le T

h MIZAN TEPI UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES
Fresh Man Mathematics for Natural Sciences

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
1 / this
47 M
le T

Math 1011 teaching material for section I

Proofs and Examples are not included under this

h Material please try to refer your module!

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc)

Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
If there is error reply me!

January 22, 2024

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
2 / this
47 M
le T
UNIT 1:The Proposition
Definition of Proposition
In logic and philosophy, a proposition is a statement that declares a fact or
asserts a claim that can be either true or false. It is the building block of

h
logical reasoning and argumentation.

Proposition
Human activities are the primary cause of global warming.

Example 1: The increase in greenhouse gas emissions from industrial

processes and transportation.
Example 2: Deforestation and land use changes leading to higher
levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Non-Proposition Examples
Please turn off the lights when you leave the room. (Command)
I enjoy hiking in the mountains. (Hobby)
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
3 / this
47 M
le T
Logical Connectives and Rules

Conjunction (∧)
Rule: The conjunction p ∧ q is true if and only if both p and q are true.

h Disjunction (∨)
Rule: The disjunction p ∨ q is true if at least one of p or q is true.
Negation (¬)
Rule: The negation ¬p is true if and only if p is false.
Implication (→)
Rule: The implication p → q is false only when p is true and q is false.
Biconditional (↔)
Rule: The biconditional p ↔ q is true if and only if p and q have the
same truth value.
Suppose the truth values of p,q,andr are T ,F ,and F
respectively,then the truth value of (¬p ∨ q) → [q ↔ (p ∧ r )]is
......

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
4 / this
47 M
le T
What is the Converse , Inverse, and Contrapositive of
p→q ?

h I. If a rectangle ”R” is a square, then ”R” is a rhombus p → q.

Converse: If ”R” is a rhombus, then ”R” is a square (i.e q → p) .
Inverse: If ”R” is not a square, then ”R” is not a rhombus ¬p → ¬q .
Contrapositive: If ”R” is not a rhombus, then ”R” is not a square
¬q → ¬p.
II. If today is Monday, then tomorrow is Tuesday p → q .
Converse: If tomorrow is Tuesday, then today is Monday (i.e q → p) .
Inverse: If today is not Monday, then tomorrow is not
Tuesday.¬p → ¬q
Contrapositive: If tomorrow is not Tuesday, then today is not
Monday.¬q → ¬p

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
5 / this
47 M
le T
Tautology

Show that ((p → q) ∧ (q → r )) → (p → r ) is atautology with out

truth table.

h
≡ ((¬p ∨ q) ∧ (¬q ∨ r )) → (¬p ∨ r )
≡ ¬((¬p ∨ q) ∧ (¬q ∨ r )) ∨ (¬p ∨ r )
≡ ¬((¬p ∨ q) ∧ (¬q ∨ r )) ∨ (¬p ∨ r )
≡ (¬(¬p ∧ q) ∨ (¬¬q ∧ ¬r )) ∨ (¬p ∨ r )
≡ ((p ∧ ¬q) ∨ (q ∧ ¬r )) ∨ (¬p ∨ r )
≡ ((p ∧ ¬q) ∨ ¬p) ∨ ((q ∧ ¬r ) ∨ r )
≡ (p ∨ ¬p) ∧ (¬q ∨ ¬p) ∨ (q ∨ r ) ∧ (¬r ∨ r )
≡ T ∧ (¬q ∨ ¬p) ∨ (q ∨ r ) ∧ T
≡ ((¬q ∨ ¬p) ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ ((¬q ∨ q) ∨ ¬p) ∨ r ≡ (T ∨ ¬p) ∨ r
≡ T ∨r =T
∴ tautology

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
6 / this
47 M
le T
Suppose the uineversal set be given, U = R
Existential Quantifier (∃) and Universal Quantifier (∀)
Example: ∃x∀y (x > y )
Interpretation: There exists atleast one x such that for all y , x is

h
greater than y .
Truth Value: False (There is no single x that is greater than all y )
Universal Quantifier (∀) and Existential Quantifier (∃)
Example: ∀x∃y (x + y = 0)Interpretation: For all x = m ∈domain of x,
there exists a y such that m + y = [Link] Value: True (e.g., x = m
and y = 0 − m ∈ R satisfy the statement)
Existential Quantifier (∃) and Existential Quantifier (∃)
Example: ∃x∃y (x 2 + y 2 = 25)
Interpretation: There exist x and y such that x 2 + y 2 = 25.
Truth Value: True (e.g., x = 3 and y = 4 satisfy the statement)
Universal Quantifier (∀) and Universal Quantifier (∀)
Example: ∀x∀y (x < y )
Interpretation: For all x and for all y , x is less than y .
Truth Value: False (This statement is not true for all possible values of
x and y)
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
7 / this
47 M
le T
Class Work

h
Question
Suppose U = {1, 2, 3} be the uineversal set,then which one of the
following is not True?

A . ∃x∀y (x 2 + 2y < 10)

B. ∃x∃y (x 2 + 2y < 10)
C. ∃x∃y (x 2 + y 2 ≤ 2xy )
D. ∀x∃y (x 2 + 2y < 10)

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
8 / this
47 M
le T
Argument Formalization and Evaluation
Given Argument:
1 The butler and the cook are not both innocent.

2 Either the butler is lying or the cook is not innocent.

h
3 Therefore, the butler is either lying or guilty.

Formalization:
Let:

1
2

1
p:
q:
r:
s:
Premises:
The butler is innocent
The cook is innocent
The butler is lying
The butler is guilty

¬(p ∧ q)
(r ∨ ¬q)
Conclusion:
(r ∨ s)
using Truth Tables:
using Rule of Inference (EXERCISE!:
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
9 / this
47 M
le T
Argument Formalization and Evaluation

Row p q r s ¬(p ∧ q) r ∨¬q r ∨s

1 T T T T F T T

h
2 T T T F F T T
3 T T F T F F T
4 T T F F F F F
5 T F T T T T T
6 T F T F T T T
7 T F F T T T T
8 T F F F T T F
9 F T T T T T T
10 F T T F T T F
11 F T F T T F T
12 F T F F T F T
13 F F T T T T T
14 F F T F T T T
15 F F F T T T T
16 F F F F T T F
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
10 / this
47 M
le T

Look the premise value in row 8th , 10th ,and 16th has truth value
simultanuously ,but the conclusion has false value in this row.
∴ It is invalid argument.

h
Definition
Let X be a set. The power set of X , denoted by P(X ) or 2X is the set
whose elements are all the possible subsets of X . That is to say,
P(X ) = {A | A ⊆ X }.

Suppose X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then the power set of set A given by

P(X ) =
{∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}
,{1,2,3},{1,2,4},{1,3,4},{2,3,4},{1,2,3,4}}.
Suppose X = {2, {2, 4}, 3}, then list all subset of set A =. . .

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
11 / this
47 M
le T
Set Operations
Union (∪): The union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements
that are in A, in B, or in both. The formula for the union is given by:

h
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Intersection (∩): The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of
all elements that are in both A and B. The formula for the
intersection is given by:
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Set Difference (−): The set difference of two sets A and B is the
set of all elements that are in A but not in B. The formula for the set
difference is given by: A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}
′
Complement (A or A): The complement of a set A with respect to
the universal set U is the set of all elements in U that are not in A.
The formula for the complement is given by:
A′ = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈ / A}
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
12 / this
47 M
le T
Set Operation Examples

Example 1: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Find A ∪ B, A ∩ B,

and A − B.

h
Solution:
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A ∩ B = {3, 4}
A − B = {1, 2}
A∆B = {1, 2, 5, 6}
Example 2: Let the universal set be U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find the complement of A.
Solution: The complement of A with respect to U is
A′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10}.
. In a class of 60 students, 25 Students play cricket and 20 students play
tennis, and 10 students play both games. Then, the number of students
who play neither is=. . .

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
13 / this
47 M
le T
Venn diagrams with set operations

Let U = {1, 2, . . . , 12}, A = {n ∈ N | n < 8}, B = {n ∈ N | n < 6}, and

C = {n ∈ N | 3 ≤ n ≤ 9}. Then we have:

h
10,11,12
1,2
A

C
5

9
6
B

3,4

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Some set operations are:

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial

there is for
A ∪ B = {n ∈ N | n < 8}
A ∩ C = {n ∈ N | 3 ≤ n < 8}
A \ B = {n ∈ N | 6 ≤ n < 8}
C c = {n ∈ N | n < 3 or n > 9}
A∆B = (B \ A) ∪ (A \ B)=
A∆(B \ A)=

error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
14 / this
47 M
le T

Definition
Let A, B be sets. The relative complement of B in A, denoted by A\B is
the set defined by

h
A\B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}.

Theorem (De Morgan’s Laws for Sets)

Let A, B be sets in the universe Ω. Then
(A ∪ B)c = Ac ∩ B c , and
(A ∩ B)c = Ac ∪ B c .

Theorem
Let A, B, C be sets. Then
A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C ), and
A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C ).

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
15 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Set Identity: A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )
Let A, B, and C be non-empty sets.
Proof:
Step 1: Consider an element x in A ∩ (B ∪ C ).

h Step 3: Consider two cases:

Case 1: x is in B.
x ∈ A ∩ (B ∪ C )
This means that x is in both A and in the union of B and C .
Step 2: Break down the expression x ∈ A ∩ (B ∪ C ).
x ∈ A and x ∈ (B ∪ C )
This implies that x is in A and in either B or C .

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

x ∈ A and x ∈ B
This implies that x is in both A and B, i.e., x ∈ A ∩ B.
Case 2: x is in C .
x ∈ A and x ∈ C
This implies that x is in both A and C , i.e., x ∈ A ∩ C .
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
16 / this
47 M
le T
Proof CONT’D. . . A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )
In both cases, we have shown that x is in either A ∩ B or A ∩ C , which
proves that
A ∩ (B ∪ C ) ⊆ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )

h Step 4: Now, consider an element y in A ∩ (B ∪ C ). =⇒ y is in

either A ∩ B or in A ∩ C .
Step 5: Break down the expression y ∈ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C ). We have
two cases to consider:
Case 1: y is in A ∩ B. =⇒ y is in both A and B, i.e., y is in the
intersection of A and the union of B and C .
Case 2: y is in A ∩ C . =⇒ y is in both A and C , i.e., y ∈ A ∩ C In
both cases, we have shown that any element in (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C ) is
also in A ∩ (B ∪ C ), which proves that
(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C ) ⊆ A ∩ (B ∪ C )
This completes the proof that
A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
17 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Set Identity: A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )
Let A, B, and C be non-empty sets.
Proof:
Step 1: Consider an element x in A ∪ (B ∩ C ).

h Step 3: Consider two cases:

x ∈ A ∪ (B ∩ C )
This means that x is in either A or in the intersection of B and C .
Step 2: Break down the expression x ∈ A ∪ (B ∩ C ).
x ∈ A or x ∈ (B ∩ C )
This implies that x is in A or in both B and C .

Case 1: x is in A. This implies that x is in A, i.e.,

x ∈ A ∪ B and x ∈ A ∪ C
This means that x is in the union of A and B, and also in the union of
A and C , i.e.,
x ∈ (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
18 / this
47 M
le T
Case 2: x is in both B and C . This implies that x is in the
intersection of B and C , i.e.,

x ∈B ∩C

In this case, we have shown that any element in A ∪ (B ∩ C ) is also in

h (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C ), which proves that

This completes the proof that

A ∪ (B ∩ C ) ⊆ (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )

In both cases, we have shown that any element in A ∪ (B ∩ C ) is also

in (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C ), which proves that

A ∪ (B ∩ C ) ⊆ (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )

A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
19 / this
47 M
le T
Logic
Question 1
Which of the following is a tautology?

h
A) p ∧ ¬p
B) p ∨ ¬p
C) p → ¬p
D) p ↔ ¬p
Answer: B) p ∨ ¬p

Question 2
Which of the following represents the logical equivalence of (p ∧ q) ∨ r ?
A) p ∧ (q ∨ r )
B)(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r )
C) (p ∨ r ) ∧ (q ∨ r )
D) (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r )
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
20 / this
47 M
le T

Question 1

h
If A = {1, 2, 3}, what is the power set of A?
A) {∅, 1, 2, 3, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
B) {∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
C) {∅, {∅}, {1, 2, 3}}
D) {∅, {∅}, {1, 2, 3}, {∅, 1, 2, 3}}
E) None of the above
Answer: B) {∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
21 / this
47 M
le T
Logic

Question 1

h
What is the validity of the following statement?

A. Always true

B. Always false

C. True for some cases

D. True for all cases except one

Answer: C. True for some cases

(P ∧ Q) ∨ (¬P ∧ Q)

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
22 / this
47 M
le T
Set Theory

Question 1

h
What is the symmetric difference of sets A and B, denoted by A△B?

A. A ∪ B

B. A ∩ B

C. A − B

D. A ∪ B − A ∩ B

Answer: D. A ∪ B − A ∩ B

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
23 / this
47 M
le T
Mixed Quantifiers

Question 1

h
Translate the following sentence into logical symbols: ”There exists a real
number x such that for every real number y, x + y = y + x.”

A. (∃x ∈ R)(∀y ∈ R)(x + y = y + x)

B. (∀x ∈ R)(∃y ∈ R)(x + y = y + x)

C. (∃x ∈ R)(∃y ∈ R)(x + y = y + x)

D. (∀x ∈ R)(∀y ∈ R)(x + y = y + x)

Answer: A. (∃x ∈ R)(∀y ∈ R)(x + y = y + x)

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
24 / this
47 M
le T
UNIT TWO: Real Number system

h
The remaining portion of this chapter is as a Reading Assignent for you!
Principle of Mahematical Induction
Definition
For a given assertion involving a natural number n,if
step1:- The asserstion is true for n = 1
step2:If it is true for n = k(k ≥ 1),then the asserstion is true for every
natural namber n.

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
25 / this
47 M
le T
Mathematical Induction Examples
Example 1: Prove that 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n = n(n+1)
2 for all positive
integers n.
Proof: We will prove this by mathematical induction.

h
Base Case: For n = 1, the left-hand side is 1 and the right-hand side is
1(1+1)
= 1. So the equation holds for n = 1.
Inductive Step: Assume that the equation holds for some positive integer
k, i.e., 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + k = k(k+1)

2
2 .
Now we need to show that the equation also holds for k + 1. Adding
(k + 1) to both sides of the assumed equation gives:

1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + k + (k + 1) =

k(k + 1) + 2(k + 1)
=

equation holds for all positive integers n.

=
(k + 1)(k + 2)
2
Thus, the equation holds for k + 1. By mathematical induction, the

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
k(k + 1)

error
2

section
+ (k + 1)

reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
26 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Example 2

Example 2: Prove that 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)

6 for all
positive integers n.
Base Case: For n = 1, the LHS is 12 = 1 and RHS is 1(1+1)(2·1+1) = 1.

h
6
So the equation holds for n = 1.
Inductive Step: Assume that the equation holds for some positive integer
k, i.e., 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + k 2 = k(k+1)(2k+1)
6 .
Now we need to show that the equation also holds for k + 1. Adding
(k + 1)2 to both sides of the assumed equation gives:

k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + k 2 + (k + 1)2 = + (k + 1)2
6
k(k + 1)(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)2 (k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3)
= =
6 6
Thus, the equation holds for k + 1. By mathematical induction, the
equation holds for all positive integers n.

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
27 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Example 3

Example 3: Prove that 2n > n2 for all positive integers n such that n ≥ 5
by mathematical induction.

h
Base Case: For n = 5, we have 25 = 32 and 52 = 25, so 25 > 52 . The
base case holds.
Inductive Step: Assume that the inequality holds for some positive
integer k ≥ 5, i.e., 2k > k 2 .
Now we need to show that the inequality also holds for k + 1. Multiplying
both sides of the assumed inequality by 2 gives:

2k+1 = 2 · 2k > 2 · k 2

Since k ≥ 5, we have 2k > k 2 , so 2 · k 2 > k 2 . Therefore, 2k+1 > k 2 . By

mathematical induction, the inequality holds for all positive integers n such
that n ≥ 5.

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
28 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Numbers

Introduction to Complex Numbers

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a + bi,

h
where a and b are real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit (with the
property i 2 = −1).

Definition of Complex Numbers

A complex number z can be written as z = a + bi, where a is the real part
and b is the imaginary part of z.

Operations with Complex Numbers

Addition: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Subtraction: (a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d)i
Multiplication: (a + bi) × (c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i
a+bi
Division: c+di = (ac+bd)+(bc−ad)i
c 2 +d 2

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
29 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Commutative Property of Addition and
Subtraction for Complex Numbers
Let z1 = a1 + b1 i and z2 = a2 + b2 i be complex numbers.
Addition:

h
Step 1: Consider the sum z1 + z2 .

SetzBy:Walle
1 + z2Tilahun(MSc)
= z2 + Email:
z1 , which
z1 + z2 = (a1 + b1 i) + (a2 + b2 i)

Step 2: Rearrange the terms in the sum.

z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i

Step 3: Consider the sum z2 + z1 .

z2 + z1 = (a2 + b2 i) + (a1 + b1 i)

Step 4: Rearrange the terms in the sum.

z2 + z1 = (a2 + a1 ) + (b2 + b1 )i

Step 5: Compare the results from Steps 2 and 4. We have

proves the Ifmaterial
wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching commutative
there is for
error
section me!property
reply IProofs ofareaddition
and Examples
January 22,not included for
2024 under
30 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Numbers
Conjugate of Complex Numbers
The conjugate of complex numberz = a + bi is denoted by z = a − bi.

h
Triangular Inequality . . . proof!
For two complex numbers z1 = a1 + b1 i and z2 = a2 + b2 i, the triangular
inequality states that:
|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
. Example: Let z1 = 3 + 4i and z2 = 1 − 2i. We have:
√
|z1 + z2 | = |4 + 2i| = 20
√
|z1 | + |z2 | = |3 + 4i| + |1 − 2i| = 5 + 5
√ √
Since 20 ≤ 5 + 5, the triangular inequality holds
Operations with Complex Numbers
The Additive inverse of: z = (x + yi) is −z = (−x − yi)
The Multiplicative inveverse of: z = (x + yi) is given
by z1 = x+yi
1
= √x−yi
x 2 +y 2
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
31 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Triangle Inequality

|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |

h
Let z1 = a1 + b1 i and z2 = a2 + b2 i be two complex numbers.

|z1 + z2 |2 = (a1 + a2 )2 + (b1 + b2 )2

= a12 + 2a1 a2 + a22 + b12 + 2b1 b2 + b22
= (a12 + b12 ) + 2(a1 a2 + b1 b2 ) + (a22 + b22 )
= |z1 |2 + 2Re(z1 z2 ) + |z2 |2
≤ |z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2
= (|z1 | + |z2 |)2
Taking the square root of both sides, we get: |z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
Therefore, the triangle inequality holds for complex numbers.
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
32 / this
47 M
le T
Proof of Inequality |z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |
To prove: |z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |
Proof:
|z1 − z2 |2 = (z1 − z2 )(z1 − z2 )

h
Taking the square root of both sides gives:
= |z1 |2 − z1 z2 − z1 z2 + |z2 |2
= |z1 |2 − 2Re(z1 z2 ) + |z2 |2
= |z1 |2 − 2Re(z1 z2 ) + |z2 |2
≥ |z1 |2 − 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2
= |z1 |2 − 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2
= (|z1 | − |z2 |)2

|z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |

Adding |z2 | to both sides yields the desired inequality:
|z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
33 / this
47 M
le T
Solution: Operations on Complex Numbers

h
Let’s perform some operations on the complex numbers z1 = 2 + 3i and
z2 = 1 − 2i.
Addition: We have z1 + z2 = (2 + 1) + (3 − 2)i = 3 + i.
Subtraction: We have z1 − z2 = (2 − 1) + (3 + 2)i = 1 + 5i.
Multiplication: We have z1 · z2 = (2 · 1 − 3 · 2) + (2 · 1 + 3 · 1)i = −4 + 5i.
Division: We have zz21 = (2+3i)
(1−2i) . To simplify this, we multiply the
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Exrecise 1: 3i 87 + i 125 − i 7 + (5i 42 − 7i 37 ) = . . .
Exrecise 2: Find z ∈ C such that Re(z(1 + i)) + zz = 0

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
34 / this
47 M
le T
Solution: Modulus and Argument

h
Let’s find the modulus and√argument of the complex number z = 3 + 4i.
Modulus: We have |z| = 32 + 42 = 5.

Argument: We have arg(z) = tan−1 34 .
Therefore, the modulus of z is 5 and the argument of z is tan−1 43 .


√
|z| = zz
Suppose the equation of the cirecle is given by |z − 3 + 2i| = 4,then
find the center of circle and radius of the circle.
solution
|z − 3 + 2i| = 4 =⇒ |z − (3 − 2i)| = 4.
This represents a circle with center (3, −2) and radius 4.

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
35 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Plane and Modulus/Argument

h
z = a + bi
b

|z|
a

θ
ℜ

√
Modulus: |z| = a2 + b 2

Argument: θ = arctan ba
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
36 / this
47 M
le T
Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Modulus and Argument

The modulus
√ of a complex number z = a + bi is given by

h b


r = |z| = a2 + b 2 , and the argument of z is given by θ = arctan a .

Polar Form
A complex number z = a + bi can also be represented in polar form as
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), where r is the modulus and θ is the principal
argument of z.

z = re iθ is called Eulers formula.

De Moivre’s Theorem
De Moivre’s Theorem states that for any complex number
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), and any positive integer n, we have
z n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ).

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
37 / this
47 M
le T
Extraction of Roots and Triangular Inequality

Extraction of Roots

h
The nth roots of a complex number z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) can be found
using the formula:
√
    
n θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ
zk = r cos + i sin
n n
or
1 θ+2kπ
Zk = r n e i( n
)

where k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n − 1.
√
For two complex numbers z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 1 + 2i, then evaluate
a. arg(z1 + z2 ) = [Link](z1 + z2 )= [Link](z2 z2 )= d.z2 + z2 =

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
38 / this
47 M
le T
Solution: Extraction of nth Root of Complex Number
Example 1: Let’s find
the fourth roots of the complex number
z = 16 cos π3 + i sin π3 .
√ π
Solution: The modulus of z is |z| = 162 = 16. The argument of z is 3.

h
The fourth roots of z are given by:

for k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
√
4
wk = 16 cos
 π
3 + 2kπ
4

Plugging in the values of k, we get:


+ i sin

w0 = 2 cos

w1 = 2 cos

w2 = 2 cos

w3 = 2 cos




π


3 + 2kπ
4

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

13π


12
19π
π
12
7π
12
+ i sin

+ i sin

+ i sin

+ i sin
π
12
7π
12
13π

12there isforerrorsection
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
12
19π
12


reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
39 / this
47 M
le T
Solution: Finding Center and Radius of Circle for Complex
Number

h
Example 2: Given the complex number z = −3 + 4i, find the center and
radius of the circle in the complex plane.
Solution: The real part of z is −3 and the imaginary part is 4. So, the
center of the circle is at theppoint (−3, 4).
The modulus of z is |z| = (−3)2 + 42 = 5. Therefore, the radius of the
circle is 5.
Hence, the center of the circle for the complex number z = −3 + 4i is at
(−3, 4) and the radius is 5.
Exrecise 1:find the cube root of z = −8
Exrecise : find the square root of z = −1 − i
Exrecise : If z = (1 + i)6 ,write in polar form.

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
40 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Numbers Quiz
Question 1
What is the conjugate of the complex number z = 3 + 4i?

h
A) 3 − 4i
B) −3 + 4i
C) −3 − 4i
D) 3 + 4i
Answer: A) 3 − 4i

Question 2
What is the modulus of the complex number z = 3 + 4i?

A) 7
B) 5
√
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
41 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Numbers Quiz
What is the result of dividing the complex number z1 = 3 + 4i by
z2 = 1 − i?
A) −1 + 2i

h
B) −1 − i
C) 2 + i
D) 2 − i
Answer: D) 2 − i
What is the real part of the complex number z =
A) 3/5
B) 8/5
C) −8/5
D) 0
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
2i
3+4i ?

reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
42 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Numbers Quiz
Question 5
What is the argument (in radians) of the complex number z = −1 + i
using De Moivre’s formula?

A)
B)
C)
D)

h
5
π
4
π
2
π
6
π
3

Answer: A)

−3+4i

B. 3−4i
C. −3−4i
π
4
The Multiplicative inverse of 3 + 4i is. . . .
A. −3−4i

5 Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Set By:Walle Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
43 / this
47 M
le T
Multiple Choice Question

What are the fourth roots of the complex number z = −32?

A) 2 + 2i

h
B) −2 + 2i

C) −2 − 2i

D) 2 − 2i

E) All of the above

Answer: E) All of the above

Explanation: The principal fourth root of z = −32 is 2 + 2i. The other
three fourth roots can be obtained by rotating the principal root by π2 , π,
and 3π
2 , resulting in −2 + 2i, −2 − 2i, and 2 − 2i. Therefore, all of the
given options are correct.

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
44 / this
47 M
le T
Complex Numbers
Convert the complex number 3 + 4i from rectangular form to polar form.
π
A. 5e i 3

h
π
B. 5e i 4
π
C. 5e i 6
π
D. 5e i 2
π
Answer: B. 5e i 4
The Additive inverse of 3 + 4i is. . . .
A. −3 + 4i
B. −3 − 4i
C. 3i − 4
D. 3 − 4i
Answer: B. −3 − 4i
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
45 / this
47 M
le T
self exercise

√
Example 2: Given the complex number z1 = 1 + i and z2 = − 3 − i,

h
then find the principal argument given below.

A. Arg (z1 z2 )=. . .

B. Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 )=. . .

C. Arg ( zz12 )=. . .

D. Arg (z1 ) − Arg (z2 )=. . .

NB:-Argz ∈ (−π, π),

Argz is called principal Argument of z.
Solution:

Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]

Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
46 / this
47 M
le T
self exercise
1. find the argument of the following complex numbers:
i
Z= −1−i

h
√
Z = ( 3 − i)4
[Link] that |e iθ | = 1
3. solve the following equations
3
z 2 = 8i

z 2 + 4i = 0
4. write by the rectangular form and using Euler’s formula
ifz = 260 (cos10π + sin10π)
[Link] the following set of points determined by conditions given
below |z − 1 + i| = 4
6. Write the modulus,argument,real,and imaginary part
of i 11 + 2i 5 − i 7 + i(5i 2 − 7i 3 + 3)
Set By:Walle Tilahun(MSc) Email: wallemath2004@[Link]
Math 1011 teaching Ifmaterial
there is for
error
section
reply IProofs
me! and Examples
Januaryare
22,not
2024
included under
47 / this
47 M