Q) What role does Beelzebub play in Paradise Lost, Book I.
Ans- Beelzebub, a prominent character in John Milton's "Paradise Lost," plays a crucial role in Book 1,
embodying both loyalty and rebellion against God. As one of Satan's chief lieutenants, Beelzebub is a
fallen angel who, like Satan, refuses to submit to God's authority. His character serves as a reflection of
the complex dynamics within the fallen angelic hierarchy. Boyd observes that “the character of Beelzebub
is distinguished from the rest by more extensive views, and more deliberate wickedness. In malignity
he resembles his master, but his mind is less ardent”
Beelzebub means the ‘Lord of Flies’. He was a sun-god of the Philistines, the original inhabitants of
Philistine. He is described as ‘Beelzebub, the god of Ekron’. Historically he was the most alluring false god
of the children of Israel. He is ‘the prince of devils’ in St. Mathew. In Paradise Lost (Book – I), Beelzebub
is represented by Milton as next to Satan in power and in crime.
In Book 1, Beelzebub initially appears alongside Satan in Hell after their expulsion from Heaven. Their
shared fate binds them together, and Beelzebub becomes an essential companion to Satan in their quest
to establish a new dominion. Despite being subservient to Satan, Beelzebub is depicted as a respected
and trusted confidant, emphasizing the unity among the fallen angels in their defiance of God. Beelzebub
responds well to his master. He admits that Satan is
“Chief of many thron’d powers
That led the embattled Seraphim to war
….and in a dreadful deeds
….endangered Heaven’s perpetual King
…put to prove his supremacy” (128-132).
Beelzebub's character contributes to the thematic exploration of rebellion and its consequences. His
choice to follow Satan underscores the pervasive spirit of disobedience that pervades Hell. Milton portrays
Beelzebub as a figure torn between loyalty to God, the creator, and allegiance to Satan, the charismatic
leader promising a semblance of power and purpose in their fallen state. Like Satan he too had a mighty
fall from Heaven for revolting against God. Satan expresses surprise at his changed form:
“If thou beest he--- but Oh how fall’n! How chang’d
From him, who in the happy realms of light,
Clothed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine
Myriads ,thou bright … … … … … …” (85-87)
Moreover, Beelzebub serves as a mouthpiece for Satan, participating in dialogues that reveal the fallen
angels' motives and aspirations. In Book 1, Beelzebub engages in discussions with Satan about their dire
situation and contemplates the possibility of revenge against God. This dialogue not only highlights
Beelzebub's intellectual capacity but also provides insight into the fallen angels' collective mindset as they
grapple with the consequences of their rebellion.
The first striking feature in Beelzebub’s character is his loyalty to Satan. Whereas Satan is a rebel against
his master ---- God, Beelzebub is thoroughly loyal and devoted to his leader, Satan. His faith in him and
regard for his power and ability are unquestionable and he praises him univocally before the fallen angels:
“If once they hear that voice their liveliest pledge
Hope in fears and dangers heard so oft”, etc. (274-275)
Beelzebub's role extends beyond the immediate narrative, embodying the broader theological and
philosophical themes of the epic poem. His character prompts readers to ponder the nature of free will,
the consequences of disobedience, and the moral complexities inherent in choosing between loyalty and
rebellion. Milton presents Beelzebub as a character with agency, capable of independent thought and
decision-making, further emphasizing the gravity of the angels' rebellion. Satan proposes to summon his
followers who are still confounded that they may either share misery with him in Hell or prepare for
another contest with god. In reply to this, Beelzebub highly praises Satan as their leader:
“Leader of those armies bright,
Which but th’ omnipotent none could have foil’d” (272-73).
In conclusion, Beelzebub's role in Paradise Lost, Book 1, is multifaceted. He serves as a loyal companion
to Satan, a representative of the fallen angels' collective defiance, and a conduit for the exploration of
profound theological and philosophical themes. Beelzebub's character adds depth to the narrative,
contributing to the epic's overarching exploration of rebellion, free will, and the consequences of defying
divine authority. To quote from Prof. Raleigh’s Milton, “His followers are devotedly attached to him:
they admire him that for the general safety he (Satan) despised his own”.
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