Water Treatment
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How to choose the right treatment scheme
➢ Analyze the raw water and obtain the water quality
parameters
➢ Choose the treatment scheme for improving the water quality
to meet the requirement of potable water
Harris, Katherine & Fellows, Chris & Quinn, Frances & Rizk, Nadya & Taylor, Neil & Whannell, Robert & Sharma, Manjula & Taylor, Subhashni. (2019). Physical separation
techniques in water purification: an inquiry-based laboratory learning experience. Chemistry Teacher International. .
FUNCTIONS OF EACH UNIT
✓Intake well - The raw water is admitted from the source in these wells through the inlet
opening having screen to separate the floating material.
✓Screens - Screens are used to remove floating and large suspended material.
✓Aerators - To remove the gases from the water and oxidize iron and manganese, the raw
water is exposed to the air.
✓Flash mixer - In this unit, coagulants are added and are properly mixed.
✓Flocculation unit- In this unit, colloidal particles are destabilized to form flocs due to the
addition of coagulant
✓Sedimentation tank -To remove the flocs formed during flocculation
✓Filter beds - It helps to remove the fine flocs and some pathogens from water.
✓Disinfection – It destroys all pathogens. Some organic matter will also get oxidized. This is
an important process for water treatment.
✓Distribution System - Treated water is conveyed to household.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 4
How to treat groundwater having high hardness, iron, manganese and dissolved gases
Chlorine (to stop bacterial
Gas to atmosphere Lime & soda ash growth)
Aeration Softening Filtration
Raw Ground
Sludge (Ca , Mg removal) Backwash water
Water Decanted, Sludge
Chlorine
Distribution Storage Disinfection
System
To give contact time for disinfection
and storage for meeting peak For Pathogen and Organic
demands matter
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 5
How to treat groundwater having high hardness, iron, manganese and dissolved gases
Removes undesirable gases Removes residual flocs left over
Chlorine
from (to stop
softening; bacterialmay
Disinfectant
and oxidation of iron and
Gas to atmosphere
manganese Removes
Lime & sodahardness
ash begrowth)
added to prevent biological
growth on filter medium
Aeration Softening Filtration
Raw Ground
Sludge (Ca , Mg removal) Backwash water
Water Destroys pathogens;
Provides contact time for Decanted, Sludge
Enough added to provide
disinfection and stores water for
peak demands residual
Chlorinein the distribution
system
Distribution Storage Disinfection
System
To give contact time for disinfection
and storage for meeting peak For Pathogen and Organic
demands matter
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 6
How to treat turbid river water containing dissolved organics
Chlorine Ammonia Alum or polymers
Coagulation-
Raw water Presedimentation Flocculation-
Settling
Sludge removal
Sludge removal
Chlorine Chlorine
Storage Disinfection Adsorption Filtration
Sludge removal
and backwash
water decanted
Distribution
system
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 7
How to treat turbid river water containing dissolved organics
Removes larger suspended solids.
Chemicals may be added to Removes turbidity by coagulating
Chlorine
oxidize organics andAmmonia
to prevent colloids
Alumand settling them out
or polymers
biological activity
Coagulation-
Raw water Presedimentation Flocculation-
Settling
Sludge removal
Sludge removalremaining
Removes
Destroys pathogens; Removes dissolved organics; turbidity; Disinfectant may
Provides contact time for Enough added to provide Activated carbon is be added to prevent
disinfection and stores residual inChlorine
the distribution commonly used as Chlorine
biological growth on filter
water for peak demands system adsorbent medium
Storage Disinfection Adsorption Filtration
Sludge removal
and backwash
water decanted
Distribution
system
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 8
Wastewater Treatment
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
(i)Preliminary Treatment
– removes large objects, grits and non-degradable materials
– protects pumps, mechanical equipment from damage, prevent clogging
of valves
– screens and grit chamber
(ii) Primary treatment
– remove suspended, easily settleable and floating material
– Primary sedimentation tank (Primary clarifier)
(iii) Secondary treatment
– Remove suspended, colloidal and dissolved organic sand inorganics
matter
– Biological treatment (ASP-Activated Sludge Process, Trickling filter, RBC-
Rotating biological contactors),chemical-physical processes
(iv) Tertiary treatment.
– Polishing the secondary treated effluent to meet the reuse / discharge
requirements
– Adsorption, Advanced oxidation, disinfection
Typical wastewater treatment scheme
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Functions of different units
➢ Screens- Remove coarse solids large objects such as sticks, rags,
boards, bottles, pieces of wood, etc.
➢ Comminutor- Shredding devices to break or cut up solids
➢ Grit Chamber- Removes inorganic solids such as sand, pebbles, silt,
gravel, etc. and also heavier or larger organic solids
➢ Primary sedimentation tank- Removes suspended organic solids
➢ Secondary treatment- Removal of dissolved organics and the
remaining 40-50% suspended solids (which are not removed in
primary treatment)
– Usually consists of an aeration tank (where organic matter stabilized by
the action of bacteria under aeration) and
– a secondary sedimentation tank (where the sludge is separated from the
effluent of aeration tank and the settled sludge (25 to 50 %) is recycled
partly to the aeration tank and remaining wasted
➢ Tertiary treatment- Disinfection and removal of non-biodegradable
complex organic matter, nutrient removal, heavy metal removal and
any other process to obtain the required effluent quality
Treatment scheme including sludge treatment
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