable. Regular exercise not
only improves physical health but also enhances mental well-being, making
it an essential aspect of maintaining a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle.
Whether you're a fitness enthusiast or someone looking to incorporate more
activity into your daily routine, understanding the positive impact of exercise can
be a motivating factor. So, let's delve into the various ways in which regular
exercise contributes to a healthier and happier life.

c. Transition to the body

 It sets the tone for the rest of the essay and prepares the reader for the main
points to be discussed in the body paragraphs.
Example:
The Benefits of Regular Exercise

Exercise is a simple and accessible way to improve our overall well-being.

From boosting our physical health to enhancing our mental clarity, the
advantages of regular physical activity are undeniable. Regular exercise not
only improves physical health but also enhances mental well-being, making
it an essential aspect of maintaining a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle.
Whether you're a fitness enthusiast or someone looking to incorporate more
activity into your daily routine, understanding the positive impact of exercise can
be a motivating factor. So, let's delve into the various ways in which regular
exercise contributes to a healthier and happier life.
3. Body paragraph
 Is the building blocks of an essay or written work, allowing the
writer to develop and support their main points or arguments in a
structured and organized manner.

Key Elements of Body Paragraph

a. Topic Sentence
 the first sentence of the body paragraph
 serves as a clear and concise statement of the main point or idea of
the paragraph.
 it provides a roadmap for what the paragraph will discuss.
Regular exercise offers a multitude of benefits for both our physical and
mental well-being. Not only does it contribute to improved physical health, but it
also enhances our mental clarity and overall quality of life. One of the most
compelling reasons to engage in regular physical activity is the positive impact it
has on our physical health. Studies have consistently shown that exercise helps in
maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and
strengthening our cardiovascular system. For example, a meta-analysis of
multiple studies found that individuals who engage in regular exercise have a
significantly lower risk of developing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes,
and obesity. Furthermore, exercise is a powerful tool for managing and
preventing these health issues, making it an essential component of a
well-rounded healthcare strategy.
Beyond the physical benefits, exercise also plays a crucial role in
enhancing our mental well-being. Physical activity stimulates the release of
endorphins, often referred to as "feel-good" hormones, which can have a
profound impact on our mood. Regular exercise has been linked to reduced
symptoms of anxiety and depression, as it helps to alleviate stress and promote a
sense of relaxation. In fact, research has shown that individuals who engage in
physical activity report improved sleep patterns and increased energy levels,
which can further boost their overall mood and mental clarity.

b. Supporting Details
Regular exercise offers a multitude of benefits for both our physical and
mental well-being. Not only does it contribute to improved physical health, but it
also enhances our mental clarity and overall quality of life. One of the most
compelling reasons to engage in regular physical activity is the positive impact it
has on our physical health. Studies have consistently shown that exercise helps in
maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and
strengthening our cardiovascular system. For example, a meta-analysis of
multiple studies found that individuals who engage in regular exercise have a
significantly lower risk of developing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes,
and obesity. Furthermore, exercise is a powerful tool for managing and
preventing these health issues, making it an essential component of a
well-rounded healthcare strategy.

Beyond the physical benefits, exercise also plays a crucial role in

enhancing our mental well-being. Physical activity stimulates the release of
endorphins, often referred to as "feel-good" hormones, which can have a
profound impact on our mood. Regular exercise has been linked to reduced
 symptoms of anxiety and depression, as it helps to alleviate stress and promote a
sense of relaxation. In fact, research has shown that individuals who engage in
physical activity report improved sleep patterns and increased energy levels,
which can further boost their overall mood and mental clarity.

c. Transition
 Transition words and phrases are used to connect sentences within
the paragraph and ensure a smooth flow of ideas.
 They help readers understand the relationships between sentences
and how they contribute to the overall argument.
Regular exercise offers a multitude of benefits for both our physical and
mental well-being. Not only does it contribute to improved physical health, but it
also enhances our mental clarity and overall quality of life. One of the most
compelling reasons to engage in regular physical activity is the positive impact it
has on our physical health. Studies have consistently shown that exercise helps in
maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and
strengthening our cardiovascular system. For example, a meta-analysis of
multiple studies found that individuals who engage in regular exercise have a
significantly lower risk of developing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes,
and obesity. Furthermore, exercise is a powerful tool for managing and
preventing these health issues, making it an essential component of a
well-rounded healthcare strategy.
Beyond the physical benefits, exercise also plays a crucial role in
enhancing our mental well-being. Physical activity stimulates the release of
endorphins, often referred to as "feel-good" hormones, which can have a
profound impact on our mood. Regular exercise has been linked to reduced
symptoms of anxiety and depression, as it helps to alleviate stress and promote a
sense of relaxation. In fact, research has shown that individuals who engage in
physical activity report improved sleep patterns and increased energy levels,
which can further boost their overall mood and mental clarity.

d. Analysis
 provide analysis or commentary on the supporting details
 explaining the significance of the evidence and how it relates to the
main point or thesis statement

4. Conclusion
 serves to restate the thesis statement, recap the main body points
without introducing new information, and leave a memorable
impact through insights or reflections on the topic

Key Elements of Conclusion

a. Restating the Thesis Statement and the Main Points
 restating the thesis and summarizing the main points or key
arguments made in your essay or article.
 This reinforces the central message you want your audience to
remember.
To conclude, regular exercise is not just a way to improve physical health;
it's a gateway to a healthier, happier life. As we've explored the numerous
benefits, from reducing the risk of chronic diseases to enhancing mental
 well-being, it's clear that exercise is a powerful tool at our disposal. Now, it's
your turn to take action. Start with small steps, set achievable goals, and make
exercise a consistent part of your routine. Your health and happiness are worth
the effort. As the saying goes, 'The journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.' So, take that step today and embark on a path to a better tomorrow.

b. Emphasize the significance

 Explain why the main points are important or significant.
 Reiterate the benefits or implications of the information you've
presented.
To conclude, regular exercise is not just a way to improve physical health;
it's a gateway to a healthier, happier life. As we've explored the numerous
benefits, from reducing the risk of chronic diseases to enhancing mental
well-being, it's clear that exercise is a powerful tool at our disposal. Now, it's
your turn to take action. Start with small steps, set achievable goals, and make
exercise a consistent part of your routine. Your health and happiness are worth
the effort. As the saying goes, 'The journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.' So, take that step today and embark on a path to a better tomorrow.

c. Call to Action
 take some specific action based on the information you've provided
 this could be a recommendation, a suggestion, or an invitation for
further exploration
 A call to action motivates your readers to apply what they've
learned.
To conclude, regular exercise is not just a way to improve physical health;
it's a gateway to a healthier, happier life. As we've explored the numerous
benefits, from reducing the risk of chronic diseases to enhancing mental
well-being, it's clear that exercise is a powerful tool at our disposal. Now, it's
your turn to take action. Start with small steps, set achievable goals, and make
exercise a consistent part of your routine. Your health and happiness are worth
the effort. As the saying goes, 'The journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.' So, take that step today and embark on a path to a better tomorrow.

d. End with a Thought Provoking Statement

 Conclude with a powerful and thought-provoking statement that
leaves a lasting impression on your audience. This could be a quote, a
rhetorical question, or a statement that invites reflection.
To conclude, regular exercise is not just a way to improve physical health;
it's a gateway to a healthier, happier life. As we've explored the numerous
benefits, from reducing the risk of chronic diseases to enhancing mental
well-being, it's clear that exercise is a powerful tool at our disposal. Now, it's
your turn to take action. Start with small steps, set achievable goals, and make
exercise a consistent part of your routine. Your health and happiness are worth
the effort. As the saying goes, 'The journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.' So, take that step today and embark on a path to a better tomorrow.

e. Closing Remarks
 Offer a closing remark or a final thought that leaves a positive
and memorable impression.
 To conclude, regular exercise is not just a way to improve physical health;
it's a gateway to a healthier, happier life. As we've explored the numerous
benefits, from reducing the risk of chronic diseases to enhancing mental
well-being, it's clear that exercise is a powerful tool at our disposal. Now, it's
your turn to take action. Start with small steps, set achievable goals, and make
exercise a consistent part of your routine. Your health and happiness are worth
the effort. As the saying goes, 'The journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.' So, take that step today and embark on a path to a better tomorrow.

IV. HOW TO MAKE AN OUTLINE

3 key points in outlining
1. Topic Sentence
2. Supporting Details
3. Summary

GOODLUCK! - kselm