JOtXiNAi.
OF APPXOXIMATION THEORY 5, 97-112 (1972)
olynomial Approximation to Certain Entire ~~~~t~~~§
A. R. REDDV
Department of Mathemdcs, The University of T&do, Toledo’o, Ohio 43606
Communicated by Joseph L. Walsl:
Received July 24, 1970
DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR J. L. WALSH ON THE OCCASION OF HIS 75TH BIRTHDAY
Letf(x) be a real-valued continuous function on [-I, II3 and let
where the norm is the uniform norm on I-1, I] and TT~denotes the set of all
polynomials with real coefficients of degree at most ~[Link] [l, pmElS]
has shown that
i-2, E;/“(f) = 0 (1)
if and only iffix) is the restriction to [- 1, 1] of an entire function.
Letf(z) be an entire function, and let
then the order p, lower order A, type 7 and lower type w off(z) are defined bq’
S. N. Bernstein [I, p. 1141 proved that there exist (finite) constants p > 0,
0 < r < co such that
lim sup nllPEiln(f) (3)
12-m
is finite if and only iff(x) is the restriction to [- 1, I] of an entire function of
order p and type r.
97
0 1972 bjr Academic Press, Inc.
98 REDDY
Recently, Varga [7, Th. l] has proved that
n log 12
-.___
p = k2 sup log[E&-)]-I (4)
satisfies 0 < p < co if and only if f(x) is the restriction to [-1, l] of an
entire function of order p.
The results of Bernstein and Varga give us the clue that the rate at which
Ei’“( f) tends to zero depends on the order and type of an entire function.
To deal with functions of infinite order, we introduce the following
classificationl. We shall assume for such a function, that there exists a
positive integer k 3 2, for which
(5)
are finite and positive. Here we have used the familiar notation
1,x = log log **. log x (k = 1, 2, 3,...).
k times
Note that 1,x > 0 for all sufficiently large x. An entire function f(z) with
p(k - 1) = co and p(k) < co is called an entire function of index k. Note
that p(k) and X(k) generalize p and h of (2), which correspond to k = 1. If
p(k) is positive and finite, we can associate with it the functionals
T(k,f) = T(k) and w(k,f) = w(k), defined by
(6>
Another classification has been introduced for the class of (transcendental)
entire functions of order 0, by means of the logarithmic order pI and the
corresponding lower order h, . They are defined thus:
lim s,uPlog log &l(r) = PZ
r-)mmf log log Y h, (7)
If pi is greater than one and finite, we can define the logarithmic type rz off
and the corresponding lower type q , by
lim s”P log M(r) = TZ
~+a mf (log r)Q wL’
1 A slightly different classification has been studied in [Xl.
POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION 3s
The folIowing result is also due to S. M. Bernstein [Z, p. 77, theorem 591;
Let j(x) and g(x) be real-vaIued functions with continuous (it +- I)&
derivative on the interval [- 1, I] and let
Then
Bernstein [I, p. 1161also proved that, if S(3) = Cz=‘=,a&P is an entire
function satisfying
then there exists
1a,;’ 1 f 0 and
Qne of the purposes of this paper is to investigate under what conditions
on E,(f),fis the restriction to [- 1, I] of an entire function of order < I or
order 1 and type 0. We study also how EJ f )/E,+,( f) is related to p, pz, p(k),
T, 7Z, and I. Further, we prove the last result of Bernstein for a wider class
of functions, namely, for entire functions of perfectly regnIar growth [6, p. 443.
For entire functions of order 0 or c-o,we study the growth of EJ S) and / a,, j .
Furthermore, we study the following problem, related to the well-known
results of Bernstein and Shohat IS, p. 3791. Given two entire f~~~t~o~s
f(z) = xzZ, aKzK,g(z) = x2=, Bkzk,with respective orders and types pf 9Xf ,
of, wf i and pg , A, , rg , wg , what is the relation between E,(f)/&(g) and
these orders and types? The bounds we obtain here are much sharper than
those of Bernstein and Shohat.
Entit-e functions of regular growrlz
~EF~~~TIO~~ An entire function.~is of regular growth [f.$p. 417if
exists. A necessary and sufficient condition that an entire function/be o.?
regular growth is that the coefficients Q,~~
satisfy, for every E > 0, the inequality
100 REDDY
and that there exist a strictly increasing sequence{n,jF of positive integers
such that
lim log 'P+l = 1
and
P-tD log 11,
(12)
Entire ~~~l~f~~~s
of ~~r~e~t~~~
regular ~~~~t~l
It is known that an entire function is of perfectly regular growth (p, T),
0 < p < co, 0 < 7 < co, if and only if, given E > 0, there exists an n,,(e)
such that
; 1a, I+ < T + E, for n 2 n,(E)
and there exists a strictly increasing sequence(12,~~
lo3of positive integers such
that
and
We shall need several lemmas.
LEMMA 1. Let f(z) = XL=, a,S be an entire functiu~ of hdex k, order
p(k) and Iower arder X(k) (0 < X(k) < p(k) -C 00). Then
Prouf. The result is known for the case k = 1 f4, p. [Link] middle
inequality is known fork > 1 13,Lemmas 1 and 2A]. The extreme inequalities,
when k 3 2, follow as for the casek = 1, and hence we omit the proof.
n - Ifin lkn
h(k) = b+minf = lim inf
log I I/a, I n-m log I a,lan+l I ’
p(k) = & SUP log I’“u”,z I.
s la+1
POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION 101.
Proof. This lemma is known for when k = 1 [4! p. 10473. The proofT
when k > 2, proceeds as in the casek = 1, using [3, Lemmas 1) 2B
LEMMA 3. Let f (z) = CT=0 aKzBbe an entire jiinction o”f Zogmithmic orde!
p1 and logarithmic lower order h, . Then
Proof. See [3, Lemmas 5, 6A].
LEMMA 4. Let f(zj = Cz=,, alizk be entire function of order p2 [Link] Eower
order hE(l ,( A, < p1 < CD)such that j a,l/a,A+, j is nondecreasing for B 2 I:~ .
Theta
log H log I?
h, - 1 > iii? inf - = lim inf
log(l/rz log j l/a,, i> a+= log log 1an/a,[Link] ! ’
log n
pz - 1 = l&sup
log log I a,la,+l I .
ProoJ See [3, Lemmas 5,6B].
THEOREMS
THEOREM 1. Let f(x) be a real-calued continuous jimction de$ned on
f-1: 11. Then
;;f nE;l”(f) = 0 (24)
iJ’ and only if f (x) is the restriction to [- I, 11 ef an entire function of ether
order < 1, or of order 1 and type 0.
Proof. If f (x) is the restriction to [- 1, 11of an entire function of order p
and type 7, then it is known [3, Theorems 153; 7, Theorem] that
n log 11 ;+i sup $ E;!“(f) = 5
:+2 sup log[l/&(f)] = p7
102. REDDY
Therefore,
Hence, if p < 1
If p = 1 and T = 0, we have limn-tcunElfn = 0, by the second equality of this
proof. On the other hand, if lim,,, iEA/n(f) = 0, then limn-,mEi’” = 0,
which indicates, becauseof Bernstein’s theorem, thatf(x) is the restriction to
[-1, l] of an entire function. We have to show that the order of this entire
function is either less than one or one, with type 0. One can verify that
I?log II
Hence, either p < 1, or p = 1 and the type is zero.
THEOREM2. Let f(x) be a real-valued continuous function defined on
[-1, I]. Zff (x) is the restriction to [-1, l] of an entire function of index k,
order p(k) and lower order h(k), then
b n . lk?Z
k hf log[E,(f)/[Link]+I(f)] ’ !?? inf log[l/E,(f)] ’ x(k)
Proof. Assume that f (x) has an extension f (z) which is an entire function
of index k with lower order h(k). Then it is known [3, (1 I), (17)] that
where C’, C”, 7 are constants and B(a) is the maximum of 1f (z)[ on E,
(0 > l), the closed interior of the ellipse with foci f 1, major semiaxis
(u” + l/20) and minor semiaxis (D2 - l/20). It is also known [3, (IS)] that
(17)
POLYNOMIAL [Link] 103
for any k > 1,j > 1. Now, appIying Lemma 1 to H(a) of [3, (16)], we have
the required result.
THEOREM 3. Let f(x) be a real-valued continuous function on [-I, %j,
Then [ff (x) is the restriction to [- 1, 11 of an entire function of index k, order
p(k) and lower order X(k) such that E,( f )/E,+I( f) is nondecreasing,for n 3 nOt2
then
Proqf. We apply Lemma 2 to H(u).
THEOREM 4. Let f(x) be a real-valued continuous junction defYned on
[- 1) I] which is the restriction to [- 1, I] of an entirefunction f (z) of’!ogarith-
mic order p1 and logarithmic lower order h, . Then
log 11 log n
!?2 inf log log[E,(f)/E,,,(f )J G !!! inf fog(l/r? log[l/&(f)])
<A,-- Gpz-1
log n
G i!-% sup Iog log[En(f)/Efi,+I(f)] *
Proof. We have from (17)
One deducesthe required result from (19) by applying Lemma 3 to HIP
THEOREM 5. Let f (x) be real-valued continuous Ofunction on [- 1, li ] which
is the restriction to [- 1, I] of an entire function f (z) of logarithmic order pi and
logarithmic lower order At , such that E,( f )/EntI( f) is nondecreasing for
n 2 n, . Then
log n
X1- 1 = ‘,E inf
~0gW MU&(f )]I
log n
= % inf log log[E,(f)/E,+l(f)] ’
log n
pz - l = tz% Sup log log[E,(f)/En+l(f)] *
2 The functions f(x) = e”, g(x) = cos x satisfy this property (cf. the example folkwing
Theorem 12).
104 REDDY
Proof. It is known from (17) that
lim suP --z,N(a) _ PZ
o+minf 1,~ &’
Applying Lemma 4 to H(u), we have the result.
THEOREM 6. Let f (z) = C& akzk be an entire function of positive order
and regular growth with real ak’s. Then there are integers 1 < n, -=cn, < a--
such that
(20)
Proof. Since f(z) is of regular growth, we have from [3], Theorem 1,
and the existence of integers 1 < 12~< n2 < ***satisfying
lim ___
log n,+l 1 17
p-tm log n, J
the equalities
II, log n, II, log 12,
(21)
2 log j l/a,v j = p = fE log(l/Enp) *
n2, log n 11,log II,
2, <lo&< for P > ~~(4
P+E % P-E (22)
n, log n, 1 n, log n,
< log- < for P b ~~(4.
P+E I arm I P-E
From (22), for a suitable E’,
log En,
< 1 + E’, for p > max(p, , ~3.
’ - ” .’ log / anp 1
Hence,
log En,
lim 1.
P+Wlog 1anp I =
POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION jej
Prot$I It is known [3, Theorem 3] that if j(z) is of ~erfe~t~~regl-tfar
growth, then
It is also known [6, p. 441 that there exists a sequence (n,jF of positive
integers, IQ,-b 00, such that
From (24) one has
and
Remark. There exists an entire function j(z) = CkyOa$‘C for v&i&
j a,/a,,j is ~O~deGr~aSing and p > h ([4], ps 1047).
106 REDDY
Proof of Xl?eorer?z8. It is known from [3, Lemmas 1, 2, Theorems 1,2]
and the fact that En(f)/E,+l(f) and j a&,+, I are nondecreasing for n > n,
that
= P(k)
X(k)
= PW
(25)
44'
By using (25) and
1%&(f) = loguluf)l . * (26)
log a, *wt l/&z> nl,n ’
we have
and the result follows.
THEOREM 9. Let f (z) = Cz=‘=, ap” (ak:real) be an entire function of index
k, order p(k) and types T(k), w(k) (0 < w(k) < CD).Assumethat E,(f)/En+l(f)
and I a, l/l aa+1I are non-decreasing,for n >, nL . Thenfor k > 1,
w(k) l/Q(k)< lim 2./Y;'"(f) < 1 < lim 2E;"Yf) < r(k) l’m-)
(-4 ’ za-&pn -. \ n--)4 j u,~lljn ’ ( w(k) ) * (27)
T(k)
Remark. The entire function f(z) = jeep=,(log n/rz)@‘”Z* (p > 0) has
order p and type 00. For this function f we can use Theorem 8 to relate
E,(f) and I an I .
Proof of Theorem 9. From [3, Lemma 3 and Theorem 31 and the mono-
tonicity of E,(f)/E,,+l(f) and I a, l/l a,,, I we have, if k = 1,
For any k > 2 (cf. [3]),
POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION
BY (281, we have
Similarly, we can show that
Hence the result if k = 1. Similarly, we can prove it if k 3 2.
Remark. We have from (27), for k = 1,
Iffis such that ~(1) < 24.0(l),then
f+e VXfPl a, if = 0.
In other words, for functions f whose type is less than twice their lower type,
limn+mVW>/1 a, I> = 0.
Proof. It is known, under our assumptions [3, Theorem 71that
With some manipulation of (31>,one obtains the re~n~redresult (30).
108 REDDY
THEOREM 11. Let f(z) = Cz=‘=,apzk and g(z) = Cz=‘=,bkzk be two entire
functions of the same positive order and of regular growth. There exists a
sequence of positive integers {n,}:, n, + co, such that
(32)
Proof. From [3, Theorems 1,2a, 2b], [6, p. 441, and the existence of a
sequenceof positive integers (n,> such that n, -+ co and
lim log
----Z "g+l 1
D+m log n, '
we infer
II, log n,
__ - n, log n,
2-z log[ l/&,(f)] p = b? log[l/E,P(g)] *
Now we have the required result (32), as in the caseof Theorem 6.
THEOREM 12. Let f(z) = c,“=, akzk and g(z) = c& bkzk be two entire
functions of perfectly regular growth (p, 7). Then there exists a sequence of
positive integers {n,},” (n, --t 03) such that
(33)
Proof. This theorem follows, as Theorem 7, by using [3, Theorem 31;
hence we omit a detailed proof.
Example. Letf(x) = eZn14, g(z) = cos 57,714. Then f and q are entire func-
tions of perfectly regular growth (1,7r/4). It is known [2, p. SO]that
2ncf2\ lj, (e-m/4>G &(ez”/4) < -2”(12:- l)! (e”‘4)
and
$e7z+2 +2n1+2
< Elm+1 ‘cos 9 < 25nL+5(2nz+ 2)! -
2Gm+5(2m + 2)! i 1
From these inequalities one infers, taking 12,= 2p + 1, that
lp& (gg”” = 1.
POLYNOMIdL APPROXIMATION io”j
THEOREM13. Let f(z) = CT=, af,zk, g(z) = xz==, b,z” be two entire
jiimtions of index k, orders pf(k), p,(k) and lower orders X,(k), Z.,(ki.
[f E;,(f)/E,,+,(J) and E,,(g),lE,,,(g) are nondecreasing for ,v >, q, : then
The required result foilows from (35), as in the proof of Theorem 8.
EXAILIPLE. Let f(z) = ek(z), g(z) = e,(9); it is any positive integer
(e.g., e?(z) = ee’). Then
(34)
Proof. By [3, Theorems 3, 41, we have, for k = 1:
i37’)
For k > 2,
(32
One derives the required result from (37) and (38).
110 REDDY
Remark. Let f(z) = ez,g(z) = ezi. For these two functions, pr = 1,
pg = 1, Tf = Wf = 1, T9 = wg = 2. We have, from (36), for these functions,
This result is sharper than the one obtained by Bernstein [2, Theorem 591.
THEOREM15. Let f(z) = CT=‘=,ukzh’,g(z) = XT=0 bRzk to two entire func-
tions with index k and orders pf(k), h,(k), p,(k), h,(k). Assunze that
~~(~)/~.~~~~(~) arzd E~z(g)/E,,(g) are no~decreasj~g for rz > no . @p,(k) = 0
and h,(f) > 1, tlmz
and (39)
If p,(k) = 0 azd X,(k) > 0, then
lim log En(f)
n-a log E,(g) I
and
Proof. By [3, Theorems 1,2, 5, 61
(40)
(39) follows from (40) by some manipulations which we omit. The rest
follows similarly.
POLYNOMIAL APPROXlMATION Iii
~~0~~ By Lemmas 1,2 and Theorems 3,4:
and
(41) follows, using some manipulations, from (42).
The proof of the remaining assertions is similar and omitted.
I would like to thank the referee for his comments.
REFERENCES
1. S,N. BERNSTEIN, “Leqons sur Ies Prop&%& Extr6males et la Meilleure Approximation
des Fonctions Analytiques d’une Variabie Rkele,” Paris, 1926.
112 REDDY
2. G. MEINARDUS, “Approximation of Functions: Theory and Numerical Methods,”
Springer-Verlag, New York, 1967.
3. A. R. REDDY, Approximation of an entire function, J. Approximation Theory 3 (1970),
128-137.
4. S. M. SEXAH,On the lower order of integral functions, Bull. Amer. Math. Sot. 52 (1946),
1046-I 052.
5. J. SHOHAT, The best polynomial approximation of functions possessing derivatives,
Duke Math. J. 8 (1941), 37&35X
6. G. VALEON, “Lectures on the General Theory of Integral Functions,” Chelsea, New
York, 1949.
7. R. S. VGRGA, On an extention of result of S. N. Bernstein, J. Approximation Theory
1 (1968), 176-179.
8. M. AHED, On entire fictions of infinite order, C~~z~os~~joMath. 13 (1955-56j,
1.59-172.
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